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BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What chemical test is used to identify glucose? Benedicts What is a positive test result? Red
orange brown
6.
What chemical test is used to identify starch? iodine What is a positive test result? black
7.
Protein
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
What chemical test is used to identify protein? Biurets What is a positive test result? Pink,
purple violet
Lipids
13.
14.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of chemistry and their
sources?saturated single bonds many hydrogen animal source unsaturated double bonds,
fewer hydrogen, plant source
15.
16.
What test is used to identify fat? Sudan IV or Transluscence What is a positive test result?
Dissolves in Sudan IV and leaves a greasy spot
Enzymes
17.
Why are enzymes required for digestion? Reduce activation energy and control rate of
reactions
Page 1
Biochemistry - Matching
1. Match the following.
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
glucose
triglyceride
cholesterol
starch
sucrose
enzymes
antibody
1.
2.
3.
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
1. anabolic reaction
2. active site
3. activation energy
4. catabolic reaction
5. competitive inhibition
6. end-product
7. enzyme
8. substrate
9. hydrolysis
10. dehydration synthesis
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j. joining two smaller molecules together by removing H4 and
OH-
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
Page 2
sucrose only
sucrose and starch
any disaccharide
any organic monomer
4. Hydrogen cyanide binds to the active site of an enzyme that is part of the pathway that forms ATP in
cells; in this way, it prevents the enzymes activity. Hence, hydrogen cyanide can best be described
as a
a.
b.
c.
d.
coenzyme
cofactor
competitive inhibitor
allosteric modulator
a rise in temperature
lack of a substrate
accumulation of the end product
competitive inhibition
Page 3
DIGESTION
1. For each of the polymers below, state:
a. Where they are digested (organ(s))
b. What enzyme(s) are required and name the resulting breakdown product
c. Where the enzyme comes from if it is not produced in the organ in which it acts
STARCH
Mouth, amylase, salivary glands
Small intestine,pancreatic amylase, pancreas
FAT
Small intestine, pancreatic lipase, pancreas
Bile emulsifies fat physical breakdown. Produced in liver and stored in gall bladder
PROTEIN
Stomach, HCl and pepsinogen, stomach
Small intestine, proteinases, small intestine
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Page 5
Page 6
storage of bile
a. Liver
2.
production of bile
b. Pancreas
3.
secretion of HCl
c. Gall bladder
4.
stores food
d. Stomach
5.
secretion of lipase
6.
grinds food
f. Esophagus
7.
secretion of sucrase
g. Large intestine
8.
mixes food
h. Mouth
9.
secretion of trypsin
10. f
11.
secretion of pepsinogen
12. a
detoxification of alcohol
13. g
14. b
15. b
16. g
17. h
18. a
19. e
20. d
21. h
digestion of starch
True or False
1. __T___ Secretin production is increased with an increased acidity of chyme (decreased pH)
2. __F___ Bile is an enzyme that helps digest protein.
3. __T___ Most water used for digestion is reabsorbed by the lining of the large intestine.
4. ___T__ Most lipids are absorbed into the lacteals that run through the villi of the small intestine.
Page 7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Follow the pathway of air through the respiratory tract starting with the nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity --- pharynx ---- larynx ---- trachea ---- bronchi ---- alveoli
Page 8
Page 9
Multiple Choice
1. The surface area of a human lung is made larger by alveoli and is approximately the size of a
a.
b.
c.
d.
table
tennis court
dinner plate
four-person tent
cortex
thalamus
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
3. The breathing center in the brain responds most readily to changes in the
a.
b.
c.
d.
MOTOR SYSTEM
1. Name the 3 types of muscle tissue and give an example of each.
- cardiac muscle heart
- smooth muscle lining of organs, like the stomach
- skeletal muscle biceps, triceps, etc.
Page 10
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries
- arteries thick muscle layer with elastic connective tissue carries blood away from the heart.
- veins contain valves, thin muscle layer returns blood to the heart.
- capillaries composed of a single layer of cells site of fluid and gas exchange between blood
and body cells.
2. What causes the heart sounds (lub dub)?
- closing of the valves
3. Using the terms systole and diastole, describe the cardiac cycle.
- atria contract (systole)
- ventricles contract (systole)
- heart relaxes (diastole)
4. Explain the role of the SA and AV nodes in stimulating contraction of the heart.
- SA node initiates contraction of atria.
- AV node initiates contraction of ventricles.
6. During capillary exchange, what forces blood plasma (which contains the dissolved nutrients) out of
the capillary? What draws the water back in?
- out of the capillary blood pressure
- draws water back in osmotic pressure
Page 11
7. What force causes oxygen to leave the capillary and carbon dioxide to enter?
- diffusion
Page 12
9. Starting with the heart, trace the blood flow through the human circulatory system by numbering the
following in the correct order.
___1__Heart
__4___ Capillaries
__6___Veins
_2____ Arteries
___3__Arterioles
__5___ Venules
10. Starting with the right atrium, trace the blood flow through the heart and body by numbering the
following in the correct order.
__1___right atrium
__4___ lungs
__6___left atrium
__3___pulmonary artery
_10____vena cava
__8___aorta
Veins
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick
Septum
Atria
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart
Right AV (tricuspid)
Left AV (Bicuspid)
Semilunar
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Page 13
2. Bob
A
a.
b.
c.
d.
Joe
B
Suzy
AB
Doug
AB
Janet
O
Janet
Janet
Everyone
No one
3. If A antibodies were added to the following blood specimens, which would result in an
agglutination (clumping) reaction?
Type A
Clumping (agglutination)
Type B
No clumping
Type AB
Clumping
Type O
No clumping
6. Match the description in the right column with the correct term in the left column.
_____c___ Plasma
_____e__ Platelets
_____b__
_
Lymphocytes
_____f__
Antigens
_____i___ Fibrin
_____a__ Hemoglobin
_____j__
Antibodies
_____h__ Anemia
_____g__ Leukemia
_____d__
10.
_
Lymphatic system
EXCRETION
1.
Trace the pathway of urine out of the body starting with the renal artery. (consider gross anatomy
only)
Renal artery ---- kidneys ---- ureter ---- bladder ---- urethra
2.
The following substances are pressure filtered out of the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule:
water, glucose, amino acids, urea, Na+, Cl-. Explain where and how each are reabsorbed.
Proximal tubule glucose, amino acids, Na+ (actively transported)
- water osmosis
- Cl- - attraction
Descending Loop NaCl
- water osmosis
Ascending Loop - NaCl
3.
Page 15
True or False:
1. __F___ The ureters carry filtered blood to the bladder.
2. __F___ Aldosterone is released by the medulla oblongata.
3. __T___ Glucose and amino acids are filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus.
4. __T___ Secretion occurs as wastes move actively from the blood into the collecting duct.
5. __T___ Antidiuretic hormone would cause the blood pressure to increase.
6. __T___ The renal pyramids are found in the medulla area of the kidney.
7. __F___ Sodium is not needed by the body and is never retained by the kidneys.
8. __T___ The blood pressure within the glomerulus is higher than the blood pressure in the renal
artery.
9. __T___ The correct sequence of vessels is afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole,
capillary network.
10. __F___ Aldosterone causes kidneys tubules to become less permeable to sodium.
11. __T___ Glucose is moved out of the proximal convoluted tubule by active transport.
Page 16
12. __T___ The afferent arteriole is wider in diameter than the efferent arteriole.
13. __F___ Filtration is the movement of fluids containing wastes and nutrients from the proximal
convoluted tubules to the glomerulus.
14. __F___ Amino acids are commonly found in a healthy persons urine.
15. __T___ Glucose in the urine is a symptom of diabetes insipidus.
Multiple choice
1. The functional unit of a kidney is the
a.
b.
c.
d.
ureter
nephron
bladder
urethra
ammonium ions
amino acids
urea
lithium
16
200
1 000
1 000 000
4. The force that moves fluid from the blood into the glomerulus is
a.
b.
c.
d.
ions
glucose
plasma proteins
urea
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light Dependent Reaction
Page 17
1. What reactants are required for photosynthesis to occur? What products are made?
Reactants: carbon dioxide and water
Products: oxygen and glucose
2. Where does the light dependent reaction occur?
Thylakoid disks
3. What is the purpose of the light dependent reaction?
Split water oxygen released, hydrogen electrons and protons are used to create ATP
H is available to create glucose
4. By the end of the light dependent reaction, what products have been made? What happens to them?
Oxygen: released into environment
NADPH: to stroma
ATP : to stroma
Light-Independent Reaction
5. Where does the light-independent reaction occur?
Stroma
Page 18
Multiple Choice
1. An autotroph is an organism that
a.
b.
c.
d.
carbon dioxide
methane
soil
organic molecules
heat
light
inorganic molecules
organic molecules
carbon dioxide
methane
soil
organic molecules
heat
light
inorganic molecules
organic molecules
7. In a plant cell, the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the
a.
b.
c.
d.
stroma
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
thylakoid discs
Page 19
stroma
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
thylakoid discs
green
yellow
red and blue
violet and yellow
10. Which of the following colours of light is (are) the least effective in photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
green
yellow
red and blue
violet and yellow
monosaccharides
cellulose
starch
glycogen
13. If all green plants were to suddenly disappear, which of the following substances normally found in
the atmosphere would be the first to be used up?
a.
b.
c.
d.
CO2
N2
H2O
O2
14. Which of the following occurs during the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ATP is produced
chlorophyll releases energy
hydrogen is released from water
carbohydrate molecules are synthesized
Page 20
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To create ATP.
2. By the end of glycolysis, what substance has glucose been oxidized to?
pyruvate
3. If oxygen is available, what happens to this product?
Converted to AcetylCoA and onto Krebs cycle.
4. If oxygen is unavailable, what happens to this product in plants and yeast? In humans?
Plants: ethanol + CO2
5. During Krebs cycle oxidation continues and electrons are picked up by two different electron
acceptors. Name them.
NAD and FAD
6. Where do these electron acceptors molecules go once they have picked up the electrons?
Respiratory chain
7. What by-product of cellular respiration is released during the Krebs cycle?
CO2
8. After entering the respiratory chain, the electrons are passed down to successively stronger electron
acceptors (the cytochrome enzymes). What is the purpose of this?
To release energy which can be used to make ATP (ADP + P ---------ATP)
9. What substance acts as the final electron acceptor?
O2 to create H20
Page 21
Multiple Choice
1. The function of cellular respiration is to
a.
b.
c.
d.
make ATP
make NADH
get rid of glucose
get rid of carbon dioxide
with glucose
with oxygen
without glucose
without oxygen
gylcolysis
fermentation
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain
4. How many molecules of oxygen gas (O2) are used during the glycolysis of one glucose molecule?
a.
b.
c.
d.
0
1
16
38
6. When oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, NADH formed during glycolysis does not pass
electrons to the electron transport system. Instead it passes hydrogen atoms to
a.
b.
c.
d.
acetyl CoA
pyruvate
lactic acid
ADP
Page 22
7. At the end of the Krebs cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been
transferred to
a.
b.
c.
d.
cytochrome enzyme
carbon dioxide
water
oxygen
make ATP
make NADH
get rid of glucose
get rid of carbon dioxide
glycolysis
oxidation of pyruvate
Krebs cycle
electron transport system
11. The free energy change from the conversion of one molecule of glucose to six molecules of carbon
dioxide is 686 kcal/mol, yet only about 266 kcal/mol of this is captured within ATP molecules.
The rest is
a.
b.
c.
d.
converted to heat
lost within carbon dioxide
used to form lactic acid
transferred to water molecules
Page 23
ECOLOGY
1. What are the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere? Living and non-living
2. In what way does a community differ from an ecosystem? Community only includes biotic
3. Name the levels of organization in the biosphere. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, species
5. Give two examples of ecosystems that have high biodiversity, and two that have low biodiversity.
6. Is it possible for food chains to exist in a cave or the ocean depths where no sunlight can penetrate?
7. In your own words, explain what is meant by the term trophic level. Energy level
9. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Give examples of each.
10. Explain why only 10% of the energy available in a plant is transferred to the primary consumer.
11. What is an ecological pyramid? What are the three types? Energy, biomass, numbers
12.
Explain how the burning of fossil fuels by humans affects the carbon cycle.
Page 24
Ecology
Multiple Choice
1. If decomposers did not exist on the earth, the only method of recycling carbon would be by
subjecting organic material to
a. burning
b. burying
c. grinding
d. digestion
2. An example of the primary consumers in a community are the
a. cats that eat moles
b. molds that cause decay
c. bacteria that live in the soil
a. producers
b. decomposers
c. primary consumers
d. secondary consumers
5. Which of the following statements best describes the work done by decomposers?
a. find calcium in plants and take it from the soil or water
b. create new sources of oxygen and release free nitrogen
c. prevent the escape of energy to outer space
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a. producers
b. decomposers
c. tertiary consumers
d. secondary consumers
9. If the nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria in the soil were destroyed, a probably result would be a
reduction in available
a. fats
b. proteins
c. disaccharides
d. monosaccharides
10. Energy and nutrients enter a community by way of the
a. producers
b. consumers
c. scavengers
d. decomposers
11. A consumer whose carbon atoms have already passed through three species is a
a. scavenger
b. tertiary producer
c. tertiary consumer
d. secondary consumer
12. An ecological pyramid of biomass is a representation of the ecosystems
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13. An ecological pyramid of numbers is often an inverted pyramid in which of the following
ecosystems?
a. desert
b. ocean
c. tundra
d. deciduous forest
14. The largest reservoir of phosphorus in the biosphere is the
a. atmosphere
b. organisms
c. ocean
d. rocks
15. The main nitrogen reservoir in the biosphere is the
a. atmosphere
b. organisms
c. ocean
d. rocks
16. An ecosystem is a
a. group of interacting chemicals and their cycles
b. group of components that interact with one another
c. group of interacting species in one place at one time
a. vestigial organs
b. homology
c. natural selection
d. mutations
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19. A turtle has a trait that gives it a survival advantage. Over time, the percentage of this trait in the
population increased. This is probably due to
a. mutation
b. use and disuse
c. natural selection
d. artificial selection
20. If we assume that species do not change, we would expect
a. the most complex fossils only in the oldest rocks
b. the simplest fossils only in the newest rocks
b. The moths were released in a forest which had many light tree
trunks.
c. The recaptured moths were too few in number to draw a conclusion.
d. Since unequal numbers of moths were released, a conclusion cannot be drawn.
Fill in the Blanks
1. The binomial system of classification names every kind of organism according to _genus_ and
_species_. The branch of biology devoted to naming and classifying organisms is _taxonomy_.
2. Natural selection operates only on _heritable_ traits.
3. Much of the evidence in support of evolution is in the form of _fossils_, studied by paleontologists.
4. Evolved features that make organisms better suited to live and reproduce in their environments are
called variations_.
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5. True or False
1. _F_
According to Lamarck, a giraffe has a long neck because a Creator designed it that way.
2. _F_
Darwin believed that a giraffe has a long neck because a Creator designed it that way.
3. _T__ Darwin believed that two different areas within a continent have different species because
they have different environments
4. _T_
The wings of a bird and the forelegs of a horse are homologous structures.
5. _F_
The wing of a bird and the wings of an insect are homologous structures.
6. _T_
The pelvis and the leg bones of a snake are vestigial structures.
7. _F_
8. _T_
9. _T_
10. _T_
11. _T_
The difference between energy stored at one level and energy stored at the next is
represented by heat loss.
Page 29
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A scientist wants to study the effect of salt intake on blood pressure. She designs an experiment with the
following participants:
Group 1 : 2000 mg of salt/day
Group 2 : 2500 mg of salt/day
Group 3 : 3000 mg of salt/day
Group 4 : 0 salt
1. Write an hypothesis for this experiment.
The group with the highest salt intake will have the highest BP because salt
causes hypertension or another reasonable response
2. Identify the manipulated variable.
Salt intake
3. Identify the responding variable.
Blood pressure
4. Identify the control group.
Group 4, no salt
5. Suggest 2 variables that should be controlled.
Page 30