University of Pennsylvania

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Publicly accessible Penn Dissertations

1976

Interpreters and Egyptianized Nubians in Ancient

Egyptian Foreign Policy: Aspects of the History of
Egypt and Nubia
Lanny David Bell
University of Pennsylvania

Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations

Part of the Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Near Eastern Languages and
Societies Commons
Recommended Citation
Bell, Lanny David, "Interpreters and Egyptianized Nubians in Ancient Egyptian Foreign Policy: Aspects of the History of Egypt and
Nubia" (1976). Publicly accessible Penn Dissertations. Paper 470.

This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/470

For more information, please contact repository@pobox.upenn.edu.

Interpreters and Egyptianized Nubians in Ancient Egyptian Foreign

Policy: Aspects of the History of Egypt and Nubia
Abstract

This study is a thorough philological investigation of the ancient Egyptian word c3w (usually transliterated c
in Old and Middle Egyptian texts and 3 c c in Late Egyptian). The approach is diachronic, with consideration
of the various manifestations of the word over more than three thousand years; all known occurrences are
examined. The etymology is determined, its meaning is discussed, and its semantic development traced.
Historical linguistic technique is employed to reconstruct the vocalization of the word and demonstrate its
phonetic development. Evidence for differential development in the pre-Coptic dialectal forms is adduced.
Phonetically similar words are introduced for comparative purposes, and much use is made of the vocabulary
of Coptic. Lexicographical research is carried out on many ancient Egyptian terms. The methodology also
requires the pursuit of questions of Egyptian phonology, orthography, and paleography. All the contexts of the
word are presented, in order to ascertain the full range of its application and associations. Relevant nonlinguistic factorsthe associated artistic representations, and the distribution of the referencesare
introduced in conjunction with the textual material. In its literal meaning the word c3w means babbler in
reference to humans and brayer in reference to donkeys (the word normally transliterated c3). In its
extended meaning, the word means interpreter when applied to Egyptians and Egyptianized Nubian
(Nubian in Egyptian service) when applied to foreigners. In the conclusions, the historical and social
implications of the usage of the term are reevaluated in the light of this new understanding of it.
Degree Type

Dissertation
Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Graduate Group

Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations

First Advisor

David B. O'Connor
Subject Categories

Islamic World and Near East History | Near Eastern Languages and Societies

This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/470

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