Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Issue
1.1
Date
2012-07-11
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and
the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be
within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements,
information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or
representations of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and
recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Website:
http://www.huawei.com
Email:
support@huawei.com
Contents
Contents
1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Application Scenarios of Video Surveillance ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Road Video Surveillance ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 City Video Surveillance .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Unmanned Area Video Surveillance ....................................................................................................... 2
1.1.4 Mobile Video Surveillance ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Challenges ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Necessity of Improvements in the Video Surveillance Solution ...................................................................... 3
2 Solution ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Front-end Subsystem............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Central Management Platform ................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.3 Monitoring Center and Sub-center .......................................................................................................... 8
2.1.4 LTE Wireless Backhaul Network ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Networking Solution ...................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Connection Between Front-end Cameras and Wireless Backhaul Networks ........................................ 13
2.2.2 Connection Between Central Management Platforms and Wireless Backhaul Networks ..................... 13
2.2.3 CPE Management ................................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.4 Front-end Camera Management ............................................................................................................ 13
2.3 Video Surveillance Site Installation ............................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Outdoor Video Surveillance .................................................................................................................. 14
2.4 Video Surveillance Business Process ............................................................................................................. 15
2.5 Technical Specifications ................................................................................................................................. 15
2.5.1 Transport Network Capacity Specifications .......................................................................................... 15
2.5.2 Transport Network Performance Specifications.................................................................................... 15
4 Promotion ..................................................................................................................................... 21
A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 22
ii
1 Overview
Overview
Accident management
The road video surveillance system allows the traffic control personnel to be informed of
and cope with traffic accidents in time, which improves transportation in cities.
Accident videos
The road video surveillance system monitors and records accidents, which facilitates
accident management.
Major intersections
High-crime areas
1 Overview
City video surveillance is deployed in busy public areas. It helps the security personnel to
notice and cope with accidents in time, which effectively reduces crimes, maintains social
stability and safeguards people's life and property.
State property (oil fields, dams, power stations, generator rooms) protection
Unmanned area video surveillance monitors wide range targets with high resolution images in
an all-weather, all round and distant way. It transmits images to the monitoring center in real
time, which allows long distant, centralized, and indoor monitoring. The system is also
deployed for real-time monitoring of natural resources, danger prevention, vegetation
preservation and property protection.
Fire engines for real time monitoring of fires that people are not accessible to
Financial escort vehicles for real time observation and danger prevention
1.2 Challenges
The rapid development of society and economics has lead to a series of problems in social
security, transportation, law enforcement, and environment. Improving administration
efficiency is top of the agenda. New demands in the market and the rapid evolvement of radio
technology necessitate an entire set of solutions for long distance and local monitoring
systems (medium and large sized).
The traditional wired video surveillance, including the analog solution and the DVS solution,
fails to all-roundly cope with medium or large monitoring system including airport
monitoring and long distance application in residential areas, schools, borders, oil fields, and
power stations.
The rising presence of wired video surveillance has already revealed its limitations including:
1 Overview
Wired video surveillance is deployed in fixed areas, which excludes mobile monitoring,
such as moving police cars and journalist vehicles.
2 Solution
Solution
2.1 Overview
Figure 2-1 Network diagram of the LTE video surveillance solution
Subsystems:
The front-end subsystem includes IP cameras, analog cameras, coders, and LTE CPEs. It
is deployed for onsite recording and wireless backhaul.
The new monitoring network adopts IP cameras. Analog cameras will only be
encountered during the upgrade and capacity expansion of old networks or during the
equipment maintenance.
The central management platform includes front-end access servers, video transfer and
distribute units, storage servers, and client access servers. It is deployed for front-end or
client access and storage and video distribution
The monitoring center and sub-center include decoders (with chips) and TV walls. It is
deployed for daily video surveillance.
2 Solution
The client subsystem is connected to the central monitoring platform in various ways,
such as USB dongle and fixed bandwidth. It monitors the central management platform
and also the video system (with decoding software) at a different place.
Cameras
Analog cameras
The analog camera-based front-end subsystem includes coders, analog cameras, sensors
(optional), alarms (optional), Pan Tilt Zooms, and LTE CPEs. The subsystem collects
information code streams including videos, warning, and smoke signals. It encodes
analog signals into digital code streams in H.264 or MPEG4 format through video coders
and then transmits the digital code streams to CMS through the LTE system.
The image quality of analog cameras deteriorates for one more copying, which is not
caused by transmission distance. Analog cameras send one-way video signals, which
require connecting with monitors or coders for monitoring or recording.
Analog cameras adopt analog box cameras and DVS/DVR. Analog box cameras ensure
real-time recording and high resolution in bad weathers with wide dynamic range and
short delay.
IP cameras
IP cameras, also network cameras, are digital video equipment based on network
transmission. In addition to BNC, they are equipped with network export interfaces,
which connect them to the local area network. An IP camera consists of lens, optical
filters, embedded image sensor, digital converters, coders, and a server only for network
connection. IP cameras can hold SD cards for short-term storage.
In customers' demands and for better application, IP cameras adopt standard definition
format and high definition format. High definition format, with many advantages, is
becoming the mainstream format.
The lower costs and smaller size of IP cameras have made them top choices for network
deployment.
IP cameras, the combination of analog cameras and DVS (for coding and network
transmission), are getting increasingly popular due to lower costs and smaller sizes.
IP cameras are assigned with extended SD card slots for image storage. Some IP
cameras support WiFi, an access mode alternative for users.
The IP camera application solution includes IP cameras, alarm collectors, Pan Tilt
Zooms and LTE CPEs. It is deployed for collecting code streams including videos
and alarms, which will be transmitted to CMS through the LTE system.
IP camera model varies by parameter indicators: infrared, color to black and white
transferring, wide dynamic range, precision and speed of motion control, motion
range, image size, video coding model, and bit rate, recording capability in low
luminance, storage capacity, network interface and protocol, environment
specifications, and protection specifications. IP cameras of high definition and
standard definition support H.264 compression algorithm
2 Solution
Digital Coder
Compression algorithm
IP cameras are equipped with coders. However analog cameras require DVR/DVS for
coding.
Compression coding is the core function of IP cameras. The compression mode
determines the performance of network transmission, video storage, and backend
management, which highly influences the image quality.
The most widely used compression algorithms in video services are MPEG-4 and H.264.
According to Huawei solution, MPEG-4 can be adopted in updating old video
surveillance systems. H.264, the latest compression algorithm, will be adopted in
establishing a new surveillance system.
The initial compression coding mode is basically M-JPEG, which processes playing
videos as a series of running images with high resolution. M-JPEG processes a complete
frame of images, which ensures higher resolution and higher quality images. However
M-JPEG only compresses redundant room in a frame instead of redundant time, which is
inefficient and occupies too much bandwidth.
MPEG-4 and H.264 both adopt inter-frame compression, which is more efficient.
MPEG-4 can intelligently identify differences between images and then process
individually, which highly reduces occupation and facilitates video or image
transmission. Video surveillance services mainly adopt H.264. H.264 is a new coding
standard set by JVT, a union of ISO/IEC and ITU-T. ITU-T adopts the name H.264.
However ISO/IEC defines it as MPEG-4AVC, which is the tenth part of MPEG-4. H.264
ensures higher compression rate, clearer images, and more flexible networks. H.264
compression rate is 1.5 to 2 times than MPEG-4 compression rate. H.264 costs 39%
lower transmission code streams than MPEG-4 for same image quality. H.264 is the
most suitable compression code for IP cameras. It provides low bite rate and high quality
image transmission.
Frame rate: The frame rate refers to image fluency, which is in proportion to the bit
rate. Image fluency means 25 frames of images are played one second. The frame rate
is adjustable. You can lower the bit rate by lowering the frame rate. Ten to 15 frames
ensure the balance between the bit rate and image fluency. The bit rate can be
lowered to a larger extent when consecutive frames are not required.
Compression mode: The bit rate of H.264 is 70% of MPEG-4 for the same image
quality. The frame rate is in proportion to H.264 compression rate.
Image quality: The image quality (compression rate) of network cameras and H.264
video servers are adjustable. The higher the image quality is, the higher the bit rate is.
Configurations vary by customers' demands. The parameter of image quality has not
been standardized. It is defined by its producer.
Image complexity: The bit rate is in proportion to image complexity. For instance, the
bite rate is low when the camera is recording a white wall; but it will be several times
higher when the camera is recording a piece of floral land.
2 Solution
Image variation: The bite rate is in proportion to the image variation. For instance, the
bit rate is low when the camera is recording static targets; but it may be even than ten
times higher when the camera is recording moving crowds.
Image
Format
Definition
Frame Rate
(Number of
Frames per
Second)
Recommende
d Bit Rate
High quality
1080p
1920x1080
30
4 Mbit/s,
6 Mbit/s,
or 8 Mbit/s
High quality
720p
1280x720
30
4 Mbit/s
High quality
D1/4
CIF
704x576
25
1.5 Mbits or 2
Mbits
General quality
CIF
352x288
25
512 kbit/s
Generally the frame rate, definition and compression code of IP cameras are adjustable.
DVR/DVS
Digital Video Recorder (DVR) records with hard disks compared with analogue cameras.
DVR/DVS is a computer system for image storage. It is deployed for long time
recording, sound recording, and long distance monitoring. DVR is the combination of
VCR, video multiplexer, lens controller at pan and tilts, alarm controller, and network
transmission. It is also cost effective.
DVRs with PC platforms and embedded DVRs are popular in the market. However
DVRs will gradually dominate as they are more stable, reliable, and user friendly. DVRs
with PC platforms have advantage in versatility and expansion. They still share a market
as they monitor the host computer in video surveillance system.
Digital Video Server (DVR), also known as Network Video Server, is a network
transmission device for compressing and processing video data. It consists of video
compression and codec chips, input and output channels, audio and video interfaces,
RS485 serial interface controllers, protocol interface controllers, and software
management. It is deployed for video compression and decompression and data
collection and undo. The image data compression based on MPEG-4 or H.264 transmits
and processes video data through wide area network.
DVRs, supporting encoding and network access, and DVS, supporting large storage, are
converging. Analog cameras with DVR/DVS already cover functions of IP cameras, but
there are still differences. In video surveillance system based on IP cameras, videos are
stored in far-end servers.
2 Solution
Management portal
Client management
Service activation
Monitoring subsystems
Storage server
Video management
These servers are not mandatory. Users can either independently choose servers or streamline
servers by combing their functions, which saves the costs.
Digital Coder
Digital decoders are programs or devices that decode encoded digital videos.
Decoders include software decoders and hardware decoders. Software decoders encode video
data through software. Hardware decoders include DVD players, blue-ray players, digital set
top boxes, and digital high-definition players. Huawei provides all kinds of hardware
decoders.
2 Solution
The monitoring center decodes through hardware decoders (based on H.264 algorithm) after
receiving image data streams from LTE and then displays images on TV walls. It can also
encode through software decoders installed on client PCs and then display images on PCs or
TV walls.
Software decoders decode through software, which is slower as the encoding occupies CPU
resources. Hardware decoders decodes through hard disks, which is faster because CPU
resources are not occupied.
The latency of hardware decoders is lower than that of client software decoders. It is even
lower when hardware decoders decode and display images on TV walls.
LTE wireless backhaul network supports two modes: TDD and FDD. The choice of
modes depends on frequency band resources that customers are accessible to. FDD
adopts asymmetry frequency bands (If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, the real frequency
occupation combined is 40 MHz), which achieves larger uplink capacity compared with
TDD. TDD adopts symmetry frequency bands (If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, the real
frequency occupation is 20 MHz). Larger cell uplink capacity is available by adjusting
subframe rate.
eNodeB
eCNS
M2000
ACS (optional)
Firewall (optional)
2 Solution
eNodeB
E-UTRAN NodeB (eNodeB) is the wireless access equipment of LTE system. It is deployed
for radio access functions, including air interface management, access control, mobility
control, and user resources distribution. The Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN) consists of eNodeBs.
The basic function modules of the DBS3900 are baseband control unit (BBU) and remote
radio unit (RRU), which can be configured flexibly for different capacity and applications.
The DBS3900 is characterized by small size, low power consumption, flexible installation,
and quick deployment.
Figure 2-3 DBS3900
10
2 Solution
eCNS
The eCNS600 integrates the authentication management functions of the SAE-HSS, the MME
functions, and the S-GW/P-GW functions. Installed in a basic subrack, the eCNS600
implements the EPC functions and has the following characteristics:
Large capacity
Supporting 20,000 CPEs and large-size data transmission
Easy deployment
Integrating logical NEs of the EPC, simplifying the network and maintenance, reducing
costs, and allowing easy deployment
M2000
iManager M2000 (M2000) centrally manages Huawei mobile network devices including
LTE/EPC network devices. M2000 provides basic network management functions and
optional functions including configuration management, performance management, fault
management, security management, log management, topology management, software
management, and system management.
A typical M2000 system includes the M2000 server, M2000 clients, alarm box, and network
devices. A system configured with one server is a single-server system. Figure 2-5 shows its
structure.
11
2 Solution
Front-end devices are connected to LTE TDD networks through IP cameras with CPEs or
IP cameras integrated with CPE functions. Integration-site schemes are adopted
outdoors.
12
2 Solution
A typical networking scheme of the video surveillance system supports the connection
between head-end cameras and backend central management platforms. Wireless backhaul
networks control video surveillance and transmit service data.
In large scale video surveillance, cross-area and leveled monitoring centers will be deployed.
They provide high fidelity video conference systems. In addition, users can connect to
backend servers through the Internet in long distance. These different applications are part of
the end-to-end scheme. They have no relationship with wireless backhaul networks. Therefore
no further analysis will be given.
Except near-end configurations or maintenance, accesses to all front-end cameras should be
initiated from the central management platform.
Cameras support parameter configurations in the near end before being connected to
networks. The parameter configurations include server addresses, URL addresses, IP
addresses, location information, and authentication information.
After cameras being connected to networks, backend servers will authenticate the access
and configure service parameters.
13
2 Solution
The basic network management functions for cameras which are network devices are similar
to those of CPEs. The functions include parameter configurations, version management,
accident management, and performance monitoring.
Power supplies include commercial power supplies, photovoltaic power supplies and
hybrid power supplies. When commercial power supplies are not available, adopt
photovoltaic power supplies.
In nights or bad weather, adopt photovoltaic storage batteries, which guarantee 60 hour
power supply or commercial power storage batteries, which guarantee 12 hour power
supply.
POE interfaces of 48VDC are provided to connect CPEs and Ethernet interfaces are
provided to connect IP cameras. IP cameras are connected to the CPEs Ethernet through
power boxes
Figure 2-7 Schematic drawing of outdoor video surveillance installation (solar powered)
14
2 Solution
LTE access modules connect all monitoring terminals to LTE data domains and register
the terminals on monitoring platforms.
2.
3.
The LTE data domain, which serves as the bearer channel for video streams, transfers
videos back to the central management platform.
4.
5.
15
2 Solution
Delay
No delay specification has yet been defined by the video surveillance industry. According to
Huawei UC&C project, few customers define specific testing scenarios or testing methods of
the delay value. The delay value is not important for camera types and the encoding
parameters for the delay value are not provided by manufacturers. The delay of LTE wireless
backhaul networks meets the demand of video surveillance systems.
The video surveillance delay refers to the delay on camera access, the delay on control plane,
the delay on transmission of video data, and the delay on handover of cameras. The delay on
uplink data transmission is a key factor in video surveillance. It is the time span from image
collection to image display after backend decoding.
16
2 Solution
Access delay
The access delay of wireless CPE terminals is around 150 ms when networks are not
overloaded. It is even within second added with the entire access time, which brings
users more convenience.
Cameras are equipped in specific LTE cells for constant video data transmission. Camp cells
where users have camped on ensure transmission bandwidth through network planning. The
camera handover may lead to decline in video surveillance quality, which requires network
planning for restriction. Cameras are allowed to be switched to other cells only when camp
cells are unavailable.
When Cameras are switched through S1 interfaces, switch delay is less than 200 ms.
Jitter
The delay jitter of video surveillance is mainly caused by the air interface, transport networks,
and network overload. The delay jitter is little when load on the air interface is balanced. The
jitter delay based on IP transport networks is required to be shorter than 8 ms.
Set different levels of wireless end-to-end delay counters for different QoS through
networking optimization. Delay counters of different services should be considered
comprehensively because network resources are limited. The shorter the end-to-end
delay is, the more resources are consumed. More resource consumption may have
impacts on the performance of other services.
The delay of hardware decoders is shorter than that of the client software decoders.
The delay is even shorter when images are displayed on TV walls after being decoded
by hardware.
17
2 Solution
S1 interface
X2 interface
Indicator
Best
Recommended
Worst
Delay
5 ms
10 ms
20 ms
Jitter
2 ms
4 ms
8 ms
0.0001%
0.001%
0.05%
Delay
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
Jitter
4 ms
7 ms
10 ms
0.0001%
0.001%
0.05%
18
3 Key Technologies
Key Technologies
The timeslot ratio is 0, which must be compatible with eNodeBs and terminals, and be
supported by TDD eNodeBs of eRAN3.1 for eWBB2.1.
19
3 Key Technologies
When the SINR of two users is high and the relevance between channels is low, the
interference can be easily cleared. Virtual MIMO can fully make use of channels to
increase cell capacity.
When the SINR of two users is low and the relevance between channels is high, the
interference cannot be easily cleared. Virtual MIMO may lead to decline in the system
throughput.
The pairing of VMIMO highly consumes hardware resources. Huawei only supports the
paring between two users. A single cell can use a maximum of 32 RBs. Uplink VMIMO can
not apply with timeslot ratio as 0.
20
4 Promotion
Promotion
Flexible expansion
The flexible networking allows operators to expand terminals at any time. The network
capacity expansion is convenient, which reduces maintenance costs.
Mobile surveillance
The mobile surveillance allows mobile monitoring and expands video surveillance fields.
21
B
BBU
C
CN
Core Network
CPE
E
eNodeB
evolved NodeB
eCNS
F
FDD
LTE
TDD
O
ODU
Outdoor Unit
Q
QoS
Quality of Service
22
R
RRU
V
VMIMO
Virtual MIMO
23