Design and Research Methodology 34

Chapter 2
Design and Research Methodology
This chapter includes the description of the methods
and

procedure,

locale

and

population,

data

gathering

procedure and treatment of the data that are used by the

researchers.
Research Design
This study will be utilizing descriptive survey and
correlational research design.
Descriptive research is study designed to depict the
participants

in

an

accurate

way.

More

simply

put,

descriptive research is all about describing people who take

part in the study. The researchers will be using descriptive
research
causes

because
some

descriptive

phenomenon,

research

but

it

cannot

can

prove

reveal

what

important

information about peoples behavior and attitudes.

Correlation research is looking for variables that
seem to interact with each other, so that the researcher can
see one changing, this often entails the researcher that
they

cannot

correlation

control.
research

The

because

researchers
it

agreement between the variables.

indicates

will
the

be

using

amount

of

Design and Research Methodology 35

Population and Locale of the Study

The Researchers will be conducting the study at the
University of the Cordilleras, Governor Pack Road, Baguio
City.
The respondents of this study are the athletes of the
University of the Cordilleras or a member of the varsity
team per sports program grouped according to the type of
sports they play as individual sport (archery, athletics,
badminton,

chess,

judo,

lawn

tennis,

table

tennis,

taekwondo, wushu) and team sports (baseball, basketball,

sepak takraw, soccer, softball, volleyball).
The profile of the respondents is not available due to
the ongoing try-outs of the athletes.
Slovins formula will be used to determine the ideal
sample size for the population.
Random

sampling

will

be

respondents in the sample size.

DATA GATHERING TOOL

used

in

selecting

the

Design and Research Methodology 36

The researcher will be utilizing a questionnaire as a

primary tool to obtain necessary data regarding the selfefficacy

and

pain

management

of

the

University

of

the

Cordilleras athletes.
The questionnaire is composed of three parts. First
part includes the letter to the respondents indicating the
title and purpose of the study. Second part makes up the
personal information of the respondents name, gender, and
sports. The last part of the questionnaire determines the
Self-Efficacy and Pain Management of the University of the
Cordilleras Athletes. The questionnaire is composed of two
tools which are self-efficacy and pain management.
Self-efficacy tool has 20 numbers of items, numbers 110 were adopted from
http://www.excelatlife.com/questionnaires/self-efficacy.htm.
There is no reverse scoring. The pre-test in self-efficacy
and pain management was conducted randomly to the athletes.
Fifteen athletes are gathered as sample population in order
for the researchers to conduct study. To ensure the content
validity of the tool, it was evaluated by a panel of
experts. Cronbach Alpha Coefficient was used to determine
the reliability of the self efficacy tool, the obtained
coefficients is = 0.844.

Design and Research Methodology 37

The pain management tool has 19 items, and were made by

the researchers, this tool were constructed by conducting a
review

of

literature

and

the

formulation

of

test

specifications based on the background of the study and

theoretical conceptual framework. The initial items of the
tools were then prepared and constructed by the researchers,
there are no reverse scoring in the tool. Fifteen athletes
are

gathered

as

sample

population

in

order

for

the

researchers to conduct study. To ensure the content validity

of the tool it was evaluated by a panel of experts. Cronbach
Alpha Coefficient was used to determine the reliability of
the tool, were the coefficients is = 0.765.
For

better

understanding

of

the

questions,

the

respondent is guided by the likert scale. If the statement

is always true and have a possible opinion, number 4 is
checked by the respondent, if the statement however is true,
number 3 is checked, if the statement is rarely true, number
2 is checked, if the statement doesnt have any idea or
opinion, number 1 is checked.

Data Gathering Procedure

In

Data

Gathering,

the

researchers

first

secure

permission from the Dean of College of Arts and Sciences to

Design and Research Methodology 38

conduct the study. Upon securing permission, the researchers

obtained a letter of approval from the Dean of College of
Arts and Sciences which is then signed by the research
adviser.
Once the approval is obtained, before distributing the
questionnaire to the respondents, the researchers provided a
brief explanation to the respondents regarding the study and
retrieval on the agreed time set by the researcher and
respondents.
After

retrieving

respondents,
tabulated,

the

data

tallied,

the

questionnaire

gathered

and

are

are

up

subjected

from

for
to

the

evaluated,
statistical

treatment.
Treatment of the Data
Descriptive and inferential are used to treat the data.
To determine the self-efficacy and pain management of the
University

of

the

Cordilleras

Athletes,

the

following

formula are used:

Weighted mean is used to determine the level of selfefficacy

and

pain

management

Cordilleras Athletes.

of

the

University

of

the

Design and Research Methodology 39

For better analysis and interpretation of results the

researcher are guided with the scale interpretation.

Scale of Interpretation
SCAL

Range

DESCRIPTION

E
4

3.26 - 4

Always True
(AT)

INTERPRETATION
Self-Efficacy
Pain
Demonstrates

Management
Demonstrates

very high level

very high

of self-efficacy

level of pain

marked by very

management

high level of

marked by a

productiveness,

very high

very high mental

level of pain

health, very

coping

high confidence.

behavior with
very limited
physical

2.513.25

True (T)

Demonstrates

complains.
Demonstrates

high level of

high level of

self-efficacy

Pain

marked by high

management

level of

marked by a

Design and Research Methodology 40

productiveness,

high level of

high mental

pain coping

health, and high

behavior with

confidence.

limited
physical

1.76-

Rarely True

2.50

(RT)

1 - 1.75

Never

(N)

Demonstrates

complains.
Demonstrates

adequate level

adequate level

of self-efficacy

of pain

marked by

management

adequate level

marked by

of

adequate level

productiveness,

of pain coping

adequate mental

behavior with

health, and

minor physical

adequate

complains.

confidence.
Demonstrates low

Demonstrates

level of self-

low level of

efficacy marked

Pain

by a low level

management

of

marked by a

productiveness,

low level of

low mental

pain coping

health, and low

behavior with

Design and Research Methodology 41

confidence.

physical
complains

This interpretation is also used in the analysis of the

answers of the self-efficacy and pain management of the
University of the Cordilleras athletes.
T test will be used to answer the null hypothesis
there is no a significant difference on self-efficacy and
pain

management

of

the

University

of

the

Cordilleras

athletes when grouped according to Gender and Sports, the ttest gives an indication of the separateness of two sets of
measurements, and is therefore used to check whether two
sets of measures are essentially different. The typical way
of doing this is with the null hypothesis that means of the
two sets of measures are equal.
Pearsons Coefficient of Correlation will be used to
answer the null hypothesis there is no relationship between
self-efficacy and pain management of the University of the
Cordilleras athletes, Pearsons r is a statistical measure
that shows the degree of the relationship between the two
variables,

namely;

the

dependent variable (y).

independent

variable

(x)

and