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This Paper Contains: 18 pages (including title page)
Time allowed: 3 hours 10 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper contains 5 questions, a table of constants and conversions (1 page), a general
equation sheet (3 pages), and the equations of motion in Cartesian and Cylindrical
coordinates (4 pages).
Students should attempt all 5 questions
Each question is worth 30 marks, for a total of 150 marks
PLEASE NOTE
Examination candidates may only bring authorised materials into the examination room. If a supervisor
finds, during the examination, that you have unauthorised material, in whatever form, in the vicinity of your
desk or on your person, whether in the examination room or the toilets or en route to/from the toilets, the
matter will be reported to the head of school and disciplinary action will normally be taken against you. This
action may result in your being deprived of any credit for this examination or even, in some cases, for the
whole unit. This will apply regardless of whether the material has been used at the time it is found.
Therefore, any candidate who has brought any unauthorised material whatsoever into the examination
room should declare it to the supervisor immediately. Candidates who are uncertain whether any material
is authorised should ask the supervisor for clarification.
Question 1
(a)
(15 points) Gas enters a pipe system at section 1 at a velocity of 5.2 m/s and a temperature
of 125C, and leaves at section 2, where the temperature is 80C. The pipe diameter at section
1 is 200 mm, and the pipe diameter at section 2 is 250 mm. The gauge pressures at sections 1
and 2 are 600 kPa and 400 kPa respectively. The system is at steady state. Determine the
following;
The mass flow rate (in kg/s) at section 1
The mass flow rate (in kg/s) at section 2
The flow velocity (in m/s) at section 2
You may assume that at 300 K and standard atmospheric pressure, the density of the gas is
0.7 kg/m3.
(b)
(10 points) A body of water is held back behind a 5 metre long diamond shaped wall, as
illustrated in the diagram below (the diamond is a square rotated to a 45 degree angle). The
water surface is level with the top of the wall, and atmospheric pressure acts at the surface.
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the pressure force (in Newtons) acting on
the dam wall. Your answer must identify the direction in which the force acts. You may use
"shortcuts" in determining your answers, and assume that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
2 metres
(c)
(5 points)
The temperature of a liquid undergoing laminar flow in a horizontal circular pipe is
decreased. If the pressure gradient is unchanged, how will this affect the volume flow rate in
the pipe? Justify your answer.
Question 2
A liquid is transported through a horizontal circular pipe of radius R via pressure-driven flow, as
illustrated below. The pressure at the upstream end of the duct (z=0) is Po, and at the downstream end
(z=L) is PL. The flow may be regarded as laminar and isothermal, and the oil is a Newtonian liquid;
the duct may be regarded as stationary.
(a)
(20 marks) Starting with the appropriate form of the Continuity Equation and Equations of
Motion (attached at the end of the examination paper), derive an equation for determining the
z component of velocity in the pipe at steady state. Be sure to identify all assumptions and
boundary conditions. You may use the attached equation sheets submit any marked
equation sheets with your examination booklet.
(b)
(5 marks) Derive an equation for the volume flow rate of oil through the pipe at steady state.
You must show all working for full credit.
(c)
(5 marks) In a modified version of this system, the pipe radius tapers from R at z=0 to a
radius of 0.5R at z=L. While continuing to assume isothermal laminar flow, re-derive the
differential forms of the continuity equation and z-direction momentum balance for the
tapered pipe (NOTE do not integrate the resulting equations)
Question 3
A centrifugal mixing device, as illustrated in the diagram below, is being developed to stir small
quantities of blood for experimental procedures. The proposed device is confined within a cylinder 2
cm in diameter and 10 cm tall, and uses a stirrer 1 cm in diameter. The proposed operating speed for
the stirrer is 20 rpm.
Blood is very viscous, and significant surface vortex can develop. If this vortex becomes large
enough to reach the stirrer, the delicate cells within the blood will be severely damaged by the
extreme shear gradients arising. It is therefore proposed to build a large scale model using an
alternative fluid in order to investigate the phenomenon. Due to material restrictions, it has been
established that the model cylinder diameter (DCM) must be 10 cm.
If the specific gravity of blood is 1.1, and the viscosity of blood at room temperature is 2.0 cP,
determine
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The other dimensions (height HM and stirrer diameter DSM) of the model
The kinematic viscosity required of the model fluid (in m2/s)
The speed (in rpm) of the stirrer in the model system
H
DS
DC
(16 marks) The pump curve for the proposed pump is provided overleaf. Calculate the
system curve, plot it on the chart provided, and determine the duty point for the proposed
system. To plot the system curve, calculating 3 points on the curve will be sufficient. (NB
please detach the finished chart and submit it with your solutions). Charts for the friction
factor and fitting loss factors are provided.
(b)
(6 points) It is proposed to increase the flow delivered through the system by operating a
second identical pump with the original pump. Using the system curve you have calculated
and the pump curve provided, determine the optimal arrangement of the two pumps (in terms
of maximising flow rate) and the resulting duty point.
(c)
(3 points) If the pump efficiency at the duty point is 76%, calculate the pump power (in
watts) that must be supplied by the motor when the pump is operating at the regular (single
pump) duty point.
(d)
(5 points) At the duty point, the NPSHR for the proposed pump is 9.2 metres. Under
extreme conditions, the water level in the supply reservoir may fall to as low as 1.5 metres
above the pump inlet centreline. Assuming that the friction losses in the suction side
pipework can be considered to be negligible (for the purpose of NPSH calculation only), is
the pump safe from cavitation ? Show working to support your answer. The vapour pressure
(head) of water at 293 K is 0.238 m (H2O)
90 degree
Long radius
11.5 metres
Sharp entrance
4.3 metres
90 degree
Long radius
P
90 degree
Long radius
Fully Open
Gate Valves
Swing Check
Valve
Pipework
Length 675 metres
Diameter 450 mm
Commercial Steel
(14 points) Calculate the absolute pressure (in Pa) at section 2. For the purposes of this
calculation, it may be assumed that the straight pipe losses in the pipe are negligible. Fitting
losses, however, must be taken into account. The loss factor chart was provided for question
4.
(b)
(16 points) Determine the magnitude (in Newtons) and direction of the force exerted on the
pipe section by the flowing oil
10
Constants
9.81 m/s2
1000 kg/m3
0.001 Pas
1.015 x 105 Pa
Gravity
Density of Water
Viscosity of Water
Atmospheric Pressure
Common Unit Conversions
Density
1 lb/ft3
16.02 kg/m3
Force
1 lbf
1 dyn
4.448 N
1 x 10-5 N
Length
1 foot
1 inch
0.3048 m
0.0254 m
Mass
1 pound (lbm)
1 ton (2000 lb)
0.04536 kg
907.0 kg
Pressure
1.015 x 105 Pa
9.806 Pa
133.3 Pa
6895 Pa
1 atmosphere
1 mm H2O
1 mm Hg
1 psi
Viscosity
1 poise
1 lbf.s/ft2
1 lbm/ft.s
0.1 Pa.s
47.88 Pa.s
1.488 Pas
Volume
0.001 m3
0.003785 m3
1 litre
1 gallon
11
Pressure Gradient
dp
= g
dx3
Gauge Pressure
Pgauge = Pabsolute Patmosphere
Pressure Head
P
H=
g
VISCOSITY
Shear Stress & Absolute Viscosity - Newtonian Fluids
du
xy = x
dy
Kinematic Viscosity
Centre of Pressure
PLdA dM
LC =
dux
dy
n1
(MW T )
N
x
MIX = N i i
i=1
x j ij
j=1
Where
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Reynolds Number (General)
UL
Re =
1
12
4
1+ i M j
j M i
= Ae
dF
Area
Area
1 Mi
1+
ij =
8 M j
Archimedes Principle
FB = f gVD
dux
dy
= 2.669310 6
PdA
Area
xy =
Area
Buckingham-Pi Equation
No. of dimensionless groups
= No. of parameters - No. of fundamental dimensions
Couette Viscometer
k2
T = 4 0 R 2 L
2
1 k
HYDROSTATICS
Specific Gravity
SG =
water
12
gVSP = gD
2gD
(logRe x )2. 5 8 Re x
2
2
FD = FU D CD
8
4 ( S F ) gD
U =
CD
F
3
= 4 log
+
3.7D
f
Re
f
u. dV = ( 1Q11U1n 1 ) ( 2Q2 2U 2 n 2 )
t Vol
13
Hydraulic Power
WH = gQHP
1
p
(1 + )
=
p * Ma 2 + ( 1)Ma 2
(1 + )
=
* 2 + ( 1) Ma2
Superficial Velocity
Q
U0 =
A
p1
1
2
= 1+
Ma
p0
2
2
T0
2
0
4m
Re =
D
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Speed of Sound in an Ideal Gas
1
R T
c= G
MW
Mach Number
v
Ma =
c
14
15
x2 component
x3 component
Components of the stress tensor, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid (i.e. with constant
viscosity), under isothermal conditions
16
component
u
1 T Tz
u u u u u
u 1
+ ur + r + uz = 2 (r 2Tr )+
+
+ g
t
r
r
r
r
z r r
z
z component
u
u u u
u 1
1 Tz Tzz
z + ur z + z + uz z =
rTzr ) +
+
+ gz
(
r
t
r
r
z r r
z
In terms of velocity gradients, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid (i.e. with constant
viscosity), under isothermal conditions
r component
component
1
p
1 2ur 2 u 2 ur
+
ru
+ 2 + gr
+
( )
r r r r r2 2 r2
r
z
u
u u u u u
u
+ ur + r + uz
t
r r
r
z
=
z component
ur u ur u
u
+
+ uz r
r r
r
z
2
+ ur
2
2
1
1 p
1 u 2 ur u
+
(
ru ) + 2
+
+ g
r 2 r 2
r r r
r
z 2
uz
u u u
u
+ ur z + z + uz z
t
r
r
z
1 uz 1 2 uz 2 uz
p
+
+
r
+ 2 + gz
r r r r2 2
z
z
17
Components of the stress tensor, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid (i.e. with constant
viscosity), under isothermal conditions
Trr = p 2
T = p 2
ur
r
1 u ur
+
r
r
Tzz = p 2
uz
z
1 ur
u
Tr = Tr = r +
r r
r
T z = Tz =
u 1 uz
+
z r
Tzr = Trz =
uz ur
+
r
z
18