Chap6 1to6 4

Chapter 6 Passband Data
Transmission
Passband Data Transmission concerns the

Transmission of the Digital Data over the real
Passband channel.
6.1 Introduction Categories of digital

communications (ASK/PSK/FSK)
Three basic signaling schemes in digital communications
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Po-Ning Chen@cm.nctu
Chapter 6-2
6.1 Introduction Categories of M-ary digital

communications (ASK/PSK/FSK)
Three basic signaling schemes in M-ary digital
communications
0
Tb
4-ary Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

T
4-ary Phase-shift keying (PSK)
4-ary Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

Chapter 6-3
6.1 Introduction Categories of M-ary digital

communications (Constant Envelope versus Non-Constant
Envelope)
Constant envelope: A necessity for non-linear channels
0
Tb
Non-constant envelope (ASK)

T
Constant envelope (PSK)
Constant evnelope (FSK)

Chapter 6-4
6.1 Introduction Categories of digital

communications (Coherent versus Non-Coherent)
Coherent technique
The transmitter and receiver are required to be
synchronized in both carrier phase and bit timing.
Non-Coherent technique
The transmitter and receiver are not required to be
synchronized in both carrier phase and bit timing.
Chapter 6-5
6.1 Introduction Roadmap

In this chapter, we will focus on
Power : A resource in communication
Power Spectra
The relation between passband signal and
baseband signal is easier to identify in spectra
view
Bandwidth: Another resource in communication
Bandwidth efficiency : The ratio of data rate in bits
per second to the effectively utilized bandwidth.
(Bits/Second/Hz)
Probability of M-ary symbol error (Union bound)
Chapter 6-6
6.1 Introduction Relation between passband and

baseband signals
Math relation between passband and baseband signals
(spectrum view)
Chapter 6-7

baseband signals
Chapter 6-8

baseband signals
Signal Spectrum
Chapter 6-9

baseband signals
Math relation between passband and baseband signals
(power spectrum view subject to wise-sense stationarity)
Chapter 6-10

baseband signals
Let
Chapter 6-11

baseband signals
Chapter 6-12
6.1 Introduction Relation between passband

signal and baseband signal
Chapter 6-13

Chapter 6-14

Power Spectral Density
Chapter 6-15

Integration of the Power Spectral Density gives the Power.
Integration of the Prabability Density gives the
Prabability.
Chapter 6-16
6.2 Passband transmission model Message

source
Chapter 6-17
6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

analysis
Recall Chapter 5:
Signal Space
Analysis
2-dimensional vector codeword (N=2)

N-dimensional vector codeword

Chapter 6-18

analysis
Recall Chapter 5:
Signal Space
Analysis
Chapter 6-19

analysis
What is an energy signal?
Chapter 6-20
10

analysis
Chapter 6-21

analysis
Chapter 6-22
11

analysis
Chapter 6-23
6.2 Passband transmission model

Communication channel
Communication channel
Linear: Principle of superposition
Sufficient Bandwidth
AWGN
Chapter 6-24
12

analysis
Detector
Chapter 6-25
6.2 Passband transmission model Decoder
Signal transmission decoder
Chapter 6-26
13
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying
Binary PSK
Chapter 6-27
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Antipodal signal
Vector space analysis of binary PSK

Antipodal signal
Chapter 6-28
14
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Signal space

analysis
Signal-space diagram
Chapter 6-29
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Optimal

decision region
Error probability of binary PSK
Chapter 6-30
15
Recall:
Chapter 6-31
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Error

probability
Error probability of Binary PSK
Based on the decision rule
Chapter 6-32
16
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Block diagram

Block diagram for PSK transmitter and (coherent) receiver
(coherent)
Chapter 6-33
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Baseband signal

(Complex) Baseband signal of binary PSK passband signal
Chapter 6-34
17
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Sequential

baseband signal
Sequence of complex baseband signals
No autocorrelation function of one-shot single random
variable.
Calculation of the autocorrelation function requires a
random process.
Chapter 6-35
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Autocorrelation

function
Chapter 6-36
18
Chapter 6-37

function
Power spectrum of binary PSK
Chapter 6-38
19

function
Power spectrum of binary PSK
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
Chapter 6-39
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Quadriphaseshift keying

QPSK
E is the transmitted energy per symbol, and

T is the symbol duration.
Vector space analysis of QPSK
Chapter 6-40
20

Two-dimensional
signal space
diagram of QPSK
Chapter 6-41

Example 6.1
Chapter 6-42
21
Error probability of QPSK
Chapter 6-43

probability of QPSK
Following the same derivation as that in slide 5-32
Chapter 6-44
22

probability of QPSK
Symbol error rate of QPSK
Chapter 6-45

probability of QPSK
Alternative approach to derive the symbol error rate of
QPSK
Chapter 6-46
23
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Summary

Partial summary
QPSK (with Gray code mapping) and BPSK have the
same BER under the same Eb/N0.
QPSK however doubles the transmission bit rate per
second (or uses half the bandwidth under the same bit
rate) by introducing another quadrature.
In its implementation, QPSK is more complex since it
involves two quadratures.
Chapter 6-47
6.3 Coherent phaseshift keying QPSK

diagram
Block diagram of
QPSK transmitter
and receiver
coherent
Chapter 6-48
24

baseband signal
Sequence of complex baseband signals
No autocorrelation function of one-shot (namely, single)
random variable.
Calculation of the autocorrelation function requires a
random process.
Chapter 6-49

baseband signal
Chapter 6-50
25

function
Power spectrum of BPSK and QPSK under the same Eb and
Tb
2
1.8
1.6
QPSK
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
BPSK
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
Chapter 6-51
Single sign change = 90 degree shift

Double sign change = 180 degree shift
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Offset QPSK

Example 6.1:
QPSK
90 degree
90 degree
90+90=180 degree
phase shift
0 degree
90 degree
90+0=90 degree
Chapter 6-52
phase shift
26

Example 6.1:
Offset QPSK
90 degree 90 degree
phase shift phase shift
90 degree
phase shift
Chapter 6-53

Offset QPSK
By offseting the quadrature component by half a symbol interval
with respect to the in-phase component, Offset QPSK limits the
amplitude fluctuation to 90 degree.
The 90 degree phase transition in OQPSK occurs twice as
frequently encountered in QPSK.
Personal comment: One 180 degree phase transition in QPSK
becomes two 90 degree phase transitions in OQPSK. Hence,
twice is an over-estimate.
Under AWGN and coherent receiver, the error rate of OQPSK is
exactly the same as that of QPSK.
Chapter 6-54
27
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying /4-shifted

DQPSK
/4-shifted DQPSK
The input dibit does not determine the absolute phase,
but the phase change.
Chapter 6-55
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying /4-shifted

DQPSK
/4-shifted DQPSK
The phase transition is restricted to either 45 or 135
degree.
No 0 degree phase transition occurs now!
Noncoherent receiver is feasible.
Chapter 6-56
28
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Detection of

/4-shifted DQPSK
Noncoherent receiver
Differential detector
Chapter 6-57
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying M-ary PSK

M-ary PSK
E is the transmitted energy per symbol, and

T is the symbol duration.
Vector space analysis of M-ary PSK
Chapter 6-58
29
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying M-ary PSK

Example 8PSK (Octaphase-shift keying)
Chapter 6-59
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Union bound of

M-ary PSK error
Chapter 6-60
30

M-ary PSK error
If the signal constellation is symmetric in the sense that
then
Chapter 6-61

M-ary PSK error
Example 8PSK
Chapter 6-62
31

M-ary PSK error
This is the lower bound of the upper bound.

So it is not really an upper bound!
Chapter 6-63
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Power spectra of

M-ary PSK signals
Same as slide Chapter 6-50
Chapter 6-64
32
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Power spectra of

M-ary PSK signals
Chapter 6-65
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Bandwidth

efficiency
Bandwidth efficiency of M-ary PSK signals
Null-to-null bandwidth
Bandwidth efficiency
Chapter 6-66
33
6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Bandwidth

efficiency
Final note
There is a trade-off between symbol error rate and
bandwidth efficiency for M-ary PSK signals.
Chapter 6-67
6.4 Hybrid amplitude/phase modulation schemes

For M-ary PSK signals, the in-phase and quadrature
components are dependent.
How about making them independent (to increase the
data rate)?
Answer: M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Chapter 6-68
34

Square constellation
PSK
Gray-encoded quadbits
Gray-encode the first two
bits by quadrants (PSK)
Gray-encode the
remaining two bits within
quadrants (ASK)
Chapter 6-69

Symbol error rate of square QAM
Symbol error rate of equal-prior L-ary ASK
Chapter 6-70
35
Symbol error rate of equal-prior L-ary ASK
Chapter 6-71

Average transmitted energy of M-ary QAM
Chapter 6-72
36

Square constellation QAM
M is usually even power of
two.
For example, M = 22, 24, 26,
28, (in such case L = 2,
22, 23, 24, )
Question: How about M = 23,
25, 27,
Asnwer: Cross
constellation QAM
Chapter 6-73

Symbol error rate of cross-constellation QAM
Chapter 6-74
37

Carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP)
QAM can be viewed as one of the family members in
carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP)
Chapter 6-75
Re-express QAM into CAP form
Carrierless since no carrier

fc appears in this formula.
Chapter 6-76
38

Properties of the passband in-phase and quadrature pulses
in CAP
Property 0:
Chapter 6-77

Chapter 6-78
39
A2.3 Hilbert transform

Let P(f) be the spectrum of a real function p(t).
By convention, denote by u(f) the unit step function,
i.e.,
Multiply by 2
to unchange
the area.
Put g+(t) to be the function corresponding to

2u(f)P(f).
Chapter 6-79
1-79

How to obtain g+(t)?
Answer: Hilbert Transformer.
Proof: Observe that
Then by the next slide, we learn that
Chapter 6-80
1-80
40
By extended Fourier transform,
Chapter 1-81
6-81
Chapter 6-82
1-82
41

h ( ) =
Chapter 6-83
1-83

Chapter 6-84
1-84
42

Hence, Hilbert
transform is
basically a 90
degree phase
shifter.
Chapter 6-85
1-85
h ( ) =
h ( ) =
Chapter 6-86
1-86
43
A2.3 Hilbert Transform

An important property of Hilbert transform is
that:
(Examples of Hilbert transform pairs can be found in Table A6.4.)

Chapter 6-87
1-87
6-88
Chapter 1-88
44

Properties of the passband in-phase and quadrature pulses
in CAP
Property 2:
Property 3:
This is similar to use another pulse shaping function
g(t)*(t).
One is thus free to choose the pulse shaping function
(to, e.g, improve the bandwidth efficiency) without
affecting the orthogonality of two quadratures.
Chapter 6-89
Example 6.4:
Bandwidthefficient spectral
shaping
= 0.2
Chapter 6-90
45

Block diagram of CAP transmitter
Chapter 6-91

Block diagram of CAP receiver
Chapter 6-92
46

How about channels with intersymbol interferences, in
addition to AWGN?
s(t)
Linear
Time-variant
filter h()
Channel
x(t)
w(t)
Recall in Section 4.9: Optimum linear receiver.
Chapter 6-93
Recall the below terms:

1. Zero-forcing equalizer
2. Nyquist criterion/ISI
3. Noise enhancement
4. MMSE equalizer
Design of receiver c(t) as an MMSE equalizer
Chapter 6-94
47

This leads to Fig. 6.23 in text.
Can we implement the above structure in digital form?
Chapter 6-95

Combine into one FIR filter
May be adaptive when required

Chapter 6-96
48

Applications of CAP
Passband transmission of digital data over twisted-pair
wiring of lengths less than 100m.
Data rates may range from 51 upto 155 Mbps with
bandwidth being strictly limited to 30 MHz.
Chapter 6-97
6.5 Coherent frequency-shift keying

(M-ary) ASK, (M-ary) PSK and (M-ary) FSK are three
major categories of digital modulations, in which QAM can
be viewed/analyzed similarly to (M-ary) PSK.
In this section, the last one, i.e., (M-ary) FSK, will be
introduced and discussed.
Chapter 6-98
49
6.5 Coherent frequency-shift keying

Binary FSK
Eb is the transmitted energy per bit, and

Tb is the bit duration.
Vector space analysis of binary FSK
Chapter 6-99
With this multiple-(1/Tb) restriction, it

becomes continuous-phase in every
inter-bit transition. Such kind of forced
continuous-phase signals, known as
Sundes FSK, surely belongs to the general
continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK) family.
Chapter 6-100
50

Chap6 1to6 4

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Chapter 6 Passband Data

Passband Data Transmission concerns the

6.1 Introduction Categories of digital

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

Phase-shift keying (PSK)

Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

6.1 Introduction Categories of M-ary digital

4-ary Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

4-ary Phase-shift keying (PSK)

4-ary Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

6.1 Introduction Categories of M-ary digital

Non-constant envelope (ASK)

Constant envelope (PSK)

Constant evnelope (FSK)

6.1 Introduction Categories of digital

6.1 Introduction Roadmap

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband and

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband and

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband and

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband and

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband and

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband and

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband

6.1 Introduction Relation between passband

6.2 Passband transmission model Message

6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

2-dimensional vector codeword (N=2)

N-dimensional vector codeword

6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

What is an energy signal?

6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

6.2 Passband transmission model

6.2 Passband transmission model Signal space

6.2 Passband transmission model Decoder

Signal transmission decoder

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Antipodal signal

Vector space analysis of binary PSK

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Signal space

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Optimal

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Error

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Block diagram

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Baseband signal

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Sequential

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Autocorrelation

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Autocorrelation

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Autocorrelation

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Quadriphaseshift keying

E is the transmitted energy per symbol, and

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Quadriphaseshift keying

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Quadriphaseshift keying

Error probability of QPSK

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Error

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Error

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Error

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Summary

6.3 Coherent phaseshift keying QPSK

6.3 Coherent phase-shift keying Sequential