Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
pk
Drive Test
Myson Engineering Systems
1
2
www.myson.com.pk
3
www.myson.com.pk
Description
Benchmarking
Cluster Drives
Drive test between difference operators for checking the RX Level, RX Quality, SQI, C/I, CSSR
& DCR etc.
Rehoming Activity
Drive to newly Rhome sites to confirm the status either sites working properly.
Single Site DT
Drive newly Commissioned sites, swap sites to check the implemented parameters & Rx level,
Rx Quality, SQI & C/I etc.
Optimization DT
Joint visit for hardware changes and confirm the status on the site, changes in azimuth,
Electrical tilt, mechanical tilt, etc.
Work Process
Collect
OMC Parameter
Database
RF Network Design
Drive Test
Measurements
Site Check
Coverage
Dropped Calls
Verification of
RF Network Design
Speech Quality
SQICheck
General
5
www.myson.com.pk
USB GPS
for Rout
Laptop
For Data
collection
TEMS
Software &
installation
CD
6
www.myson.com.pk
Laptop
charger
Inverter
for Laptop
charging
Car for DT
7
www.myson.com.pk
8
www.myson.com.pk
Physical Verification
Physical Verification is carried out by verifying physical parameter of
the New Site with the TSSR (Technical Site Survey Report) such as
Address, Lat, Long, Building Height, Antenna Height, Antenna Type,
Orientation, and Tilt.
Alarm Verification
Alarms are generated mainly due to number of reasons, and these
needs to check before Drive is being carried out for the Site. Alarms
are checked from the NOC (Network Operating Centre) and if found
needs to be verified before drive being carried out.
Frequency Plan Verification
Frequency Plan can be verified from the NOC (Network Operating
Centre) for BCCH and TCH frequencies being implemented as per the
Site Integration Sheet sent to NOC (Network Operating Centre).
Hardware Configuration Verification
Hardware verification is performed to know the Site type, BTS Type,
TRX Configuration, VSWR checking, Power measurement for each
TRX.
9
www.myson.com.pk
10
www.myson.com.pk
11
www.myson.com.pk
12
www.myson.com.pk
RxLev : Receiving level in terms of dBm that mobile is receiving from the site. Range of -30 dBm to -110dBm.
RxQual : Quality of voice which is measured on basis of BER. Range of RxQual 0 -7.
FER : Frame Erasure Rate it represents the percentage of frames being dropped due to high number of non-corrected bit
errors in the frame. It is indication of voice quality in network.
BER Actual : Ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits transmitted in a given time interval. BER is a
measure for the voice quality in network.. Depending on BER RxQual is measured. E,g, BER 0 to 0.2 % corresponds to
RxQual 0. Max. BER countable and useful is up to 12.8 % which corresponds to RxQual of max. 7.
SQI : SQI is a more sophisticated measure which is dedicated to reflecting the quality of the speech (as opposed to radio
environment conditions). This means that when optimizing the speech quality in your network, SQI is the best criterion to
use. SQI is updated at 0.5 s intervals. It is computed on basis of BER and FER. For EFR 30, FR 21 & HR 17 are
respectively ideal values.
C/I : The carrier-over-interference ratio is the ratio between the signal strength of the current serving cell and the signal
strength of undesired (interfering) signal components. It should be at least > 9 .
MS Power Control Level: Displays range of power control from 0 to 8 depending upon network design. E.g. 0 means
no power control and 1 means level that is defined by operator viz. 2 dBm less acc.
DTX : Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a mechanism allowing the radio transmitter to be switched off during speech
pauses. This feature reduces the power consumption of the transmitter, which is important for MSs, and decreases the
overall interference level on the radio channels affecting the capacity of the network..
TA : Value that the base station calculates from access bursts and sends to the mobile station (MS) enabling the MS to
advance the timing of its transmissions to the BS so as to compensate for propagation delay. Value of 0 means MS in
radius of 550mt. From BS.
RL Timeout Counter (Cur) : This parameter define the maximum value of the radio link counter expressed in SACCH
blocks. Range of 4 64 in step size of 4. it shows current value of RLT. Decrease by 1 but increase by 2. When it reaches
zero it results in normal DROP Call.
RL Timeout Counter (MAX) : This parameter define the maximum value of the radio link counter expressed in
SACCH blocks. Range of 4 64 in step size of 4. it shows current value of RLT. Normally 16, 20, 24.
MS Behavior Modified : This window shows current settings for the mobile station, for instance whether handover is
disabled or multiband reporting enabled.
13
www.myson.com.pk
This is performed to check whether GPRS is working on the Site. This is done by browsing a web page in browser of the
phone. For GPRS to be checked it is
Necessary to see that the handset is WAP, GPRS enabled.
Mode
GPRS
14
www.myson.com.pk
This is performed to check whether Edge is working on the Site. This is done by browsing a web page in browser
of the phone. For Edge to be checked it is Necessary to see that the handset is WAP, EDGE enabled.
Mode
EDGE
15
www.myson.com.pk
Intra Handover is performed to check whether handover is taking place both ways on the Site.
Handover is performed among all the Sectors of the Site.
16
www.myson.com.pk
Inter site Handover is performed to check whether handover is taking place both ways on the Site with its
adjacent neighbor. Handover needs to check mandatory for primary neighbor.
Handover is performed with the entire defined neighbor's in the integration sheet.
17
www.myson.com.pk
Normal Drive
This is done to frame the potential area of the new site planned. It also helps us to
get to know the important neighboring sites for which the handover has to take place.
Frequency Lock Drive
This is done by locking the BCCH frequency of the serving cell and performing the
drive for the same cell unless the mobile enters into No Service Mode. This is usefull for making decision related to GSM antenna height, tilt, and orientation.
Dedicated Drive
Dedicated drive is an important part of Drive Test. Here call is made to a test number and
drive is done for the potential areas of the Site. During drive being carried out one has
constantly monitor parameters such as RX Level, RX Quality, SQI, DTX, C/I Ratio,
Hopping Channel, Neighbor list, TA (Timing Advance).
18
www.myson.com.pk
Testing Live
19
www.myson.com.pk
20
www.myson.com.pk
21
www.myson.com.pk
22
www.myson.com.pk
23
www.myson.com.pk
24
www.myson.com.pk
DT report Sample
25
www.myson.com.pk
Site Checklist
Site Code
LLR536
Site Id
1959
City
LAHORE
Latitude
31.473487
Longitude
74.415446
Site Type (1 to 6)
RF Design
Antenna
Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3
Band
Height (m)
900
1800
900
1800
900
1800
20
20
22
22
20
20
Azimuth
(Degree)
0
0
120
120
230
230
Sector
BCCH
Sect A
Sect B
Sect C
Sect D
Sect A
Sect B
Sect C
Sect D
76
65
67
Antenna type
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
4
6
4
6
4
K742266
K742266
K742266
K742266
K742266
K742266
LAC
NCC
BCC
HSN
409
409
409
3
4
3
7
6
6
13
13
13
Sector 4
Band
GSM 900
GSM 1800
26
www.myson.com.pk
GSM 900
GSM 1800
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
Sector
Freq/Maio
Rx Lev
Maio
Rx Lev
Maio
Rx Lev
Maio
Rx Lev
Sect A
76
-34
-34
Sect B
65
-34
-34
Sect C
67
-34
-34
Sect A
-34
-34
Sect B
-34
10
-34
Sect C
16
-34
18
-34
Site HO
Calls
Established
Successful
Calls
Blocked Calls
Sect A
16
16
Sect B
16
16
Sect C
16
16
Sector
No. of Attempts
No. of Success
56
56
Dropped Calls
SEC A
SEC B
SEC C
HR Status
Not Set
Not Set
Not Set
PC Status
Not Set
Not Set
Not Set
255
255
255
TA Restriction
27
www.myson.com.pk
. Quality Plot
Rx
28
www.myson.com.pk
RX Level Plot
29
www.myson.com.pk
Site ID:
LLR536
GSM:2/2/2,
DCS:2/2/2
10-Sep-08
Site Type:
Date:
Site Configuration
(GERNAL)
LAYER STRATEGY
Layer1
BTSs
BAND
BTS1
900
TSL0
TRX1
CBCCH
TRX2
SDCCH
TRX3
TCH/F
TRX4
TCH/F
1800
Static Downloading
TEST
No
Sectors
( 320 KB)
Downloading time
(Sec)
Sectors
Yes
Sec-1
Sec-1
38.73
Sec-2
Sec-2
41.3
Sec-3
Sec-3
38.98
TA
C/I
66.10
35
61.99
35
65.67
35
Activation
Failure
Success rate
Area Update
Failure
Rate
20
100%
100%
Sectors
PSW
TSL1 TSL2 TSL3 TSL4 TSL5 TSL6 TSL7
terr.
SDCC TCH/ TCH/ Defaul Defaul Defaul Dedicate
EGPRS
H
D
D
t
t
t
d
TRXs
Minimum
Throughtput
UL (Kbps)
Peak Throughput
Peak
Throughput
Minimum Throughtput
DL (Kbps)
Sec-1
15.34
0.63
172.52
12.68
Sec-2
5.75
0.63
136.23
10.14
Sec-3
5.06
0.63
120.01
10.03
30
www.myson.com.pk
Drive
Test throughput Distribution
.
31
www.myson.com.pk
Drive
Test C/I Distribution
.
32
www.myson.com.pk
33
www.myson.com.pk
EDGE
RLC throughput coverage
.
34
www.myson.com.pk
EDGE
Coding Scheme coverage
.
35
www.myson.com.pk
EDGE
Coding Scheme Usage
.
36
www.myson.com.pk
37
www.myson.com.pk
RX LEVEL
38
www.myson.com.pk
RX Quality
39
www.myson.com.pk
SQI
40
www.myson.com.pk
Event Plots
41
www.myson.com.pk
Benchmarking Plots
42
www.myson.com.pk
RX Level plot
43
www.myson.com.pk
Rx Qual
44
www.myson.com.pk
RX level
45
www.myson.com.pk
Rx quality
46
www.myson.com.pk
Events
CC Messages
CC Setup
CC Call Confirmed
Count
11
0
CC Connect
10
CC Alerting
10
RR Messages
Count
RR Handover Command
43
RR Handover Complete
34
RR Handover Failure
MM Messages
Count
47
www.myson.com.pk
Events
Formulae
CSSR 1:
CSSR 2:
CCR 1:
CCR 2:
HSR:
LUSR:
75.00%
83.33%
66.67%
80.00%
79.07%
100.00%
48
www.myson.com.pk
Events
The Events
Count
12
10
Call Completed
Call Dropped
Handover OK
34
Handover Failure
Location Update OK
49
www.myson.com.pk
Rx level Distribution
RxLevSub Distribution
12000
100%
90%
10000
80%
70%
8000
60%
6000
50%
40%
4000
30%
20%
2000
10%
0
-110
0%
-106
-102
-98
-94
-90
-86
-82
-78
dBm
-74
-70
-66
-62
-58
-54
-50
-46
-42
50
www.myson.com.pk
Rx Qual Distribution
RxQualSub Distribution
120000
100%
90%
100000
80%
70%
80000
60%
60000
50%
40%
40000
30%
20%
20000
10%
0
0%
0
RxQual
51
www.myson.com.pk
TA Distribution
TA Distribution
20000
100%
18000
90%
16000
80%
14000
70%
12000
60%
10000
50%
8000
40%
6000
30%
4000
20%
2000
10%
0%
0
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
TA
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
52
www.myson.com.pk
53
54
Requirements
55
Things to Analyze
Although there are many things to note during the log-file analysis but they
can be summarized under different topics:
Coverage Analysis
Quality Analysis
Handover Analysis
Drop Call Analysis
56
Coverage
Analysis
Coverage Analysis
57
Low Rx_Level
58
In areas where there are few sites and too many different types of terrain
structures like hills or obstacles those stopping the line of sight to the
broadcasting signal, there might be a lot of coverage holes or places with
insufficient signal level.
59
Signals of more than one cell can be reaching a spot with low level causing
ping pong handovers. This might happen because the MS is located on the
cell borders and there is no any best server to keep the call.
60
Tunnel Effect:
Engineer may notice sudden decrease on signal level when analyzing the log
files. This will result in excessive number of
handovers. Before suspecting anything else, check if the test was performed
on a highway and that particular area was a tunnel or not. Signal level on
the chart will make a curve rather than unstable changes. Tunnel effect will
most likely result in ping pong handovers.
61
The network needs big optimization work when there are too many cells having overlapping
coverage. This will cause quality problems because of frequency reuse and immediate action to
optimize cell coverage should be taken. Other cells else than the one that suppose to serve at
that particular area should be coverage reduced by power reductions, down tilts or other
configuration changes.
62
Call is dropped because of poor coverage. The signal level goes down below
the minimum signal level that system could carry on. Remember this
minimum level is much lower than RX Access Minimum Level.
Access Failures
63
Access failures can happen because of low level below ACCMIN, bad quality or blocking in the
target cell, or hardware failures. If you get a blocked call message during call setup, it is
because the signal leveling the cell you are trying to make call setup is below ACCMIN which
prevents MS to access the cell. ACCMIN is generally set to 104dBm depending on sensitivity
level of equipments and is referred during call setup. A low value of ACCMIN means that the
coverage in idle mode is improved at the expense of the risk of having an increased number of
call setup failures.
64
Quality
Analysis
Quality Analysis
65
While doing the quality analysis in a log-file, one comes across different
cases:
BER & FER
Bad Quality due to Signal Strength (FER is BAD)
Bad Quality due to Signal Strength (FER is OK)
SQI
Collusion of MA list causing low C/I
Interference
66
67
As the signal strength drops down, the quality of the call becomes worse being effected by
interference or fading or both. Consequently the system becomes weaker to handle the
interference. Notice that not only Rx Quality is bad, but also FER is high. SQI is still within
acceptable limits. Thats why we check all RX Quality, FER and SQI when analyzing interference
problems. System will face bad RX Quality, drop calls and ping pong handovers in such
environments.
68
The difference of this case from the previous is only the difference in FER. Signal strength is
also bad in this, but FER is still fine which means there is no obvious interference in the area.
The area in this case should most probably be a flat area without any obstacles to create
reflection and the site density should not be dense or reuse of frequencies is good to prevent
any cochannel interference.
SQI
69
70
The collusion of frequencies with neighboring cells MAIO list frequencies become
more significant with dropping signal level. To prevent this kind of interference,
MAIO lists of neighboring cells should be properly planned or MAIO step could be
used.
Interference
71
There are two types interferences usually faced during the drive test:
Co-Channel Interference
Interference created by same frequencies is Co-Channel Interference. It is rarely
faced in any network.
Adjacent Channel Interference
Interference created by adjacent frequencies is called Adjacent
Channel
Interference. There are few cases in any network regarding this kind of interference.
Interference can cause harm to network by creating drop calls, bad quality patches,
voice distortion etc.
Interference
72
73
Hand Over
Analysis
74
Hand Over contributes to one of the main KPIs in any network. Four main kinds of handovers take place in the
networks:
Intra- Cell Handovers
Intra-BSC Handovers
Inter-BSC Handovers
Inter-MSC Handovers
All the above handovers do follow the HO algorithm. HO algorithm in different vendors systems or even in operators
using the same equipment could be different. In TEMS following Layer-3 messages contribute to Handover.
75
76
Reasons for handover failure could be unavailable time slots because of high traffic,
congestion, low signal strength or bad quality on target cell. Handover can be failed because of
hardware problems in target cells more likely TRX or time slot problems. Doing the HO
analysis, one faces the following problems:
Late Handovers
Ping-Pong Handovers
Missing Neighbor Relation
T3124 Expiry
Neighbor Cell in another BSC/MSC
Late Handovers
77
There will be such cases that you will notice handover process taking place a little late.
There could be couple of reasons to that. First thing to check will be handover margins
between the neighbors. If margins for level, quality or power budget handovers are not
set correctly, handover will not take place at the right time. If margins are too much,
handover will happen late, vice versa. If umbrella handover is enabled between two
neighbors, you will notice that the small site will still keep the traffic although the level of
umbrella cell id too much higher. This is due to HO Level Umbrella RX Level which is set
to some definite level.
Ping-Pong Handovers
Ping-Pong Handovers take place due to following reasons:
MS moving in Zig Zag direction between the cells.
Incorrect HO Margins
lack of dominancy
Too many overlapping regions
78
79
T3124 Expiry
80
T3124 is the timer which is started when the Ho reference is sent in the HO
access burst. HO failure is faced when this timer is expired which means
that either the burst is not sent properly or not recognized at the other end.
81
You will always observe handover problems in BSC borders, because neighbor relations in these
cases need extra attention. When the neighbor is in another BSC, the neighbor needs to be defined
as an external cell in neighboring BSC with correct CGI, BCCH, BSIC and power related
parameters. This must also be like this on the other way to have a mutual neighbor relation. If the
neighboring cell belongs to a different MSC, the cell needs to be defined as an outer cell in
neighboring MSC with correct CGI and MSC name/address. This must also be like this on the
other way to have a mutual neighbor relation.
82
Drop Call
Analysis
83
If the radio link fails after the mobile sends the Service Connect Complete
Message then it is considered a dropped call. General reasons for drop calls
are as follows:
84
Low signal strength in any area can be a cause for the drop call. The signal
level goes down below the minimum signal level that system could carry on.
Remember this minimum level is much lower than RX Access Minimum Level
to prevent ongoing call from dropping.
85
Sometimes the level is good or in the satisfactory range but the call is
dropped because of the degraded trend of Rx quality. The degradation in
this case is caused by the ping pong handovers between different cells.
86
Sometimes the call is dropped due to not happening hand over. This case is
faced when there is problem in the neighbor definitions of any cell, BSC or
any MSC. The MS moves on & the cells other than the serving cell are not
properly defined as neighbors then the call will be dragged until it crosses
the max TA value & the call is dropped.
87
One of the reasons for the drop calls is interference also. It might be cochannel & might be adjacent channel.
88
Thanks