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ISBN : 2-84060-212-1
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A propos de lAIPCR
Statements
LAssociation mondiale de la Route (AIPCR) est une association but non lucratif fonde en 1909
pour favoriser la coopration internationale et les progrs dans le domaine de la route et du transport
routier.
The World Road Association (PIARC) is a nonprot organisation established in 1909 to improve
international co-operation and to foster progress in the eld of roads and road transport.
Ltude faisant lobjet de ce rapport a t dnie dans le Plan stratgique 2004-2007 approuv par
le Conseil de lAIPCR dont les membres sont des reprsentants des gouvernements nationaux
membres. Les membres du Comit technique responsable de ce rapport ont t nomms par les
gouvernements nationaux membres pour leurs comptences spciques.
The study that is the subject of this report was dened in the PIARC Strategic Plan 2004 2007
approved by the Council of the World Road Association, whose members and representatives of the
member national governments. The members of the Technical Committee responsible for this report
were nominated by the member national governments for their special competences.
Les opinions, constatations, conclusions et recommandations exprimes dans cette publication sont
celles des auteurs et ne sont pas ncessairement celles de la socit/organisme auquel ils appartiennent.
Any opinions, ndings, conclusions and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of
the authors and do not necessarily reect the views of their parent organizations or agencies.
N ISBN : 2-84060-212-1
This report is available from the internet site of the World Road Association (PIARC)
http://www.piarc.org
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Ce rapport a t prpar par le groupe de travail 3 du Comit Technique 4.5 Terrassements, drainage
et couches de forme de lAssociation Mondiale de la Route, AIPCR.
This report has been prepared by the working group 3 of the Technical Committee 4.5 Earthwork
of the World Road Association, PIARC.
The translation into French/English of the original version was produced by:
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SOMMAIRE
CONTENTS
RSUM ..............................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION ...........
1.
1.
2.
3.
COSSE ROUTE NATIONALE EMPORTE PAR DES GLISSEMENTS DE TERRAINS EN AOT 2004.. 50
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
w w w. p i a r c . o r g
w w w. p i a r c . o r g
2.
4.
5.
CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 66
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4.
5.
9
11
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RSUM
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Climate change and its consequences are one of the main preoccupations of the
beginning of the 21st century. The objective of this study was to draft a document
which would identify the possible effects that climate change has on road
earthworks.
The rst part of the report presents information on theory of climate evolution.
In fact, no validated world scenario exists. However, the increase of the world
temperature is recognized and some phenomena which were exceptional until
now will occur more often. Some countries or regions have established a scenario
of climate evolution for decades to come. Those of Quebec and Switzerland are
presented in this report.
The second part focuses on water: lack or excess of water and its state. This
part presents the consequences of meteorological phenomena and suggests
solutions. It deals with the cases of embankments, natural slopes, rise in sea level,
modications of the permafrost and the increase of the wind force. Preventive
measures concern not only the new structures, by taking climate change into
account since the design stage, but also existing structures by improvement and
reinforcement works.
Some examples are presented in the third part. They show, more particularly,
failures of embankments and slope slides, due to the presence of a large quantity
of water. If they are not the result of climate change, the frequency of such
damages is likely to increase in the future.
Recommendations are in the fourth part. They take into consideration the latest
scenario of climate evolution for the region.
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This report addresses mainly projects manager and engineers who have to
design long-lasting works, as well as to the infrastructure operators which can be
threatened by climate changes.
This report aims at estimating and at making sensitive the risks connected to
climate changes. It thus brings elements on the changes and gives principles of
design and intervention to prevent the hazards which could affect earthworks.
1.
1.
10
Nowadays, climatic changes are subject of a wide media coverage and the
responsibility of the human activity in this phenomenon is more and more
acknowledged. By denition, a scenario of climate change is: a coherent,
intrinsically consistent and plausible description of a possible state of the world
[Parry and Carter, 1998] or a plausible future climate which was established
in the explicit purpose to study the potential consequences of an anthropogenic
climate change [IPCC TAR, 2001]. It is important to understand that a scenario
of climate change is not a prediction of future climate. When establishing these
scenarios of climate change, the specialists try, above all, to represent the potential
range of the regional climate change, i.e. to be representative of the amplitudes of
the uncertainties in the projections. Hence, the models of climate change are not
tools of prediction but rather a means to appreciate the most likely evolution of
the climate during the life expectancy (cycle) of an infrastructure.
Les modles tentant de prdire ces changements et leurs effets sont nombreux
et pourraient tre discuts mais ce nest pas lobjet de ce rapport. Nous nous
contenterons dillustrer par deux exemples, ceux du Qubec (Canada) et de la
Suisse, que ces modles sont rgionaux et quils varient signicativement dune
The models that try to predict climate changes and their effects are numerous and
could all be discussed but it is not the purpose of this report. We shall content with
illustrating by two examples, one from Quebec (Canada) and another one from
Switzerland, that these models are regional and that they vary signicantly from
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one region of the world to the other. Moreover, the foreseeable effects of climate
changes will also vary: more frequent and intense rains in certain regions versus
more frequent droughts in others. In a general way, we can say that the wide
variety of the climatic phenomena on earth will remain the same but that their
recurrence or their intensity, as compared to what was measured over the last two
centuries, will continue to undergo transformations that will inuence our lives
and have an impact on our civil infrastructures.
It must be acknowledged that the wide variety of scenarios of climate change for
the various regions of the world and even the variety of the models proposed for
a single region can get the engineer confused as to how to take these changes into
account. To a certain extent, even the environmental policies which regulate the
greenhouse gas emissions can have an impact on the validity of the very models.
In this context, the engineer, used to the use of historic meteorological data for
the prediction of the future hydrological or climatic events, questions the validity
of this traditional approach.
De plus en plus dexemples sont donns dans les colloques, congrs et confrences
sur des vnements climatiques extrmes qui surviennent dans des rgions ou
avec des rcurrences inattendues. On en donne dailleurs quelques exemples
notables dans la troisime partie de ce rapport. Les effets sur les infrastructures
publiques sont souvent catastrophiques, ce qui amne les ingnieurs
sinterroger sur ltablissement des critres de conception considrer ou encore
sur les prcautions additionnelles qui devraient tre prises ou, inversement,
sur les risques rels quon prend. Certains sont tents denvisager le pire cas
possible mais les implications conomiques tant ce quelles sont, des choix
doivent tre faits. qui reviennent ces choix ? lingnieur ? Au gestionnaire ?
ladministration publique ? La rponse est probablement toutes ces personnes
dans la mesure de leurs spcialits et de leurs comptences respectives.
More and more examples are given in seminars, congresses and conferences
on extreme climatic events which arise in regions or in recurrences that no one
expected. We give such typical examples in the third part of this report. The
impacts on the civil infrastructures are often catastrophic, which brings the
engineer to question himself on the selection of the design criteria to be considered
or on the additional precautions which should be taken or, conversely, on the real
risks that are taken. Some are tempted to consider the worst case scenario but the
economic implications are such that choices must be made. Who should make
these choices? The engineer? The manager? The public administration? The
response is probably all of the above but in relation with their respective specialty
or competence.
Face cette problmatique nouvelle, lingnieur nest pas tout fait dmuni.
Plusieurs groupes de recherche tentent aujourdhui dtablir des modles
rgionaux de changements climatiques qui peuvent tre utiliss par lingnieur,
conjointement avec le gestionnaire, pour tablir des critres de conception qui
correspondent mieux au niveau de risque que ladministration publique est prte
accepter.
Facing this new problem, the engineer is not left alone. Many research groups
are currently working on the development of regional models for climate changes
that could eventually be used by the engineer and the road administration to
establish design criteria that better correspond to the level of risk that the public
administration is willing to take.
Again, the problem associated with climate change is that these are changes
that could happen in a constantly evolving political and environmental context.
Therefore, there are no precise rules on how to proceed but rather an attitude to
adopt to make the infrastructures adaptable to changing climatic conditions. The
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ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
Les deux modles prsents ci-aprs ont t labors par des groupes de
chercheurs dont le mandat ne concernaient quune rgion en particulier. Il
revient videmment lingnieur de sassurer que le modle quil considre dans
ltablissement de ses critres de conception a t dvelopp spciquement
pour la rgion dans laquelle le projet doit tre ralis. Il devra aussi considrer
les autres modles existant pour la mme rgion an de se faire une ide globale
la plus juste et reprsentative possible.
The two models presented here were elaborated by research groups dealing with a
single region of the world. It is therefore the engineers responsibility to make sure
that the model he is using for the selection of the design criteria was established
specically for the region in which the project is going to be built. He should
also consider all the other models that were established for the specied region in
order to have a better and more representative global appreciation.
The second part of this report presents the most common demonstrations of the
foreseeable climate changes, their consequences on the construction of earthworks,
the problems which can result from it and, nally, preventive measures which
could be applied. Earthworks, due to their nature and their constituent material
- natural grounds - are more vulnerable to climatic changes than other civil works
made of steel or concrete for example.
1.2.
14
The information given here has been taken from the Fourth Assessment Report
of Working Group 1 of the International Panel on Climate Change IPCC
(http://www.ipcc.ch).
The IPCC was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The panels role is to
assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the best available
scientic, technical and socioeconomic information on the climate change from
around the world.
Les tempratures
augmentation de la valeur du rchauffement sur 100 ans :
priode 1901-2000 : 0,6 C; priode 1906-2005 : 0,74 C
Temperatures
increase in temperatures over 100 years:
1901-2000: 0.6 C; 1906-2005: 0.74 C;
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ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
the average temperature of the oceans has increased up to depths of 3,000 metres.
This has led to an expansion of the water in the sea which plays a role in
increasing sea level;
mountain glaciers and snow cover have diminished in both hemispheres. Water
from this source is also contributing to rising sea levels;
Les prcipitations
les prcipitations se sont accrues lest de lAmrique du Nord et de lAmrique
du Sud, dans le nord de lEurope, en Asie du nord et en Asie centrale ;
un asschement des sols a t constat dans le Sahel en Mditerrane, au sud
de lAfrique et dans le sud de lAsie ;
les scheresses sont plus svres et plus longues, surtout dans les zones
tropicales et subtropicales.
Precipitations
precipitations have increased in eastern North and South America, in Northern
Europe, in Northern and Central Asia;
drying of soils has been observed in Sahel, the Mediterranean, Southern Africa
and Southern Asia;
droughts have become more severe and last longer, particularly in tropical and
sub-tropical zones.
16
the average level of the sea has therefore risen by approximately 1.8 mm per
year between 1961 and 2003. This phenomenon has increased since with an
increase of approximately 3.1 mm per year;
the arctic icecap has shrunk on average by 2.7% every ten years. The seasonal
surface area of frozen land has diminished by 7% in the northern hemisphere
since 1900.
tropical cyclone activity has increased in the North Atlantic since 1970.
1.3. EXAMPLES OF REGIONALS SCENARIOS
Il nexiste pas de scnario unique. Mais il peut exister des scnarios admis
rgionalement. Ainsi le Qubec et la Suisse ont tabli et admis des scnarios
pour leur propre rgion.
There is no single scenario, but local scenarios may exist. Quebec and Switzerland
have thus developed local scenarios for their own region.
The OURANOS consortium was created in 2001 from the initiative of the
Government of Qubec, Hydro-Qubec, the Meteorological Service of Canada,
and Valorisation- Recherche Qubec.
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Les rsultats des tudes ont permis destimer les volutions suivantes.
On the basis of the results of the studies the following changes have been estimated.
Tempratures
En hiver, dici 2020, les tempratures augmenteront de 2,5 3,5C dans le
nord du Qubec et de 1 2,5C dans le sud. En 2050, cette augmentation pourra
atteindre 4 7C dans le nord et 2 5 C dans le sud.
Temperatures
In winter, between now and 2020, temperatures will increase by 2.5 to 3.5C in
the North of Quebec and by 1 to 2.5 in the South. In 2050 this increase could
attain 4 to 7 in the North and 2 to 5C in the South.
Lt, les augmentations estimes sont un peu plus faibles. A lhorizon 2020, elles
pourraient tre de 1 2,5C dans le nord et de 1 2C dans le sud. En 2050, ces
augmentations pourraient atteindre 1,5 4C dans le nord et 2,5 4C dans le
sud du Qubec.
Prcipitations
En hiver, laugmentation des prcipitations du nord du Qubec est estime de 1
18 % en 2020 et pour la mme chance, les prcipitations pourront tre rduites
dans le sud avec une variation possible de - 5 19 %.
Precipitation
In winter the increase in precipitation in the North of Quebec is estimated at
between 1 and 18% in 2020, by which time the precipitations in the South could
be reduced by 5 to 19%.
By 2050 precipitation could increase by between 2 and 32% in the North with a
reduction of between 0 and 32% in the South.
By 2050, it is expected to increase by between 3 and 19% in the North and fall by
between 7 and 13% in the South of Quebec.
Perspectives
Ces estimations montrent que les changements ne peuvent plus tre ignors.
Outlook
The estimates show that we can no longer ignore these changes.
The OURANOS consortium studies the impacts in the Quebec province on the
security of the population and infrastructures, water and energy resources and the
marine and river environments
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En Suisse, les rsultats des modles ont permis dtablir le scnario suivant.
In Switzerland, the results of the model have been used to develop the following
scenario.
Tempratures
Jusquen 2050, toutes les rgions de la Suisse vont connatre un rchauffement
et pour toutes les saisons.
Temperature
Until 2050 all regions of Switzerland will experience warming during all the
seasons.
North of the Alps, the warming will be of the order of 1.8C in winter (a range
between 0.9 and +3.4 C). In summer it will be of the order of 2.7 C (a range
between 1.4 and 4.7 C).
Au Sud des Alpes, le rchauffement est peine plus lev. En hiver, il sera de
lordre de +1.8 C (fourchette entre +0.9 et +3.1 C). En t, il sera de lordre de
+ 2.8 C (fourchette entre + 1.5 et + 4.9 C).
South of the Alps, warming is expected to be very slightly greater; in winter it will
be of the order of 1.8 C (a range between 0.9 and 3.1 C). In summer it will be
of the order of 2.8 C (a range between 1.5 and 4.9 C).
Prcipitations
Dici 2050, les prcipitations devraient augmenter dans lensemble du pays en
hiver et diminuer en t.
Precipitation
Until 2050, precipitation should increase in all parts of the country in winter and
diminish in summer.
Au Sud des Alpes, lvolution des prcipitations est plus ou moins identique. Une
augmentation de 11 % est attendue en hiver (fourchette entre + 1 % et + 26 %), tandis
quune diminution de 19 % est attendue en t (fourchette entre - 6 % et - 36 %).
South of the Alps, the change in precipitation is more or less identical. An 11%
increase is expected in winter (a range of between 1% and 26%), with a 19%
reduction in winter (a range of between 6% and 36%).
Perspectives
Le scnario climatique pour la Suisse est la base du nouveau projet de lOcCC
La Suisse en 2050 . Dans le cadre de ce projet, les consquences des
changements climatiques sur les secteurs socio-conomiques et cologiques de
la Suisse seront apprhendes pour 2050.
Outlook
The climate scenario for Switzerland provides the basis for the new OcCC project
entitled Switzerland in 2050. This project will identify the socioeconomic and
ecological consequences of climate change in Switzerland up to 2050.
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The rst difculty involves the estimation of the form which climate change will
take.
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22
Il faut donc avoir le ou les scnarios tablis par des spcialistes. Si le scnario prsente
des variations importantes, il faut estimer pour chaque ala climatique possible, le
risque quil survienne. Ce qui ne peut se faire quavec le spcialiste du climat.
Concernant les projets neufs, il ne suft plus de prendre lintemprie avec une
priode de retour donne. Le confort des donnes claires et prcises nexiste
plus. Il faut maintenant estimer le risque, en mesurer les consquences et valuer
ce que nous , matres douvrages, usagers dans le cadre priv, usagers dans
le cadre professionnel, transporteur de marchandises, mais aussi contribuables,
sommes prts accepter en terme de cots, de perturbation du trac, voire mme
de coupure complte du rseau.
Furthermore, extreme climatic events will not only be used to design the drainage
system. They will also be taken into account even when designing earthworks.
Lenjeu est important, la difcult rside dans linexistence de donnes prcises et sres.
The stakes are high, the difculty lies in the lack of precise and certain data.
Il faut, pour chaque ouvrage du projet, rechercher quel sera lala le plus
prjudiciable. Une fois cette analyse faite, il faut que ce critre rentre en compte
dans la dcision qui est prise pour le choix du projet.
For each structure in a given project it is necessary to understand what the most
harmful extreme climatic event will be. Once this analysis has been performed, the
criterion must be taken into consideration when deciding which project to choose.
With regard to existing structures and their maintenance, the problem is different.
The issue is to decide the structure must be strengthened or if we should wait for
damage to occur.
Il faut donc, tout dabord, avoir une ide assez prcise de scnario dvolution
climatique, et en estimer les consquences sur les ouvrages en exploitation.
Aprs avoir list les ouvrages, il faut les classer par priorit. Les critres prendre
alors en compte sont :
After having listed the structures, they must be classied by priority. For this, the
criteria are as follows:
the trafc carried by the structure. Is it acceptable to wait for failure which will
certainly lead to an interruption of trafc?
the cost of strengthening or repairs. It is sometimes difcult to estimate the
correct level of strengthening and therefore the cost may become very high. It
may be justied to wait for failure;
the availability of funds in relation to the volume and the number of structures
involved.
La plus grande difcult rside dans lincertitude qui existe vis vis des
changements climatiques qui peuvent se produire. Malgr toutes ces inconnues,
des dcisions doivent cependant tre prises.
The major difculty involves the uncertainty with regard to the climatic changes
which might occur. In spite of these unknowns, decisions must be taken.
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2.
2.1.1.
24
2.
2.1.1.
The approach cannot be the same for a new construction project and a structure
that is in service.
In the case of a new structure, the engineer must identify and prevent as far
as possible the adverse consequences of observed climate change that are
foreseeable at the present time. This task breaks down essentially into three
separate objectives:
achieving all the conditions which are judged necessary to ensure risk-free
construction in the event of adverse weather during the period on construction.
For example, the use of ll materials which cannot be done in a satisfactory
manner during a period of drought with excessively dry soils;
Dans le cas dun ouvrage ancien, on peut attendre que des dsordres se produisent
pour ragir, si les consquences de ces dsordres potentiels sont juges
acceptables (par exemple une dgradation progressive de luni). Par contre, il
pourrait tre opportun de prvoir des tudes de diagnostic sur des ouvrages o lon
estime que des dsordres brutaux pourraient avoir de graves consquences pour
la scurit des personnes et des biens, ou pour le niveau de service de la route.
Lexpertise des dsordres constats, ou une tude de diagnostic des ouvrages
en service pourront amener concevoir des solutions de confortation pour mise
en scurit et/ou mise en place dun systme de surveillance comparable ce
qui a t voqu plus haut pour les ouvrages neufs.
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specifying dimensions for the structure which are compatible with the
meteorological conditions in the reference scenario;
putting in place a system to monitor the characteristics of the structure which
are likely to deteriorate gradually as a result of climatic change and also because
safe solutions could not be adopted (either due to a lack of awareness of such
solutions or, more simply, because of a lack of resources). In any case, it already
seems necessary to allow for the drawing up of structure les after construction
which identify the construction methods used for the different parts of the
structure, the parts of the structure which are considered to remain vulnerable
to climatic change and any measures which are proposed by the designer in the
event of subsequent damage.
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2.1.2.
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
2.1.2.
We shall list below the categories of risk that must be considered as is already done
for road sections where various risks must be evaluated and if need be treated in
order for their operation to be accepted.
Dans le cas des changements climatiques, nous proposons pour chaque risque valu :
In the case of climate change, we propose for each evaluated risk to:
destimer si les dsordres encourus sont de type instantan (comme par exemple
une coule de boue) ou de type progressif (par exemple une dgradation de
luni). Les dispositions qui seront retenues dpendent largement de ce constat ;
envisager leffet du scnario de rfrence pour le risque examin, mais aussi
leffet des conditions mtorologiques les plus dfavorables susceptibles dtre
envisages en particulier pour ce qui concerne la scurit des personnes et,
un moindre titre, des biens.
collateral damage to the structure. These risks relate to the environment of the
structure, in theory outside the land reservation, and relate to the safety of persons
and property. The most important aspects of these risks are without doubt the
investigation of slope stability upstream and downstream of the structure, and
the study of the conservation of hydraulic ows through the structure;
2.2.
26
prejudice to users. This primarily relates to the safety of persons and to a lesser
extent the loss of level of service (evenness, slowing, road closure, etc.);
damage to the structure as an asset. This includes interruptions of operation,
the increase in maintenance costs and constraints, and the reduction in the
structures service life.
2.2. PREDICTABLE DISORDERS AND TRACKS OF SOLUTIONS
Climate change leads to changes in the weather conditions. Because the state of
soils and the materials used in earthworks is modied, problems and damage may
occur. In the case of new road construction, this change can be taken into account
from the design phase.
Bien quil soit ncessaire de ragir lapparition de dsordres sur les routes
existantes, il est prfrable de dnir une stratgie de maintenance par anticipation,
en dterminant les risques dus aux changements climatiques et en estimant les
consquences pour le rseau routier (bas sur une bonne connaissance de la
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condition) and taking appropriate actions (strengthen the road or repair when the
damage occur).
Les tableaux ci-aprs proposent pour chaque problme une ou des solutions, quand
elles existent. Certaines rponses sont encore du domaine de la recherche.
The tables below set out possible responses to each problem, some of the responses
are still the subject of research.
2.2.1.
2.2.1.
Leffet de la scheresse est dj bien connu dans certains pays tropicaux, mais
les problmes se compliqueront du fait que ces scheresses produiront leurs
effets sur des sols et des sites qui devront se mettre souvent assez brutalement
en quilibre avec de nouvelles conditions climatiques.
The effect of drought is already familiar in some tropical countries, but the
problems are made more complex by the fact that these droughts will produce their
impacts in soils and at sites which will frequently have to develop an equilibrium
with new climatic conditions very rapidly.
Schmatiquement, plus un sol est sec (sauf sil est vraiment une teneur en
eau voisine de zro auquel cas des recherches rcentes ont montr quils sont
compactables correctement avec certaines dispositions particulires, sans ajout
deau et condition quils soient peu plastiques cf. : sminaire AIPCR de Juin
2002 Ulaan-Baatar Mongolie), plus son compactage requiert une forte nergie
de compactage pour compenser le manque deau et son rle mcanique de
lubriant . Lorsque le sol est trop sec, ce qui peut se juger simplement partir
des essais Proctor et CBR, il faut diminuer lpaisseur des couches lmentaires
compactes et augmenter la puissance des compacteurs, mais on atteint rapidement
la limite defcacit de cette mthode. Sil ny a pas dhumidication ultrieure
consquente de ces remblais raliss avec une insufsance de compactage, il ny
a pas de dsordre craindre en matire de tassement anormal. Si par contre, un
tel remblai est humidi, il devient effondrable et va connatre des dsordres
dautant plus importants que sa hauteur est elle-mme importante.
In schematic terms, the drier the soil the more compaction energy is required in
order to compensate for the lack of water and its lubricating role. (Except if
its water content is really almost zero, in which case recent research has shown
that satisfactory compaction can be achieved if some special measures are taken,
without the addition of water and on condition they have a degree of plasticity
see the PIARC seminar of June 2002 at Ulaan-Baatar Mongolia), When the
soil is too dry, which can easily be determined from Proctor and CBR tests, the
thickness of the individual compacted layers must be reduced and the power of
compactors must be increased, but the limits of the effectiveness of this method
is soon reached. If these lls are not considerably moistened subsequently there
is no danger of damage due to abnormal settlement. However, if a ll of this type
is moistened, it becomes collapsible and will exhibit damage in proportion to
its thickness.
quand les sols sont secs, le plus souvent les puits et rivires voisins sont euxmmes en tiage et il nest pas trs raisonnable de penser que les autorits
administratives acceptent une aggravation de ces tiages pour la construction
douvrages en terre ;
quand les sols sont secs, la situation mtorologique est souvent marque
par une forte vaporation, qui rend peu ou pas efficace lhumidification par
in the case of dry soils, the adjacent wells and rivers are usually at a low level
themselves and it is not realistic to imagine that the administrative authorities
will accept a further lowering of the water level for the construction of earth
structures;
when soils are dry, the meteorological conditions are frequently also responsible
for high evaporation which makes attempts to moisten the soils by watering
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arrosage dans ces conditions (le vent tant une donne aggravante de leffet
de lvaporation) ;
lintroduction dune forte quantit deau dans le sol pour un compactage adquat
risque de transformer ce sol en boue si lon ajoute trop deau brutalement. Il
est vrai que lemploi dune mthode de mlange adquate et bien matrise
a dj permis daugmenter la teneur en eau de sols trop secs de prs de 10
points (par exemple dans les marnes rocheuses du contournement autoroutier
de Settat au Maroc socit ADM) ou grce lemploi des nouveaux matriels
de type arroseuse-enfouisseuse un ajout de prs de 10 points de teneur en
eau en une seule passe, ainsi quil a t dmontr sur quelques chantiers (par
exemple dans des plites indures sur lautoroute A89-4 en France socit
ASF).
Dans le cas du remploi des sols argileux, les spcications sont assez diffrentes
travers le monde. La plasticit admise par chaque pays, pour pouvoir utiliser
ces sols en remblai, a t cale, par exprience, en fonction des conditions
climatiques antrieures de ces diffrents pays et des sols disponibles, en prenant
parfois des prcautions pour en favoriser le remploi.
In the case of the re-use of clayey soils, specications differ quite markedly in
different parts of the world. The level of plasticity that is allowable in a given
country for the reuse of such soils in lls has been established on the basis of
past experience of climatic conditions and the available soils, and in some cases
measures are taken to encourage re-use.
This level of plasticity is closely linked to the shrinking and swelling capacity of
the soils.
More severe droughts lead to the development of unusually wide and totally
unacceptable shrinkage cracks as well as the settlement of the parts of the structure
that are the most exposed to evapotranspiration.
Another risk is present in the case of a thin or moderately thick ll and very dry
periods of weather: cracking in the subgrade. This occurs when the subgrade is
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32
sufciently plastic and the watertable is considerably lower than normal. These
cracks may reect through the ll which has become (too) dry and appear on the
pavement surface.
Some countries encounter this problem repeatedly (for example Madagascar) and
others do so during exceptional droughts (it was observed in France in marshy
zones during the exceptional drought of 1976). This risk, which is currently only
considered in some countries, could ultimately become a new design constraint
for lls on clayey subgrades in countries affected by the corresponding type of
climate change.
Stability design methods for earth structures can be seen to be rather pessimistic
with regard to severe drought situations. This is because design calculations are
based on the characteristics of saturated soils which are more unfavourable than
the same soil in the dry state.
Il faut aussi sintresser aux effets de peau . Les sols qui se desschent le plus
sont situs au plus prs de la surface, en talus. Sil sagit de sols sablo-limoneux,
ceux-ci deviennent trs rodables lorsquils sont trs secs et dpourvus de cohsion.
Ils sont exposs aux ravinements causs par les eaux de pluie, ou de ruissellement
de la chausse, mais aussi des mouvements dommageables lorsque soumis
des vents importants. Le meilleur moyen de stabiliser ces sols est soit de les couvrir
avec un sol protecteur (masque de matriaux granulaires par exemple), ou mieux
dy tablir une couverture vgtalise. Cette dernire solution peut tre mise en
chec par des conditions climatiques trop extrmes sur un sol trop strile.
Skin effects must also be considered. The soils which dry out the most are those
nearest the surface on slopes. If they are sandy-silty soils they become extremely
erodable and devoid of cohesion when dry. They are subject to rainwash due to
rainwater or runoff from the pavement, but may also undergo damage due to
displacement caused by high winds. The best way of stabilizing such soils is to
cover them with a protective soil (granular material for example) or, preferably,
establish plant cover. The last approach may, however, fail if the climate is too dry
or the soil is too infertile.
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33
PROBLMES ET DSORDRES
QUI PEUVENT APPARATRE
- problme de retrait
- dformations htrognes en
cas de remblais sur pentes
- problme de raccordements
avec les ouvrages dart
- asschement de surface
(effet de peau) qui rendent le sol
rodable
- instabilit transversale
- cration de ssures dans le sol
support pouvant remonter jusqu
la chausse
Abaissement du niveau de la
nappe
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
unsatisfactory and the soil will remain unstable if there is a subsequent rainy
period (collapsibility).
PROPOSITIONS DE MESURES
PRVENTIVES
HAZARD
PROPOSED PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
SUGGESTED REMEDIES
CONSEQUENCE - POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE
Drying of materials in ll
- Shrinkage problem
- No uniform deformations in the
case of lls on slopes
- Problem of connections with
engineering structures
- Surface drying (skin effect)
making the soil erodable
Drying of subgrade
- Transverse instability
- Development of cracks in the
subgrade that may reect as far as
the pavement
Lowering of watertable
Disparition de la couverture
vgtale existante
- rosion
Protection granulaire
Insufcient moisture to
sustain the vegetative
cover
- Erosion
Granular protection
Reboiser, revgtaliser
Prendre des mesures pour limiter les
feux ou leur propagation
Bio-ingnierie pour stabiliser les
pentes
Reaforrestation, replanting
Take measures to reduce the number and
propagation of res
Bio-engineering techniques to stabilize
slopes.
2.2.2.
34
2.2.2.
Leau peut tre prsente en quantit trop importante pour deux raisons : une
pluie forte sur un temps court, leau ruisselle, ou une augmentation des modules
pluviomtriques annuels, les sols sont alors saturs.
Water may be present in excessive amounts for two reasons: heavy rain over a
short period (runoff water) or an increase in annual rainfall moduli leaving soils
saturated.
Les vnements climatiques peuvent tre des pluies torrentielles, des orages
violents, des temptes et des vents violents.
Les consquences ne sont pas les mmes pour des remblais ou des talus
naturels.
The consequences are not the same for lls and natural slopes.
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36
Ainsi, certains pays ralisent des remblais zons dans lesquels le cur
du remblai est constitu de sols douteux (matriaux marginaux, volutifs,
trs plastiques, etc.) et emball dans des sols plus acceptables mais plus
difcilement disponibles (ressource, distance de transport, etc.).
This, some countries construct zoned lls, in which the core of the ll is made
up of doubtful soils (marginal, degradable or highly plastic materials, etc.) and
enclosed in soils which are more acceptable but also more difcult to obtain
(scarcity, distance, etc.).
On peut craindre que cette pratique qui sest dveloppe namne des dsordres
dans lavenir si des pisodes pluvieux trop violents ou trop longs permettent
leau de sinltrer au cur de tels remblais o des matriaux vulnrables ont t
mis en uvre, par exemple des roches volutives ou solubles ou des matriaux
polluants. Ce phnomne est dautant plus redouter que le cortex de tels
remblais aura t trop faiblement dimensionn.
We can fear that this increasingly common practice will lead to damage in the
future if rainfall is too heavy or lasts for too long allowing water to seep into the
core of the lls where the vulnerable materials (degradable or soluble rocks or
polluting materials for example) are located. This danger is particularly present
when the main body of the ll has been under designed.
As we have already seen above, the higher the soil plasticity, the greater the
volumetric shrinkage and swelling to which it is prone. Excessive moisture thus
leads to substantial swelling, even if the soils are not strictly speaking swelling
soils (for example the cotton soils that exist in some parts of Africa). Swelling
may affect pavement evenness especially at the interface between these lls
and rigid structures such as concrete bridges where very costly damage may
develop.
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PROBLMES ET DSORDRES
QUI PEUVENT APPARATRE
PROPOSITIONS
DE MESURES PRVENTIVES
Prendre un facteur de scurit.
Allonger les priodes de retour dvnements exceptionnels prises en compte
pour le dimensionnement des ouvrages
hydrauliques.
Prendre en compte les volumes deau
de pluie sur une plus longue priode
Diminuer les pentes de talus et prendre
en compte le type de matriaux.
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
HAZARD
CONSEQUENCE - POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Apply a safety factor
Consider a longer return period for
exceptional events when designing
hydraulic structures
consider storm water volumes over a
longer period
reduce the gradients of slopes and take
account of the materials used
Eboulement et glissement de
talus de remblais
Raising of pavement
Soulvement de la chausse
38
Effondrement de remblais
Collapse of ll
Les coefcients de scurit pris pour valuer la stabilit des ouvrages ont pu tre
parfois un peu minimiss sur des ouvrages courants. Ces ouvrages devraient
tre considrs comme vulnrables devant des pisodes pluvieux inhabituels
lorsque ces valuations un peu trop optimistes ont t effectues.
The safety factors used for assessing the stability of structures have occasionally
been somewhat reduced for standard structures. When these rather optimistic
evaluations have been made the structures should be considered as vulnerable in
periods of exceptional rainfall.
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39
sur la base des observations antrieures constituent des bases incertaines pour
dimensionner les ouvrages construire en fonction des priodes de retour.
CONSQUENCES DES
CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES
PROBLMES ET DSORDRES
QUI PEUVENT APPARATRE
Eboulements
Chute de pierres ou de blocs
rocheux
Des glissements
Des laves torrentielles
Des coules de boues
PROPOSITIONS DE MESURES
PRVENTIVES
Collecte des eaux supercielles
Correction des cours deau
Tranches drainantes
Drainage
Affaissements et effondrements
lis des cavits souterraines
naturelles ou anthropique.
CONSEQUENCE - POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE
Falls of stones or blocks of rock
Landslides
Debris ows
Mud ows
40
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Instabilit de pentes
Il est difcile de prvoir le comportement dun sol trs sec recevant des pluies
exceptionnelles. Un sol sec est trs peu permable, ce qui rend difcile la prvision
des coulements de nappes souterraines dans des sols htrognes. Nous avons
dj pu constater, dans une telle conjoncture, des instabilits de talus qui ne se
manifestent que lors de certaines squences dvolution des conditions climatiques.
Instability of slopes
It is difcult to forecast changes in the state of very dry soils in the event of
exceptionally heavy rainfall. Dry soils are very impermeable, which makes it
difcult to forecast groundwater ows in no uniform soils. It has already been
observed on structures that slope instabilities may occur only as a consequence of
certain sequences of climatic change.
Dans ce contexte, il pourrait arriver (certains cas observs en France ont conduit
se poser cette question) que la garantie offerte au matre douvrage pour la
tenue de son ouvrage (en France, par exemple, cette garantie est dcennale) soit
remise en cause au constat dune squence mtorologique exceptionnelle (par
exemple des pluies diluviennes en priode dtiage ayant amen des dsordres
imprvisibles et constituant donc un cas de force majeure. Certaines habitudes,
In this connection, occasionally (as has been observed in France) the duration
of the guarantee given to the owner (for example, in France this lasts ten years)
appears inadequate subsequent to a sequence of exceptional weather events
(for example heavy rainfall in a period of low water levels) that have caused
unforeseeable damage and therefore represent a case of force majeure. Certain
customs such as those to consider that a stable bank during at least ve years will
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41
42
telles que de considrer quun talus stable pendant au moins cinq ans le sera
vraisemblablement de faon prenne, sont remises en cause.
Instability of structures
The placement of ll materials during very dry weather carries risks for the quality
of the structure whose materials may be collapsible if they absorb excessive
amounts of water. One can thus see that alternating sequences of extreme climatic
conditions represent a serious threat to structures constructed under these
conditions.
In a similar way, as has already been explained, extreme droughts often lead to the
development of open cracks in structures. Clearly, in the event of sudden heavy
rainfall at the end of the drought these cracks will allow water to penetrate into the
earth structures causing damage. In this case, it will be very important to be able
to close pavement surfaces to prevent water ingress, in view of the fact that it is
generally considered that a crack 2 mm wide on the pavement surface lets almost
all the storm water passing above it to enter the pavement.
Erosion supercielle
Lun des meilleurs moyens de lutter contre lrosion supercielle est dinstaller un
couvert vgtal sur les zones menaces. Comment installer ce couvert vgtal
si le climat est trop instable et irrgulier ? La solution risque de mobiliser des
moyens plus lourds et plus onreux.
Surface erosion
One of the most effective ways of combating surface erosion is to establish plant
cover over the threatened zones. How can this plant cover be established if the
climate is too unstable and irregular? The solution may demand the mobilization
of more elaborate and expensive techniques.
2.2.3.
2.2.3.
The increase in the amount of liquid water at global level will lead to a rise in sea
levels. Some islands may disappear and some regions that are near sea level may
be ooded.
This risk should lead to a very precise assessment of the elevation of transport
infrastructure that is planned in at coastal areas or in the vicinity of deltas and
estuaries.
Deux effets sont redouter de cette remonte du niveau des ocans pour les
ouvrages de terrassement :
This raising of sea level poses two potential threats to earthworks structures:
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43
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
the rise in the water table may reduce the bearing capacity of the ll in a way
that is incompatible with its function.
Ces deux effets doivent tre pris en compte tout particulirement pour les voies
haut niveau de service (routes urbaines, voies ferres, pistes daroport) et
ce dautant plus que la dure dexploitation prise en compte linvestissement
est importante et que la coupure du trac est rdhibitoire pour lexploitant. Pour
faire face ce risque, le plus simple est daugmenter la hauteur des remblais des
projets construire, mais dans ces zones pauvres en matriaux naturels (sauf
exploitation de sables marins), le matriau de remblai est onreux, car il doit venir
de loin. On peut aussi envisager des chausses submersibles, mais qui sont
souvent trs rigides pour des zones plus ou moins compressibles et qui de toutes
faons seront inutiles si la voie de circulation est submerge.
It is particularly important to take these two effects into account for infrastructure
that must provide high levels of service (urban roads, railway tracks, airport
runways) in particular in view of the fact that the investment involves a very long
service life and an interruption in trafc is crippling for the operator. The simplest
way of coping with this risk is to increase the depth of lls during construction,
but in zones where there is a shortage of natural materials (with the exception of
sea sand), ll material is expensive as it must be transport long distances. Another
alternative is submersible pavements, but these are frequently too rigid for zones
which tend to be compressible and which will nevertheless be unusable if the
trafc lane is submerged.
CONSQUENCES DES
CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES
PROBLMES ET DSORDRES
QUI PEUVENT APPARATRE
PROPOSITIONS
DE MESURES PRVENTIVES
Surlever les routes qui pourraient
se retrouver noyes
Concevoir les remblais pour quils
puissent jouer le rle de digues
Utiliser des matriaux adapts et
prvoir des protections latrales
HAZARD
CONSEQUENCE - POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE
PROPOSED PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Monitor certain roads that may be
submerged
Design embankments so they can
perform the role of dikes
Use suitable materials and provide
lateral protections
The Northerly movement of the permafrost will reduce the amount of perennially
frozen ground and lead to the melting of ice lenses. The result is a complete or
partial disappearance of permanently frozen soil.
CONSQUENCES DES
CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES
La glace fond
Cycle de gel dgel plus frquent
Dgel du perglisol
Modication de la synchronisation
entre la fonte des neiges et la
fonte du sol
44
PROBLMES ET DSORDRES
QUI PEUVENT APPARATRE
Formation de thermokarst et effondrements du sol qui provoque des
tassements.
Perte de portance de linfrastructure.
Modication des parts deau ruissele et inltre.
2008R12
PROPOSITIONS DE MESURES
PRVENTIVES
HAZARD
CONSEQUENCE - POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE
PROPOSED PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Ice melts
Identify cavities
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45
PROBLMES ET DSORDRES
QUI PEUVENT APPARATRE
La glace fond
Formation de thermokarst et
effondrements du sol qui provoque
des tassements.
Modication de la synchronisation
entre la fonte des neiges et la fonte
du sol
2.2.5.
46
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
PROPOSITIONS DE
MESURES PRVENTIVES
HAZARD
CONSEQUENCE - POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE
Formation of thermokarst and soil
collapse responsible for settlement.
Ice melts
2.2.5.
PROPOSED PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Identify cavities
La frquence des vents violents ou des temptes peut augmenter. Sans aborder
ici le problme de lexploitation des voies (risque dinstabilit de la signalisation
verticale, vhicules dports voire retourns, etc.), les ouvrages gotechniques
ne semblent menacs par la modication du rgime des vents ou des pisodes
paroxystiques de vent quen ce qui concerne lrosion olienne. Lrosion olienne
devient effective, lorsque les trois conditions ci-aprs sont runies :
The frequency of strong winds or storms may increase. Road operation issues
(such as the instability of vertical signing, vehicles that are blown off course or
blown over, etc.) will not be dealt with in this document, and the only threat posed
to geotechnical structures by the change in the wind regime or extreme winds is
caused by wind erosion. For wind erosion to occur three conditions must apply:
Of course, the presence of a prevailing wind direction (even without storms with
high winds which would in any case have an effect on erodable zones) is an
aggravating risk factor.
On peut penser que les trois conditions ci-dessus peuvent se conjuguer sur des
zones actuellement non exposes lrosion si les changements climatiques
rduisent le couvert vgtal en particulier par scheresse et rendent vulnrables
spcialement des aires littorales (alimentation des ouvrages en sable denvol et
formation de dunes) ou des talus de remblai et de dblai dont la nature sableuse
tendance strile est dj peu favorable au dveloppement de la vgtation.
It is possible that these three conditions will be combined in zones which are
currently not exposed to erosion if climatic changes reduce plant cover, in
particular as a result of drought, and make coastal areas particularly vulnerable
from windblown sand and dune formation or the slopes of cuts or lls whose
sandy and infertile nature already makes them poor environments to allow the
development of vegetation.
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47
PROBLMES ET DSORDRES
QUI PEUVENT APPARATRE
Chute darbres
Avance dunaire
rosion d au vent
3.
HAZARD
CONSEQUENCE - POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE
PROPOSED PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Protection de surface
Fallen trees
Dune advance
Wind erosion
3.
SOME EXAMPLES
3.1. NORTH AMERICA THAWING OF THE PERMAFROST
Cet exemple a fait lobjet dun article dans le numro 326 de la revue Routes/Roads.
Dans le nord du Canada et en Alaska, les routes et aroports sont construits sur
des matriaux gels toute lanne.
Ces matriaux sont composs de sols mais aussi de glace. Laugmentation des
tempratures associe la capacit
absorbante de chaleur des couches
de surface de chausse provoque
la fonte des lentilles de glace
contenues dans le sol et les remblais.
Des thermokarsts se forment,
provoquant des effondrements,
des affaissements de remblais, des
distorsions de chausses. Leau
saccumule en bord de route.
These materials consist of soils and ice. Higher temperatures combined with the
heat absorbing capacity of pavement
surface layers causes the ice lenses
in the soil and the ll to melt.
Thermokarsts are formed, leading
to subsidence, settlement of ll and
pavement distortion. Water then
accumulates at the side of the roads.
48
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
PROPOSITIONS DE
MESURES PRVENTIVES
QUELQUES EXEMPLES
3.1.
2008R12
Photo 1
Settlement affecting a road ll in thermokarst in Alaska
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49
Photo 3
Settlement affecting the shouldering of a road ll in Alaska
Photo 3
Affaissement de lpaulement dun remblai routier en Alaska
50
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51
La circulation sur les routes nationales A83 et A9, supportant respectivement 5 000 et
13 500 vhicule/jour a du tre coupe pendant 2 jours, en pleine priode estivale.
Trafc on the A83 and A9 National Roads, carrying respectively 5,000 and
13,500 vehicles per day, had to be closed for 2 days in mid-summer.
The A83 was closed at two points. The landslip 1 km north of Cairndow contained
blocks weighing up to 9 tonnes.
The A9 was closed by three debris ows. The presence of the old national road
above the new one impeded and concentrated the ow of water which then rushed
down the slope and onto the road.
Photo 6: A83 Cairndow
Illustration 8: Map of
Scotland showing the location
of the incidents
3.3.
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53
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
3.4.
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This region extends for 3,500 km from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar
(Burma) in the east. It has a population of over 140 million people. It affects the
lives of three times more people in the plains and ood plains to the south. This
region is the highest and most highly populated mountain region in the world.
It is still undergoing major natural change. The mountains are still forming so
the region regularly experience earthquakes, landslides and oods. The problems
are accentuated by climate change, which increases the volume, and intensity of
monsoon rainfall, modies the permafrost and melts the snow and ice. As wood is
a very important economic resource, deforestation increases the problems caused
by ooding and increases the amount of sediment transported by the rivers.
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55
Les pays concerns, qui se trouvent quelquefois dans des situations politiques
dlicates, nont pas les moyens techniques et nanciers pour assurer un suivi
rgulier des vnements, voire de les anticiper, et pour rsoudre les problmes
qui se posent.
The affected countries, where the political situation is often difcult, do not
have the technical or nancial resources to monitor events on a regular basis or
anticipate them and resolve any problems that arise.
In this region the term landslide is synonymous with disaster, fear, destruction,
death and disrupted lives.
3.5.
3.5.1.
3.5. FRANCE
FRANCE
3.5.1.
Settlement of a ll
After the drought in summer 2003, settlement of a ll and the cracking of the
bound pavement base layers of a national road, the RN 158, were observed at
Mac (Dpartement 50) (accelerated secondary settlement in the peaty deposits
of the Orne valley). The RN 158 connects the RN 138 at Se to the city of Caen.
The ll in question probably dates from the second half of the XIXth century
(perhaps even from 1840 to 1850).
The materials used in the ll consist of ne silty, slightly clayey, sands, gravely
(small 0 - 5 mm calcareous particles and larger 0 - 80 mm particles of a varied
nature: limestone, sandstone, quartzite, schist, etc.). This corresponds to class
C1B5 th as dened in the French soil classication system (GTR).
En 1977, la chausse de la
route nationale a t mise au
gabarit au niveau de la zone des
dsordres. Elle a t renforce
par une couche en grave laitier
dune paisseur de 20 cm et
une couche de bton bitumineux
de 8 cm et paule par deux
poutres en grave laitier dune
largeur de 70 80 cm et dune
hauteur de 35 cm.
Photo 10 - RN 158 Mac (50)
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57
3.5.2.
ON ROAD EARTHWORKS
3.5.2.
La rivire Le Giers longe une partie de lautoroute A47, qui relie Saint Etienne
Lyon. Cette autoroute supporte un trac variant de 58 000 vhicule/jour prs de
Lyon un peu plus de 73 000 vhicule/jour. En dcembre 2003, le Giers a eu une
crue exceptionnelle, entranant des dgts importants et obligeant les services
dexploitation fermer lautoroute pendant plusieurs jours.
The river Giers runs alongside a section of the A47 motorway which connects
Saint-Etienne and Lyon. This motorway carries trafc varying between 58,000
vehicles a day near Lyon to slightly more than 73,000 vehicles per day. In
December 2003, the Giers experienced an exceptional ood which caused major
damage and forced the operators to close the motorway for several days.
58
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59
3.5.3.
3.5.3.
La route nationale 304 relie Aubenas lAutoroute A7. La section tudie se situe
entre Privas et Aubenas. Sur ces 42 km, le trac varie entre 5 950 vhicule/jour
et de 7 600 vhicules par jour avec 5 % de poids lourd.
The RN304 national road connects Aubenas to the A7 motorway. The studied section
is located between Privas and Aubenas. It is 42 km long and carries trafc that varies
between 5,950 vehicles per day and 7,600 vehicles per day with 5% heavy vehicles.
Cette route est de type moyenne montagne, le plus souvent deux voies avec
quelques mises trois voies.
This road is typical of those in medium height mountains, usually with two lanes
with some three-lane sections.
Photo 15 RN 304
Part of slope slip can be seen on the photo (zone 29). In the same
zone (29) the appearance of a spring has caused collapse of the
upstream slope, which can be seen on photo 16.
Photo 17 RN 304
It shows the opening
of a crack and its
propagation over a
length of 120 metres
Photo 17 : RN 304
Elle montre une
ouverture de ssure
et sa propagation sur
120 mtres
60
Photo 16 : RN 304
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Photo 16 RN 304
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61
Dans la zone 42, une rupture locale de la chausse a pu tre observe (photo 18).
Elle correspond une rupture du versant aval (photo 19). La rupture locale a
provoqu un effondrement de la chausse (photo 20).
In zone 42, local failure of the road was observed (photo 18). This corresponds to
a failure of the downstream slope (photo 19). The local failure has led to collapse
of the pavement (photo 20).
Photo 18 RN 304
Photo 18 RN 304
Photo 19 RN 304
Photo 19 RN 304
Photo 20 RN 304
4.
62
Photo 20 RN 304
4.
Pour tudier un projet, il devient ncessaire de faire une synthse des derniers
scnarios accepts par la communaut scientique pour la rgion concerne. Les
scnarios les plus vraisemblables seront choisis en fonction du site du projet. Parmi
ces scnarios de rfrence, lventualit la pire devra tre examine en particulier.
A review of the most recent scenarios that have been accepted for the region in question
by the scientic community has now become a necessary part of project design. The
most likely scenarios will be selected on the basis of the site of the project. The worst
case scenario should be identied from among these reference scenarios.
Les contraintes lies aux changements climatiques prvus dans les scnarios
retenus, seront un des multiples critres qui vont permettre de dnir le projet.
The constraints that are related to the changes in climate that feature in the selected
scenarios will be among the many criteria taken into account during project design.
The vulnerability of each structure and the identied risks may be listed and
classied in a range from unacceptable to acceptable.
Les risques pour les personnes et les biens seront une priorit.
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leurs cots et une valuation des consquences sur la gestion du trac. Il faut
donc prendre en compte de niveau de service.
Together, these criteria should result in the best compromise and optimize risks,
outcomes and costs. The operator must then be informed of all the essential
data.
Phase projet
Design phase
Optimiser le projet
Dnir des indicateurs pertinents de suivi de chaque ouvrage
Veiller llaboration du dossier de rcolement. Celui ci doit comprendre non seulement les lments concernant le chantier mais aussi les tapes de suivi des ouvrages sensibles.
Phase exploitation
Ds la conception du projet, il faut prvoir un dossier contenant les scnarios climatiques pris en compte pour le projet, la
liste des ouvrages sensibles suivre, et le dossier de rcolement.
Ce dossier sera transmis lexploitant.
Pour les ouvrages les plus exposs, une comparaison rgulire devra tre faite entre les hypothses prises initialement et
lvolution climatique relle.
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Operation
From the design stage, it is necessary to draw up documents that contain the climate scenarios that have been
adopted for design, a list of sensitive structures that require monitoring, and the verication documents. These
documents must be sent to the operator.
In the case of the most exposed structures, the initial hypotheses must be compared with real climate change
on a regular basis and the new prevision of regional evolution climate.
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As a result of climate change, it can be expected that the return periods that
are usually used will be wrong in the medium term, particularly with regard to
hydraulic engineering, but also slope stability and internal drainage.
5.
5.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Au niveau des projets, les tudes devront sappuyer, non seulement sur les
donnes mtorologiques traditionnelles, mais aussi sur un scnario dvolution
climatique probable labor par des spcialistes et ventuellement remis jour
priodiquement.
During the design phase, the studies will have to lean, not only on the traditional
meteorological data, but also on the scenario of likely climate evolution elaborated
by specialists and possibly updated periodically.
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RFRENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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