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Introduction

_________________________make up

our bodies
the bodies of other organisms
the physical environment

Introduction

Lifes chemistry is tied to _________________________

_________________________first evolved in water.

All living _________________________require water.
The chemical reactions of your body occur in cells consisting of
_________________________water.

ELEMENTS, ATOMS, AND COMPOUNDS

2.1 Organisms are composed of elements, in combinations called compounds

Living organisms are composed of _________________________.

anything that occupies space and has _________________________.

Matter is composed of chemical elements.

An _________________________is a substance that

_________________________be broken down to other substances.
There are 92 elements in natureonly a few exist in a pure state.

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2.1 Organisms are composed of elements, in combinations called compounds

A _________________________

is a substance consisting of ___________________________________different

elements in a fixed ratio.
Compounds are more common than pure elements.

Sodium chloride, table salt, is a common compound of equal parts of sodium (_____)
and chlorine (_____).

2.1 Organisms are composed of elements, in combinations called compounds

About 25 elements are essential to life.

Four elements make up about _______ of the weight of most living organisms. These
are

_________________________.
_________________________.
_________________________.
_________________________.

_________________________elements are essential but are only needed in minute

quantities.

2.2 CONNECTION: Trace elements are common additives to food and water

Some trace elements are required to prevent disease.

Without _________________________, your body cannot transport

_________________________.
An _________________________deficiency prevents production of
_________________________hormones, resulting in
_________________________.

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2.2 CONNECTION: Trace elements are common additives to food and water

_________________________is added to municipal water and dental products to help

reduce tooth decay.

2.3 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Each element consists of one kind of _________________________.

An _________________________is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the
properties of an element.
Three subatomic particles in atoms are relevant to our discussion of the properties of
elements.

_________________________are _________________________charged.
_________________________are _________________________charged.
_________________________are _________________________neutral.

2.3 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

_________________________and _________________________are packed into an

atoms _________________________.
__________________________________________________the nucleus.

2.3 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Numbers and atoms

atomic _________________________:

number of _________________________

_________________________number

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

atomic _________________________

is _________________________equal to its mass number

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2.3 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Although _________________________atoms of an element have the same atomic

_________________________, some differ in mass _________________________.
_________________________of an element

same number of _________________________

different numbers of _________________________

Different isotopes of an element behave identically in chemical reactions.

In _________________________isotopes, the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving
off particles and energy.

2.4 CONNECTION: Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us

Living cells cannot distinguish between isotopes of the same element.

Therefore, radioactive compounds in metabolic processes can act as

_________________________.
This radioactivity can be detected by instruments.
Using these instruments, the fate of radioactive tracers can be monitored in
living organisms.

2.4 CONNECTION: Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us

In addition to benefits, there are also dangers associated with using radioactive
substances.

Uncontrolled exposure can cause damage to some molecules in a living cell,

especially _________________________.
Chemical bonds are _________________________by the emitted energy,
which causes _________________________bonds to form.

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CHEMICAL BONDS
2.5 The distribution of electrons determines an atoms chemical properties

Of the three subatomic particlesprotons, neutrons, and electronsonly

_________________________are directly involved in chemical activity.
Electrons occur in energy levels called
__________________________________________________.

Information about the distribution of electrons is found in the

__________________________________________________of the elements.

2.5 The distribution of electrons determines an atoms chemical properties

An atom may have one, two, or three electron shells surrounding the nucleus.

The number of electrons in the _________________________shell determines

the chemical properties of the atom.

__________________________________________= outermost shell

Atoms whose outer shells are _________________________tend to interact

with other atoms, participating in chemical reactions.

2.5 The distribution of electrons determines an atoms chemical properties

Atoms with _________________________outer shells tend to react so that both atoms

end up with _________________________outer shells. These atoms may react with
each other by

_________________________,
_________________________, or
receiving _________________________.

These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions
called __________________________________________________.

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2.6 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

The strongest kind of chemical bond is a _____________________________________

two atoms _________________________one or more outer-shell electrons.

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds form a
_________________________.

2.6 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

There are _________________________alternative ways to represent common

molecules.

2.6 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

Atoms in a covalently bonded molecule continually compete for shared electrons.

The attraction (pull) for shared electrons is called

_________________________.
More electronegative atoms pull harder.

2.6 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

In molecules of only one element, the pull toward each atom is equal, because each
atom has the same electronegativity.

_________________________covalent bonds.

2.6 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

Water has atoms with different electronegativities.

_________________________attracts the shared electrons

_________________________than _________________________.
So, the shared electrons spend more time near _________________________.
The oxygen atom has a slightly _________________________charge and the
hydrogen atoms have a slightly _________________________charge.
The result is a _________________________covalent bond.

Because of these polar covalent bonds, water is a

_________________________molecule.

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2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge

An _________________________is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge

resulting from _________________________or _________________________of
electrons.

When an electron is _________________________, a

_________________________charge results.
When an electron is _________________________, a
_________________________charge results.

Two ions with opposite charges attract each other.

When the attraction holds the ions together, it is called an

_________________________.
_________________________is a _________________________for an ionic
compound.

2.8 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life

Most large molecules are held in their three-dimensional functional shape by weak
bonds.
Hydrogen, as part of a polar covalent bond, has a partial
_________________________charge.
The charged regions on molecules are electrically attracted to oppositely charged
regions on _________________________molecules.
Because the positively charged region is always a hydrogen atom, the bond is called
a _________________________bond.

2.9 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Remember that the structure of atoms and molecules determines the way they
behave.

Remember that _________________________combine to form

_________________________.
Hydrogen and oxygen can react to form water:
2H2 + O2
2H2O

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2.9 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

The formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is an example of a

__________________________________________________.
The _________________________ (H2 and O2) are converted to H2O, the
_________________________.

2.9 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Chemical reactions _________________________create or destroy matter.

Chemical reactions only _________________________matter.

2.9 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

_________________________is a chemical reaction that is essential to life on Earth.

_________________________ (from the air) reacts with

_________________________.
_________________________powers the conversion to produce the products
_________________________and _________________________.

WATERS LIFE-SUPPORTING PROPERTIES

2.10 Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive

The tendency of two kinds of molecules to stick together is

_________________________.
The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is
_________________________.

Cohesion is much stronger for _________________________than other

liquids.
Most plants depend upon cohesion to help transport water and nutrients
from their _________________________to their _________________________.

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2.10 Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive

Cohesion is related to __________________________________________________a

measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid.

Hydrogen bonds give water _________________________surface tension,

making it behave as if it were coated with an invisible film.
Water striders stand on water without breaking the water surface.

2.11 Waters hydrogen bonds moderate temperature

Because of hydrogen bonding, water has a greater ability to resist

_________________________change than other liquids.

2.11 Waters hydrogen bonds moderate temperature

_________________________is the energy associated with

_________________________of atoms and molecules in matter.

Heat is _________________________when hydrogen bonds

_________________________.
Heat must be _________________________to
_________________________hydrogen bonds.

2.11 Waters hydrogen bonds moderate temperature

_________________________measures the intensity of heat.

When a substance evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools
down, in the process of __________________________________________________.

This cooling occurs because the molecules with the

_________________________energy _________________________the surface.

2.12 Ice is less dense than liquid water

Water can exist as a gas, liquid, or solid.

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2.12 Ice is less dense than liquid water

Water is _________________________dense as a solid than a liquid

Why?
__________________________________________________!

When water freezes, each molecule forms a stable hydrogen bond with its
neighbors.
As ice crystals form, the molecules are _________________________densely packed
than in liquid water.

Because ice is less dense than water, it floats.

2.13 Water is the solvent of life

A _________________________is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or

more substances.

The dissolving agent is the _________________________.

The substance that is dissolved is the _________________________.

An _________________________solution is one in which water is the solvent.

2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

In aqueous solutions, a small percentage of water molecules break apart into ions.

Some are _________________________ions (H+).

Some are _________________________ions (OH).
Both types are very reactive.

2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

A compound that _________________________H+ to a solution is an

_________________________.
A compound that _________________________H+ is a _________________________.

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2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

The _________________________describes how acidic or basic a solution is.

The pH scale ranges from _____ to _____, with zero the most
_________________________and 14 the most _________________________.
Each pH unit represents a _________________________change in the
concentration of H+.

2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

If you add a small amount of strong acid to a liter of pure water you, the pH drops
from 7.0 to 2.0.
If you add a small amount of strong acid to a liter of blood, the pH drops from 7.4 to
7.3.

2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

A _________________________is a substance that minimizes changes in pH. Buffers

accept H+ when it is in _________________________

donate H+ when it is _________________________

2.15 CONNECTION: Acid precipitation and ocean acidification threaten the environment

When we burn fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), air-polluting compounds and CO2 are
released into the atmosphere.

Sulfur and nitrous oxides react with water in the air to form
_________________________ sulfur and nitrogen oxide

These acids fall to Earth as

__________________________________________________, which is
rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.2.

CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers ocean pH in a process known as

__________________________________________________.

carbonic acid

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3

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2.15 CONNECTION: Acid precipitation and ocean acidification threaten the environment

What is another way to decrease the pH of Saltwater?

Rain
Rivers

2.16 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The search for extraterrestrial life centers on the search
for water

The properties of _________________________support life on Earth.

When astrobiologists search for signs of extraterrestrial life on distant planets, they
look for evidence of _________________________.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (_________________________)
has found evidence that water was once abundant on Mars.