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M ATHEMATICS IN I NDIA :
F ROM V EDIC PERIOD TO M ODERN TIMES
Lecture 20
Ll
avat of Bh
askar
ac
arya I
M. S. Sriram
University of Madras, Chennai.
Outline
Introduction, Importance of Ll
avat
Mixtures
Combinations, progressions.
Introduction
Bhasakar
acarya: Perhaps the most well known name among the
ancient Indian astronomer-mathematicians. Designated as
Bhaskara-II to differentiate him from his earlier namesake, who
lived in the seventh century CE (Bh
askara-I).
According to his own statement in his Gol
adhy
aya, was born in
saka 1036 or 1114 CE. He also adds that he came from
Vijjalavda near the Sahy
adri mountain. Bijapur? S.B. Dixit
Bhaskaras original home was P
at.an in (Kh
andes) Inscription
lists his grandfather, father, son and grandson: Manoratha,
Mahesvara, Laks.mdhara, Cangadeva respectively.
Bhaskaras Ll
avat :A standard work of Indian Mathematics: Pat
or Patgan.ita: elementary mathematics covering arithmetic,
algebra, geometry and mensuration. Still used as a textbook in
Sanskrit institutions in India. Composed around 1150 CE.
Variyar and
Mahis.amangala
Nar
ayan.a (who compiled this after the demise of
nkara).
Sa
Operations of arithmatic
Ll
avat : Rules and Examples in about 270 Verses.
Chapter 1 on weights and measures, money denominations.
Numeration upto 1014 .
Eight operations of arithmetic.
i) Addition and subtraction
ii) Multiplication
a) a1 . . . an B. Multiply an by A, an1 by A etc. and add (taking
into account place values).
b) A(b + c) = Ab + Ac.
B
c) A B = Ax , where x is a factor of B.
x
d) ab = a(b c c) = a(b c) ac.
+a22 + 2a2 a1
+a21 .
ii) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b 2 .
iii) a2 = (a + b)(a b) + b 2 .
Verses 21-22: Square root and example.
Verses 23-26: Cube and example.
Verse 27-28: Cube root: Standard Indian method.
Fractions:
c
a
=
b d
a
c
a e a
c
a
+
+ +
+
b d
b
f b d
b
=
Division of fractions.
a
b
c
d
ad
bc
ac...
bd ....
g ha
h b
c
a e
+ (
d
b
f
i
) ...
ZUa;nyea gua;Na;k
e
.$a;a;tea KMa h;a:=+(
ea;t,a :pua;na;~ta;d;a .=+a;
a;ZaH
x +:ta O;;va :ea;ya;~ta;TEa;va Kea;na;ea;a;na;ta;(
A;
a;va;k
a yua;taH 45
a0 = a,
a
= Kha-hara:
0
0
= a?
0
(But
0
is indeterminate )
0
Inversion method
Inversion method to find the solution of a problem in Verse 47-48 :
x +:a;ta;m,a
Ce+.dM gua;NMa gua;NMa Ce+.dM va;ga mUa;lM :pa;dM k
+.NMa .~vMa .~va;mxa;NMa k
u +:ya;Ra;d, dx;Zyea .=+a;
a;Za;pra;a;sa:;d
;yea 47
a
a+b
=
, in the inversion, it will be
b
b
b
.)
a+b
/ / a;Ba:=+a;nva;taH
/ /
.~va;.
a:=+NEa;BRa;+:~ta;taH .sa;a;a;BaH
ya;a;~:a.
/ / :a;a;~:a;
.~va:yMa;Zea;na ;
a;va;va;a:$Ra;taH .~va;gua;
a;Na;ta;ea h;a;na;ea ;
a;d
;pa:*.
a;a;Za;ta;a
10
Answer:
v
2
u
u
u
u
3
1 1
x
8+u
)
(1
)
(1
52
+
| {z 3 } 7 | {z 4 }
t
2
3
x=
(2 10 8)2 + 52
7
4
=2
3 4 1
= 28.
2 7 3
50
:pa:
.=+a;
a;Za:yMa;Za;a;DRa;pa;a;dEH .~ya;a;t,a k+:ea .=+a;
a;Za;d
;aRU;na;sa;a;a;taH 51
1
3
the quantity.
1 1 1
, , , of
3 2 4
1
1
)15 = 10;
10 = 1;
3
10
1
1
1
17
17
1 + 3( + + ) =
; This is y . So, y =
.
3
2
4
4
4
Given 68 = y. Take x = 3; 5 3 = 15, (1
, x = y
x
3
= 68 17 = 48.
y
4
Sankraman
.a
Rule of concurrence or Sankraman
. a.
Verse 55:
ya;ea;ga;ea.Y;nta:=e+Na;ea;na;yua;ta;ea.Y;a;DRa;ta;~ta;Ea
55
1
1
(k + l) and y = (k l)
2
2
. a.
x2 y2
.
x y
Rational Squares
1
1 1
(8n2 1), x2 = { (8n2 1)}2 + 1,
2n
2 2n
b)
x1 =
1
+ n, x2 = 1,
2n
c)
x1 = 8n4 + 1, x2 = 8n3 .
For all these pairs, x12 + x22 1 are squares.
x a x =b
q
a
Then x = + b + (a/2)2 and x =
2
a
+
2
2
q
2
b + (a/2)
.
c
Similarly, given: x + x a x = b, we obtain
d
a x
b
x
c =
c.
1
1
d
d
Za;yMa :Sa;
a:
*.+.=+Te
a;Sua;a;Ba;a;~:a;
/// a;Ba:=+
a;pa
;a;. a;. Ce+.d;a;~ya ; a;Za:=.H Za:=e+Na k+:a;ta .tea ya;a;na:$Rua;naH .sa;nd;Dea 76
he slew Salya;
with three he demolished the umbrella,
standard and bow; and with one, he cut off the head of
the foe. How many were the arrows which Arjuna let
fly?
1
+4 x +6+3+1=x
2
1
x 4 x 10 = 0
2
x 8 x 20 = 0
x = 10; x = 100.
Investigation of mixtures
.~va;ya;ea;ga;Ba;+:a;(
a ;
a;va;a;ma;(ra;a;na.*+;aH
Mixtures
Let x, y, z be the portions lent at r1 , r2 , r3 percent per month and
let I = common interest in t1 , t2 , t3 months respectively.
Let x + y + z = a, a given quantity. Then,
y r2 t2
z r3 t3
x r1 t1
=
=
= I.
100
100
100
x : y : z ::
x=
a
100 1
100
1
100
1 100 1
r1 t1
+
+
r1 t1
r2 t2
r3 t3
Mixtures: Example
Example in Verse 91:
ya;t,a :pa:*.
a;k+:
a:a;k+:.
a;tua;Sk+:P+.le+.na d:Ma
Ka;NqE+.a;~:a;
/ / a;Ba;gRa;Na;k ;a;na;Sk+:Za;tMa :Sa;qU+.na;m,a
ma;a;sea;Sua .sa;a;d;Za;pa:*.
a;sua tua;ya;ma;a;Ma
Ka;Nq+a;yea.Y;
a;pa ;
a;h :P+.lM va;d Ka;Nq+.sMa;K.ya;a;m,a 91
Solutions
Here a = 94, r1 = 5, r2 = 3, r3 = 4; t1 = 7, t2 = 10, t3 = 5..
Now r1 t1 = 35, r2 t2 = 30, r3 t3 = 20..
x (portion 1) =
y (portion 2) =
z(portion 3) =
100
35
94
235
21
100
30
100
21
94 = 24,
35
235
94
21
100
94 = 28,
30
235
94
100
21
94 = 42.
20
235
235
21
100
20
235
21
24 5 7
840
2
=
=8 .
100
100
5
He considers the filling of a cistern from n fountains : Same as in
Gan.itas
arasangraha
Common interest = I =
P
(Fraction of type i in the mixture = i = P i ; i = 1).
i
Total price =
(Ai ) xi
P
x
P i i = Mixed Sum = X ,
i
Formal solution
As the amount of item i in the mixture is Ai , and xi is the price per
measure.
P
X
i
A= P
.
x i i
Portion Mixed sum
i X
=
Amount (Measure) of type i = i A = P
.
x i i
Sum of quotients
X
(as i = i
i )
.
+:a;Sa;Ra;}ya;h;m,a 98
Solution
Here proportion:
Prices:
X
(1)
Camphor:
32
(x1 )
(2)
Sandalwood:
1 81
(x2 )
(3)
Alaewood
= 1 : 16 : 8
1
4
(x3 )
1
1
16 + 8 = 36.
8
4
Total price = Mixed amount = 16 drammas = X =16.
xi i = 32 1 +
Quotient, q =
16
Mixed sum
X
4
=
= P
= .
xi i
Sum of quotients
36
9
i X
i X
4
= i , Price = xi P
= xi Amount.
Amounts of item i = P
9
xi i
xi i
4
4
64
4
32
Amount of Camphor: 1 , Sandalwood = 16 =
, Alaewood = 8 =
9
9
9
9
9
128
1 64
8
1 32
8
4
, Sandal:
= , Alaewood: =
= .
Prices : Camphor: 32 =
9
9
8 9
9
4 9
9
Merchants, trading. Alligation: Mixture of gold of different quantities.
C+.nd;
a;(
a:yua:a:=e C+.nd;~yua;pa;ya;ea;ga;ea.Y;~ya
mxa;Sa;a;va;h;na;Bea;d;a;d;Ea
ta;
a;d
;d;a;m,a 131
Ka;Nq+.mea:=+Ea ..
a ;
a;Za;pa;k
e
;vEa;d;a;k
e
.=+sa;Bea;d;a;yea ta;a;ea;M ;
a;va;~txa;tea;BRa;ya;a;t,a 132
Combinations
Combinations: Example
Example in Verse 134.
O;;k+:
a;d
:ya;a;
a;d;mUa;Sa;a;va;h;na;a;ma;a;ta;ma;h;ea
b.rUa;
a;h mea BUa;a;ma;Ba;tRuaH h;}yeRa
;+[Na;Za;a;l+.a;
.=+}yea.Y;;mUa;Sea ..
a;tua:=+
a;va:=+a;.
a;tea (
a;va;Za;a;le
O;;k+:
a;d
:ya;a;
a;d;yua;+.a;a
ma;Dua:=+k+:f
u ;k+:Sa;a;ya;a;}++.k+:[a;a:=+
a;ta;
E ;H O;;k+:a;sma;n,
///////// a
Example contd.
87
= 28, 3 at a time
No. of ways: 1 at a time = 81 = 8, 2 at a time = 12
8765
876
= 123 = 56, 4 at a time = 1234 = 70. 5 at a time
87654
876543
= 12345
= 56, 6 at a time = 123456
= 28, 7 at a time
87654321
8765432
= 8.
= 1234567 = 8, 8 at a time = 12345678
+;a;a
ta;d
.sa;ma;vxa:a;a;na;Ma .sa;*
;ga;eRa va;gRa;va;gRa;(
a
Example
Example 132.
.sa;ma;a;na;a;ma;DRa;tua;ya;a;na;Ma ;
a;va;Sa;ma;a;Na;Ma :pxa;Ta;k
,
:pxa;Ta;k
,
+;a;M
vxa:a;a;na;Ma va;d mea .sa;*
u ;pC+.nd;a;sa du+ta;m,a 140
a A;nua;
x
x
4 caran.as
.x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
8 Syllables
8
8
8
Total 32 Syllables.
Example
Plane Figures
Chapter 6 is on this topic.
As expected, begins by considering Right Triangles.
Upright
Diagonal
side
A right triangle
x +:tyEa;k+:
a;va;yua;+:ya;a;a;m,a
I+.e;na Bua:$a;ea.Y;sma;a;d, ;
a;d
a I+.;~ya k
;gua;Nea;na;a;na.*+;a;t,
k+:ea;a;fH :pxa;Tua;k
, .sea;;gua;Na;a;Bua:$a;ea;na;a k+:Na;eRa Ba;vea;t,a ya;(ra;a;ma;dM tua .$a;a;tya;m,a
2an
n 2 1
a(n 2 +1)
(n 2 1)
a
2an
yields a right triangle
n2 1
a(n2 + 1)
2an
na=
.
with hypotenuse = 2
n 1
n2 1
Explanation by S
uryadasa in his commentary
Consider two triangles. The first triangle has side = n2 1, upright = 2n and
diagonal n2 + 1. Correct as (n2 + 1)2 = (n2 1)2 + (2n)2 . Let the second
triangle be similar to the above, with side = a.
2an
n 2 1
?
n2 + 1
2n
n2 1
(a)
(b)
Similar right triangles
a
2n.
n2 1
References
1.H.T.Colebrooke, Algebra with Arithmetic and Mensuration from
the Sanskrit of Brahmagupta and Bhaskara, London 1817; Rep.
Sharada Publishing House, New Delhi, 2006.
2. Bhaskar
acaryas Ll
avat with Colebrookes translation and
notes by H.C.Banerji, Second Edition,The Book Company,
Calcutta, 1927; Rep. Asian Educational Series, New Delhi, 1993.
3.Ll
avat of Bhasakar
ac
arya II: Ed. with Bh
askaras V
asan
a and
Buddhivil
asan of Gan.esa Daivaj
na by V.G.Apte, 2 Vols., Pune,
1937.
4.Ll
avat of Bhasakar
ac
arya , A Treatise of Mathematics of Vedic
Tradition, Tr. by K.S.Patwardhan, S.M.Naimpally and S.L.Singh,
Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2001.
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