Integrating by Substitution

Lecture Notes

page 1

Sample Problems
Compute each of the following integrals.

1.

2.

Z
Z8

4x

dx

7.
8.

4x

dx

3.

4.

Z
Z

9.

5.

x2

x3

6x

dx

(ln x)8 + 1
dx
x

10.
11.

(ln x)8 + 1
dx
x

Z2

Z3

ex e
ex + e

16.

17.

Z1

15.

( 3x + 4) e

3x
(x2

+ 1)

dx

( 3x + 4) e
20x
(x2 + 1)20

3x2 +8x

3x2 +8x

13.

14.

Z15

1
2x

x
x

dx

dx

dx

dx

1
p
dx
x ( x + 1)

x2

8x + 3
dx
x+2

Z1

xe

3x2

Z1

3e

3x

20.

2x + 5
p
dx
x 3

10.

x 1
p
dx
x+1

11.

Z8

x 1
p
dx
x+1

ex
dx
ex + 1

6.

12x3
dx
3x4 + 1

207

12.
e2

18.

dx

dx

x
p
dx
x+1

19.

dx

x
dx
x+1

Practice Problems
Compute each of the following integrals.
Z
Z
p
99
1.
200x 2x2 5
dx
5.
3x
2.

3.

4.

Z
Z
Z1

ex
(ex

+ 2)

ex
ex + 1

dx

6.

7.

1
dx
x ln x

8.

x3 2x

9.

Z1

dx

x+1
dx
x2 + 2x + 3

x2
(x3 + 5)10

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

2 dx

(x + 2)

dx

dx

x2

+ 4x

dx

12.

Z3

1
3x

dx

Last revised:: August 2, 2010

Integrating by Substitution

Lecture Notes

page 2

Sample Problems - Answers

1.)

1
e
4

5.)

530
9

9.)

1 4
e
2

13.)

4x

+C

1
2

4 (x2

4
(x
3

+ 1)

32

208

6x

+C

7.) ln 3x4 + 1 + C
19

+C

2 (x + 1)1=2 + C

23 ln 2

8.)

1
e
2

18.)

3x2 +8x

12.)

15.) ln e3 +

19
2

ln9 x
+ ln x + C
9

4.)

11.) ln (ex + 1) + C
14.) 36

17.) 23 ln 3

3)3=2 + 22 (x

1
x3
624

3.)

+C

10 2
x +1
19

10.)

2
(x + 1)3=2
3

1
e
4

6.)

p
16.) 2 ln ( x + 1) + C

20.)

1
4

2.)

1
6

1
e3

+C

2x

1+C

ln 2

19.) 1

3)1=2 + C

Practice Problems - Answers

1.)

1
2x2
2

2
(3x
5)
9
9.)

160

100

3=2

2)

+C

1
+C
2 (ex + 2)2

2.)

+C

6.)

10.)

2
(x + 1)3=2
3

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

27 (x3 + 5)9

3.) ln (ex + 1) + C

1
ln 2
2

4.)
4

+C

p
4 x+1+C

7.) ln jln xj + C
11.)

26
3

12.)

2x 1
8.)
+C
4 ln 2
1
ln 7
3

Last revised:: August 2, 2010

Integrating by Substitution

Lecture Notes

page 3

Sample Problems - Solutions

Compute each of the following integrals.

1.

4x

dx

Solution: Let u =

4x: Then du =
Z

2.

Z8

4x

4x

dx =

4dx and so dx =
1
4

1
du =
4

eu

1
du. We now substitute in the integral
4

eu du =

1 u
e +C =
4

1
e
4

4x

1
e
4

32

+C

dx

Solution:
Z8

4x

1
e
4

dx =

8
4x
0

3.

x2

x3

6x

207

Solution: Let u = x3
integral
Z

x2

x3

4.

1
3

1
e
4

4(8)

4(0)

1
e
4

32

e0 =

1 =

1
4

1
4e32

dx
6x: Then du = 3x2

6x

207

x2
u208
208

6 dx and so dx =

1
(3x2

6)

du. We now substitute in the

dx =
1

2 u207

du =

x2

2 u207

(3x2 6)
1 208
1
+C =
u +C =
x3
624
624

6x

1
3 (x2
208

2)

du =

1
3

u207 du

+C

(ln x)8 + 1
dx
x
1
dx and so dx = xdu.
x
Z
Z 8
Z
u +1
u9
(ln x)9
(ln x)8 + 1
8
dx =
x/ du =
u + 1 du =
+u+C =
+ ln x + C
x
x/
9
9

Solution: Let u = ln x: Then du =

5.

Ze2

(ln x)8 + 1
dx
x

Solution:
Ze2

(ln x)8 + 1
(ln x)9
dx =
+ ln x
x
9

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

e2

=
1

ln e2
9

9
2

+ ln e

(ln 1)9
+ ln 1
9

29
+2
9

0=

530
9

Last revised:: August 2, 2010

Integrating by Substitution

Lecture Notes
6.

3x

dx

+ 1)7

(x2

page 4

1
du.
2x
Z
Z
Z
Z
3
1
3
3x 1
3x
du =
du =
u
dx =
u7 2x
2
u7
2
(x2 + 1)7
1
=
+C
2
4 (x + 1)6

Solution: Let u = x2 + 1. Then du = 2xdx and so dx =

7.

Z
( 3x + 4) e

12x3
dx =
3x4 + 1

3x2 +8x

12x3 1
du =
u 12x3

1
+C
4u6

( 3x + 4) e

( 3x + 4) e

1
du.
12x3

1
du = ln juj + C = ln 3x4 + 1 + C
u

dx

3x2 +8x

dx =
=

9.

3u 6
+C =
2 6

1
du.
( 6x + 8)
Z
du = ( 3x + 4) eu

3x2 + 8x. Then du = ( 6x + 8) dx and so dx =

Solution: Let u =

Z2

du =

12x3
dx
3x4 + 1

Solution: Let u = 3x4 + 1. Then du = 12x3 dx and so dx =

8.

3x2 +8x

1
( 3x + 4) eu
( 6x + 8)
Z
1
1
1
eu du = eu + C = e
2
2
2

3x2 +8x

1
du
2 ( 3x + 4)

+C

dx

Solution:
Z2

( 3x + 4) e

3x2 +8x

1
dx = e
2

3x2 +8x

10.

20x
(x2

+ 1)20

Z
11.

1
e
2

3(2)2 +8(2)

3(0)2 +8(0)

1 4
e
2

e0 =

1 4
e
2

dx

Let u = x2 + 1: Then du = 2xdx and so dx =

Solution:

=
0

20x
20

(x2 + 1)

dx =

20x 1
du = 10
u20 2x

20

1
du
2x

du = 10

19

19

+C =

10 2
x +1
19

19

+C

ex
dx
ex + 1

Solution: Let u = ex + 1. Then du = ex dx and so dx =

Z

ex
dx =
ex + 1

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

ex 1
du =
u ex

1
du.
ex

1
du = ln juj + C = ln (ex + 1) + C
u
Last revised:: August 2, 2010

Integrating by Substitution

Lecture Notes
12.

1
2x

page 5

dx
1
1. Then du = 2dx and so dx = du.
2
Z
Z
p
p
1
1
1 1
p
du =
u 1=2 du =
2u1=2 + C = u + C = 2x
dx =
2
2
u 2
1

Solution: Let u = 2x
Z
13.

14.

1
2x

x
dx
x+1
Solution: Let u = x + 1. Then du = dx and also, x = u 1.
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
p
u
1
u 1
1
x
p du =
p
p du =
p
u p du = u1=2
dx =
u
u
u
u
x+1
2 3=2
2
=
u
2u1=2 + C = (x + 1)3=2 2 (x + 1)1=2 + C
3
3
Z15

1+C

1=2

du

x
dx
x+1

Solution:
Z15

x
dx =
x+1

2
(x + 1)3=2
3

15

2 (x + 1)1=2
0

2
2
(15 + 1)3=2 2 (15 + 1)1=2
(0 + 1)3=2 2 (0 + 1)1=2
3
3
2
2 3=2
163=2
2 161=2
1
2 11=2
3
3
2
2
128
2
126
(64) 2 (4)
2 =
8
+2=
6 = 36
3
3
3
3
3

=
=
=

15.

Z3

ex e
ex + e

x
x

dx

Solution: Let u = ex + e
u = e0 + e
Z3

Then du = (ex

x ) dx

= 2 and when x = 3; then u = e3 + e

ex e
ex + e

x
x

dx =

16.

x:

e3 +e
Z
2

e
u

1
(ex

x)

1
(ex

x)

du: Also, when x = 0; then

ex

and so dx =

du =

e3 +e
Z
2

1
du = ln juj
u

e3 +e

= ln e3 + e

ln 2

1
p
dx
x ( x + 1)
p
1
x + 1. Then du = p dx and so dx = 2 xdu.
2 x
Z
Z
Z
p
p
1
1
1
p p
p
du = 2 ln juj + C = 2 ln x + 1 + C
dx =
2 xdu = 2
u
x ( x + 1)
xu

Solution: Let u =

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

Last revised:: August 2, 2010

Integrating by Substitution

Lecture Notes

17.

Z1

x2

page 6

8x + 3
dx
x+2

Solution: We will rst work out the indenite integral. We perform the division betweeen the polynomials
rst
x2 8x + 3
23
= x 10 +
x+2
x+2
so the integral is
Z 2
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
x
8x + 3
23
23
1
dx = x 10 +
dx = x 10 dx +
dx = x 10 dx + 23
dx
x+2
x+2
x+2
x+2
The two integrals will be computed using dierent methods. Clearly,
Z
x2
10x + C1
x 10 dx =
2
Z
1
The integral
dx can be computed via substitution. Let u = x + 2. Then du = dx.
x+2
Z
Z
1
1
23
dx = 23
du = 23 ln juj + C2 = 23 ln jx + 2j + C2
x+2
u

The entire integral is

x2

8x + 3
dx =
x+2
=

x2
2
x2
2

10x + C1 + 23 ln jx + 2j + C2
10x + 23 ln jx + 2j + C

Then the denite integral is.

Z1

x2

8x + 3
dx =
x+2

x2
2

10x + 23 ln jx + 2j

=
=

18.

Z1

xe

3x2

12
02
10 (1) + 23 ln j1 + 2j
10 (0) + 23 ln j0 + 2j
2
2
19
+ 23 ln 3 23 ln 2
0:174 302 51
2

dx

Solution: We will rst work out the indenite integral. Let u = 3x2 . Then du =
1
dx =
du.
6x
Z
Z
Z
1
1 u
1 3x2
1
2
xe 3x dx = xeu
du =
eu du =
e +C =
e
+C
6x
6
6
6
To compute the improper integral, we take the limit of denite integrals.
!
Z1
ZN
1 3x2 N
3x2
3x2
xe
dx = lim
xe
dx = lim
e
= lim
N !1
N !1
N !1
6
0
0

3N 2

2
e 3(0 )

=
since lim

1
e
6

6xdx and so

2
N !1 e3N

1
lim e
6 N !1

3N 2

1 =

1
lim 1
6 N !1

1
e3N 2

1
6

= 0.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

Last revised:: August 2, 2010

Integrating by Substitution

Lecture Notes

19.

Z1

3e

3x

page 7

dx

Solution: We will rst work out the indenite integral. Let u =

Z

3e

3x

dx =

1
3

3eu

du =

3x. Then du =

eu du =

eu + C =

3dx and so dx =
3x

1
du.
3

+C

To compute the improper integral, we take the limit of denite integrals.

Z1

3e

3x

dx =

lim

N !1

ZN

3e

3x

3x

dx

since lim
20.

N !1 e3N

lim

N !1

= lim

N !1

3N

3(0)

= lim

N !1

1
e3N

=1

= 0.

2x + 5
p
dx
x 3
Solution: Let u = x
Z

3. Then du = dx and also x = u + 3.

Z
Z
Z
2x + 5
2 (u + 3) + 5
2u + 11
2u
11
p
p
p
p + p du
dx =
du =
du =
u
u
u
u
x 3
Z
Z
Z
Z
p
11
=
2 u du + p du = 2 u1=2 du + 11 u 1=2 du
u
2 3=2
= 2
u
+ C1 + 11 2u1=2 + C2
3
4
=
(x 3)3=2 + 22 (x 3)1=2 + C
3

For more documents like this, visit our page at http://www.teaching.martahidegkuti.com and click on Lecture
Notes. E-mail questions or comments to mhidegkuti@ccc.edu.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

Last revised:: August 2, 2010