17/08/2015

TOPICS TO BE COVERED:

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS &

MACHINES I

Mass, Force,Weight
Newtons Laws of Motion
Acceleration

LECTURE 1

MASS, FORCE & WEIGHT

MASS

DEFN: amount of matter a body contains

Scalar Quantity
SI unit: kg
Denoted by m

FORCE

DEFN: a pull or push which may be measured by its effect on a

body. A force may change or tend to change the size of a body; if
applied to a body at rest the force will move or tend to move it; if
applied to a body already moving, the force will tend to change its
motion.
Vector quantity
SI unit: kg . ms-2 , N
Usually Denoted by F

17/08/2015

Newtons Laws of Motion

WEIGHT

Defined simply as the pull of gravity on a body

Denoted by W ; SI unit: kg .ms-2 , N
W = mg
m: mass of body
g : acceleration due to gravity
approximately 9.81 ms-2

1st LAW:
A particle, originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with
constant velocity, tends to remain in this state provided it is
not subjected to an unbalanced force.
2nd LAW:
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F
experiences an acceleration a that has the same direction as
the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the
force.
F = ma

ACCELERATION

3rd LAW:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies
are equal, opposite and collinear.

Defined as the rate of change of velocity

Denoted by a ; SI unit: m/s2
a = dv/dt
ACCELERATION positive: speed is increasing
ACCELERATION negative: speed is decreasing

17/08/2015

CLASS EXAMPLE
The acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line is

given by a = (2t-1) m/s2, where t is in seconds. If s = 1 m and v =

2 m/s when t = 0, determine the particles velocity and position
when t = 6 s. Also, determine the total distance the particle
travels during this time period.

Constant Acceleration
When acceleration is constant,

v = u + at

v2 = u2 + 2as
s = ut + at2

Examples
A diesel train accelerates uniformly from rest to reach 60 km/h in

6 minutes, after which the speed is kept constant. Calculate the

total time taken to travel 6 km.
A car travelling at 30 km/h is slowed by a distant signal at A, and
comes to rest uniformly between A and B to stop at B, 300 m
from A. After 1 min at rest, the car accelerates uniformly to reach
C, where it is again travelling at 30 km/h. C is at a distance of
500m from B. Calculate the total time taken to reach C.
The driver of a train shuts off the power and the train is then
uniformly retarded. In the first 30 s, the train travels 110m, and
then it comes to rest in a further 30s. Calculate (i) initial speed of
the train before power is cut off, (ii) the total distance travelled
before coming to rest.

Projectile Motion
The free-flight motion of a projectile is often studied in

terms of its rectangular components.

Consider a projectile launched with an initial velocity of vo,

having components (vo)x and (vo)y

17/08/2015

Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion

Horizontal Motion:

Vertical Motion: Since the positive y axis is directed upward,

Since ax = 0, application of the constant acceleration equations,

yields:
v = vo + act;
vx = (vo)x
x = xo + vot + (0.5)act2;
x = xo + (vo)xt
v2 = v02+ 2ac(x - xo);
vx = (vo)x

CLASS EXAMPLE

then ay = -g.

CLASS EXAMPLE

17/08/2015

TOPICS TO BE COVERED:

MOMENTUM
Defined as the product of a particles mass and velocity

Force and Impulse

SI unit: kg . m/s

Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum

FORCE & IMPULSE

Graphical Representation

Force = rate of change of momentum

= d (mv) / dt
Force x time = change in momentum
= Impulse

IMPULSE is given by the area under the

Force-time graphs

17/08/2015

Principle of Conservation of
Momentum

Principle of Conservation of
Momentum

From Newtons First Law:

A particle, originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with
constant velocity, tends to remain in this state provided it is not
subjected to an unbalanced force.
- No change in momentum in any given direction unless

there is an unbalanced force acting on the system in that

direction

- Total Linear Momentum of a body or system of bodies in

any one direction remains constant unless acted upon by

a resultant force in that direction Prin. Of Conser. Of
Momentum

Principle of Conservation of
Momentum

The initial momentum of a particle at time t1 plus the

sum of all the impulses applied to the particle from
time t1 to t2 is equivalent to the final momentum of
the particle at time t2.

EXAMPLE 1

Resolving the vectors into the x, y and z components, the equation can be
broken down into three scalar equations:

17/08/2015

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES
Determine the magnitude
and direction of the
resultant force acting on
the screw eye.

Examples

Resolve the horizontal

600 N force into
components acting along
the u and v axes and
determine the magnitude
of these components

EXAMPLE
Determine the
magnitude of the
component force F
and the magnitude of
the resultant force FR
if FR is directed along
the positive y-axis.

A shunting locomotive provides an impulse of 40 kN.s to set in

motion a stationary 8000 kg wagon. The wagon then moves
off freely at velocity u against a track resistance of 60 N/t
and finally reaches a velocity v after 20 s. Find the values of u
and v. (1 t = 1000 kg)

17/08/2015

TOPICS TO BE COVERED:

WORK
Defined as the product of a force and the distance moved by

WORK, POWER & ENERGY

the point of application of the force in the direction of the

force

KINETIC & POTENTIAL ENERGY

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Force F causes the particle to move along path s from

position r to a new position r/

Change in displacement, dr = r - r/
Magnitude of dr = ds, the length of the differential segment

Result might be intepreted in two ways:

- either as the product of F and the component of

displacement along the direction of the force, ds cos
- or as the product of ds and the component of force along
the direction of displacement, Fcos

along the path

Units of Force : N.m, J

Angle : angle between the tails of dr and F

1 J is defined as the amount of work done when the point of

application of a force of 1 N moves through a distance of 1m in the
direction of the force

Hence Workdone = dU
= F . dr = F

ds cos

17/08/2015

Variable Force

Area under graph

Particle acted upon by force F undergoes a finite

displacement along its path from r1 to r2 or from s1 to s2,

work done can be calculated using:

Constant Force

Work done by Springs

Force is applied gradually to produce an extension ds
Extension is directly proportional to the force
Stiffness or spring constant is defined as the resistance of the

spring to elastic deformation and is load per unit extension

(usually denoted by k)

17/08/2015

FORCE-EXTENSION GRAPH

EXAMPLE

ENERGY

ENERGY

Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work

Kinetic Energy is defined as the energy possessed by a body

Units: J
Gravitational Potential Energy is defined as the energy

possessed by a body due to its position in a gravitational field

The Potential Energy of a body of mass m at a height of h m
above the ground is given by mgh
where g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 ms-2)

due to its motion

Kinetic Energy of a body of mass m and moving at speed v =
mv2
Elastic Potential Energy of a spring is defined as the energy

stored by the spring when it is compressed or elongated.

10

17/08/2015

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Principle of Work and Energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can

be converted from one form to the other
Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

During motion, the sum of the particles kinetic and

potential energies remains constant.

EXAMPLE

Work done = Change in Kinetic Energy

The particles initial kinetic energy plus the work done by

all the forces acting on the particle as it moves from its
initial to final position is equal to the particles final kinetic
energy

EXAMPLE

Take kg and m/s

11