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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of

a Solid Lug

Objectives:
Using solid element; element type SOLID186.
Create a solid lug.
Compare the computation time of following cases:
Nonlinear SOLID186, TARGE170 and CONTA174
Linear PLANE182 and LINK1
Review the results

DISCLAIMER: This module is based on the example problem presented in MSC.Natran 120 Exercise Workbook - Release 9.0.
However, a number of modifications is made to tailor the need of ANSYS 9.0.

Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Model Description
Figure 1 shows the CN-235 turboprop aircraft. The aircraft has four lugs connecting the
wing to the fuselage. Figure 2 is a geometric representation of the lug shown on the title
page. Also shown are the pin-bearing load scenario that will be considered.

Figure 1: The CN-235 has four lugs connecting the wing to the fuselage.

t = 1.0
1.0 psi
R2.5

R5

15.0

Figure 2: The simplified lug and its loading conditions.

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Pre-Processing Phase:
1. Define some parameters: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Parameters Scalar Parameters


PI = ACOS(-1.0)

Selection
Accept

2. Select an element type: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete


Add
Solid

20node 186

OK
Close

3. Define material properties: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Material Props Material Models


Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
10.0E+06

EX

0.3

PRXY
OK
Material Exit

4. Create two rectangles: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Modeling Create Areas Rectangle By 2 Corners


WP X

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0.0

Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

WP Y

0.0

Width

5.0

Height

5.0

Apply

WP X

5.0

WP Y

0.0

Width

10.0

Height

5.0

OK

5. Create two circles: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Modeling Create Area Circl Partial Annulus


WP X

0.0

WP Y

0.0

Rad-1

0.0

Theta-1

0.0

Rad-2

5.0

Theta-2

180

Apply

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WP X

0.0

WP Y

0.0

Rad-1

0.0

Theta-1

0.0

Rad-2

2.5

Theta-2

180

Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

OK

6. Turn on some entities numbers: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

PlotCtrls Numbering
LINE Line numbers

on

AREA Area numbers

on

NODE Node numbers

on

OK

7. Add Area A1 and Area A3: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessing Modeling Operate Booleans Add Areas


< Pick Areas A1 and A3 >
OK
You should see the new area which has a number of A5

8. Substract Area A5 by A4: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessing Modeling Operate Booleans Substract Areas


< Pick Area A5 >
OK
< Pick Area A4 >
OK
You should see the new area which has a number of A1

9. Merges coincident Keypoints: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Numbering Ctrls Merge Items


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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Label Type of item to be merge

Keypoints

OK
After the substraction and merging the coincident keypoints, we obtain a model, presented in Fig. 3, that has two areas: A1 and A2.

Figure 3: The model after the area substraction and merging of the coincident nodes.

10. Create two keypoints: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS


NPT Keypoint number

100

X, Y, Z Location in active CS

0.0

0.0

0.0

Apply

NPT Keypoint number


X,Y,Z Location in active CS

200
5.0*COS(3/4*PI) 5.0*SIN(3/4*PI)

OK

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

11. Create three lines: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Modeling Create Lines Lines Straight line


< Pick Keypoints: 100, and then 200 >
< Pick Keypoints: 100, and then 4 >
< Pick Keypoints: 100, and then 3 >
Cancel

12. Cut the Area A1 into two areas: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessing Modeling Operate Booleans Divide Area by Line


< Pick Area A1 >
OK
< Pick Line L1 >
Apply

You should see the new area of Area A4. Cut the area by Line L8:
< Pick Area A4 >
OK
< Pick Line L8 >
Apply

You should see the new area of Area A5. Cut the area by Line L10:
< Pick Area A5 >
OK
< Pick Line L10 >
OK

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Figure 4: The lug model that breaking down into five areas.
13. Control the mesh density: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Preprocessor Meshing MeshTool


Lines

Set
Pick All
NDIV No. of element divisions

Apply

< Pick Lines L5 and L7 >


NDIV No. of element divisions

OK
Close

14. Extrude the areas: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Modeling Operate Extrude Areas By XYZ Offset


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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Pick All
DX,DY,DZ Offsets for extrusion

0.0

0.0

0.5

OK

15. Merges coincident Keypoints: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Numbering Ctrls Merge Items


Label Type of item to be merge

Keypoints

OK
16. Change the viewpoint to the isometric viewpoint: ANSYS Toolbars

< Click

>

17. Sweep mesh all volumes: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Meshing Mesh Volume Sweep Sweep


Pick All

Note

A pin having a radius of 2.5 in (See following figure) is inserted into


the lug hole to prevent the lug being moved when an uniform stress is
applied onto the lug right end. Therefore, the target elements must be
installed onto the surface of the lug hole, and the contact element must
be installed onto the surface of the pin surface. Those nodes in the
area where the target and the contact elements will be created should
be grouped for simplicity.
Target elements

Contact elements
Lug

Pin

18. Change the active coordinate system: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Figure 5: The meshed lug.


Workplane Change Active CS To Global Cylindrical

19. Select and groups nodes: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Select Entities
Nodes
By Location
X coordinates
Min, Max

2.5, 2.5

Apply
Plot
OK

Group those nodes:


Select Comp/Assembly Create Component
Cname Component name
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cNodeTarget
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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Entity Component is made of

Nodes

Close

20. Change the active coordinate system: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Workplane Change Active CS To Global Cartesian

21. Activate everything: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Select Everything

22. Create a quarter of a solid cylinder: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Modeling Create Volumes Cylinder Partial Cylinder


WP X

0.0

WP Y

0.0

Rad-1

0.0

Theta-1

0.0

Rad-2

2.5

Theta-2

90

Depth

0.5

OK
23. Before we mesh the quarter solid cylinder, we should bring the volume into our focus,
and removes all other volumes: ANSYS Pulldown Menu
Select Entities
Volumes
OK
< Click the quarter of a cylinder >

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

A quarter of a cylinder

Figure 6: A quarter of a solid cylinder for modeling the pin.


OK

Now, select all lines and areas constructed the volume:


Select Below Selected Volumes
Plot Lines

You should obtain a figure as shown in Fig. 7. Before we mesh the volume, similar
to the meshing of the previous volume, we should control the mesh density along the
boundary; in this case, mesh density on lines: L36, L36, and L40.

Figure 7: The quarter of a cylinder.

24. Control mesh density on lines L36, L37, and L40; and mesh the new volume: ANSYS
Main Menu
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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Preprocessor Meshing MeshTool


Lines

Set
< Click Line L40 >
NDIV No. of element divisions

Apply

< Click Line L36 and L37 >


NDIV No. of element divisions

OK

Mesh:

Volumes

Shape:

Hex/Wedge

Shape:

Sweep

Sweep
< Click the volume >
Close

You should obtain a finite element mesh similar to that depicted in Fig. 8. In addition,
you should reflect the mesh to obtain a meshed half cylinder.

Figure 8: The meshed of the quarter of a cylinder.

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

25. Reflect the volume and all elements within the volume: ANSYS Main Menu
Preprocessor Modeling Reflect Volumes
< Click the volumes >
OK
NOELEM Items to be reflected

Volume and mesh

OK

26. Plot the elements: ANSYS Pulldown Menu


Plot Elements
You should obtain a mesh similar to that shown in Fig. 9. As you can see, there are
a number of coincidents nodes, encircled noded in the figure; therefore, those nodes
should be merged.

Figure 9: The coincident nodes, encircled nodes, on the half cylinder

27. Merge the coincident nodes: ANSYS Main Menu


Preprocessor Numbering Ctrls Merge Items
Label Type of item to be merge

Nodes

OK

28. Change the active coordinate system: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Workplane Change Active CS To Global Cylindrical

29. Select and groups nodes: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Select Entities
Nodes
By Location
X coordinates
Min, Max

2.5, 2.5

Apply
Plot
OK

30. Group those nodes: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Select Comp/Assembly Create Component


Cname Component name

cNodeContact

Entity Component is made of

Nodes

Close

31. Change the active coordinate system: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Workplane Change Active CS To Global Cartesian

32. Activate everything: ANSYS Pulldown Menu


Select Everything
Plot Areas
You should obtain a solid model of a pinned lug (see Fig. 10).

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Figure 10: The solid model of a pinned lug.


33. Select everything: ANSYS Puldown Menu

Select Everything
Plot Elements

Note

We have two groups of nodes: cNodeTarget and cNodeContact. Therefore,


we now are ready to create both the target elements and the contact
elements. ANSYS 9.0 has a wizard to automatically create both type
of elements: TARGE170 and CONTA174.

34. Create the target elements and the contact elements: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor Modeling Create Contact Pair

Press this button to start the wizard


for creating the contact and
the target elements

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

2
Select the target nodes

2
Select the contact nodes

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Close the wizard.

Solution Phase
1. Define the analysis type: ANSYS Main Menu

Solution Analysis Type New Analysis


[ANTYPE] Type of analysis:

Static

OK

2. Activate the front view: ANSYS Toolbars

< Click

>

3. Select and grouping the nodes: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Select Entities
Nodes
By Location
Y coordinates
0, 0
Apply
Plot

Select Entities Comp/Assembly Create Components


Cname Component name
Entity Component is made of

cNodeBottom
Nodes

Apply

X coordinates
0, 0
Resellect
Apply
Plot

Select Entities Comp/Assembly Create Components


Cname Component name
Entity Component is made of

cNodeCenter
Nodes

OK

Select Entities
Z coordinates
0, 0
Apply

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Plot

Select Entities Comp/Assembly Create Components


Cname Component name

cNodeFront

Entity Component is made of

Nodes

Apply

Select Everything
Plot Nodes

4. Apply the boundary condition: ANSYS Main Menu

Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Nodes Components


List of Items

cNodeBottom

Apply
Lab2 DOFs to be constrained

UY

Apply

List of Items

cNodeFront

Apply
Lab2 DOFs to be constrained

UZ

Apply

List of Items

cNodeCenter

Apply
Lab2 DOFs to be constrained

ALL DOF

OK

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

5. Activate the isometric view: ANSYS Toolbars

< Click

>

6. Apply the uniform pressure: ANSYS Main Menu

Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Area


< Click Area A13 >
OK
VALUE Load PRES value

-100.0

OK

Note

If you have done any selection command, for example, selecting certain
lines, nodes, elements or so on, you should remember to reselect entire
model before the run.

7. Activate everything: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

Select Everything

8. Solve the problem: ANSYS Main Menu

Solution Solve Current LS


OK
Close

Post Processing Phase


1. Plot deformation: ANSYS Main Menu

General Postproc Plot Results Deformed Shape


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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

KUND Items to be plotted:

Def shape only

OK
The result is shown Fig. 11; in the left-top corner, it tells that the DMX, the maximum
displacement, is 0.474E-03 in.

Figure 11: The deformation of a pinned lug.

2. Plot the von-Mises stress of a partial model:


(a) Activate the isometric view: ANSYS Toolbars
< Click

>

(b) Activate the area number: ANSYS Pulldown Menu


PlotCtrls Numbering
AREA Area numbers

on

(c) Select the volumes: ANSYS Pulldown Menu


Select Entities
Volumes
OK
< Click A5 and A16 >
OK
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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

(d) Select everything within the volumes: ANSYS Pulldown Menu


Select Everything Below Selected Volumes
(e) Plot the stress: ANSYS Main Menu
General Postproc Plot Results Nodal Solu
Nodal Solution Stress von Misses stress
OK

Figure 12: The von-Mises stress of the partial model.

3. The appendix presents a different approach that utilizes a linear solution PLANE183 and
LINK1. the results are compared in the table.
Table 1: Comparison
Computation Time (s)
x at a node (psi)
0.2778E-03
44.22
0.3611E-02 (13 longer)
43.85

Batch Mode
Preamble:

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/clear

! Delete everything

/view, 1, 1, 1, 1,

! Change the view to isometric view

PI = acos(-1.0)

! Define a constant of PI

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

Figure 13: the von-Mises stress for PLANE183 and LINK1 elements

Pre-Processing Phase
1. Enter the preprocessing phase:
/prep7

! Enter preprocessing phase

The GUI counterpart of the above command is


ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor
2. Select an element type:
et, 1, solid186

! Select 20 nodes solid186 element type

3. Define the material properties:


mp, ex, 1, 10.0E+06

! Youngs modulus

mp, nuxy, 1, 0.3

! Poissons ratio

4. Create some areas:


rectng, 0.0, 5.0, 0.0, 5.0

! Create a rectangle; has a number of A1

rectng, 5.0, 15.0, 0, 5

! Create a rectangle; has a number of A2

pcirc, 0.0, 5.0, 90, 180

! Create a half circle; has a number of A3

pcirc, 0.0, 2.5, 0, 180

! Create a half circle; has a number of A4

5. Joint areas and cut the hole:


aadd, 1, 3

! Add A1 with A3, produces A5

asba, 5, 4

! Cut A5 with A4, produces A1

Only two areas are left: A1 and A2.

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

6. Some Keypoints reside in the same locations; therefore, joint them:


nummrg, kp

Joining the keypoints will also joint the lines connecting those keypoints.
7. Create two Keypoints:
k, 100, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
k, 200, 5.0*cos(0.75*PI), 5.0*sin(0.75*PI), 0.0

8. Create three lines:


l, 100, 200

! visual check, L1

l, 100, kp(0.0, 5.0, 0.0)

! visual check, L8

l, 100, kp(5.0, 5.0, 0.0)

! visual check; L10

Note

The kp is an intrinstic function that returns the number of the keypoint


at a given location. The complete command is
presentKeypoint = kp(x, y, z)

As you may guess, to get the node number at a given location (x, y, z),
the intrinsic function is
presentNode = node(x, y, z)

9. Cut the area:


asbl, 1, 1

! Divides A1 with L1; produces A4 (visual check)

asbl, 4, 8

! Divides A4 with L8; produces A5 (visual check)

asbl, 5, 10

! Divides A5 with L10; produces A1 (visual check)

10. Control the mesh-size:


lesize, all, , , 4

! Break down all lines into 4 elements

lesize, 5, , , 6

! For L5 and L7, use 6 elements

lesize, 7, , , 6

11. Create volumes:


voffst, 1, 0.5*1.0

! Offset A1 to form a volume

voffst, 2, 0.5*1.0

! Offset A2 to form a volume

voffst, 3, 0.5*1.0

! Offset A3 to form a volume

voffst, 4, 0.5*1.0

! Offset A4 to form a volume

voffst, 6, 0.5*1.0

! Offset A6 to form a volume

12. Merge the coincident Keypoints:

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

nummrg, kp

13. Mesh all volumes:


vsweep, all

! Mesh all volumes

14. Group some nodes to form creating target elements:


csys, 1
nsel,

! Activate the cylidrical coordinate system


, loc, x, 2.5, 2.5

! Select nodes at location r = 2.5

cm, cNodeTarget, node

! Groups those nodes, the group name is cNodeTarget

csys, 0

! Activate the cartesian coordinate system

alls

! Select everything

15. Create a quarter of volume for making the pin:


cyl4, , , 0.0, 0.0, 2.5, 90, 0.5*1.0

! Create a quarter cylinder, V6

16. Mesh the pin:


lesize, 40, , , 8

! 8 elements on L40; needs visual check

lesize, 37, , , 6

! 6 elements on L37; needs visual check

lesize, 36, , , 6

! 6 elements on L36; needs visual check

vsweep, 6

! Mesh volume V6

17. Reflect the volumes and the elements


vsymm, x, 6

! Create V7 and also elements

18. Merge the coincident nodes on the pin:


vsel,

, volu,, 6

! Select V6

vsel, a, volu,, 7

! In addition, select V7

nslv,, 1

! Select nodes on selected volumes, in this case V6 and V7

nummrg, node

! Joint the coincident nodes

19. Group the nodes


csys, 1
nsel,

! Activate the cylindrical coordinate system


, loc, x, 2.5, 2.5

! Select nodes on location r = 2.5

cm, cNodeContact, node

! Group those nodes, the name is cNodeContact

csys, 0

! Activate the Cartesian coordinate system

alls

! Select everything

20. Create the target elements:

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

et, 2, targe170

! Create element type of targe170

nsel,, node,, cNodeTarget

! Select nodes: cNodeTarget

esln, s, 0

! Select the elements attached to those nodes

esurf

! Create targe170 elements

Note

The command esln allows us to select elements for a given selected


nodes. The command is mnemonic of Elements SeLected Nodes. Therefore, it is logical to speculate the existence of : nsll (nodes selected
lines), nslv (nodes selected volumes), nsle (nodes selected elements),
esln (elements selected nodes), and so on; including the best one, of
course, is wslf (wife selected by fate).

21. Create the contact elements:


et, 3, conta174

! Create element type of conta174

nsel,, node,, cNodeContact

! Select nodes: cNodeContact

esln, s, 0

! Select the elements attached to those nodes

esurf

! Create conta174 elements

alls

! Select everything

22. Leave the pre-processing phase:


finish

! Get out the preprocessing phase

Solution
1. Enter the solution phase:
/solu

2. Select the analysis type:


antype, static

3. Apply the boundary constraints:

FEG

nsel,, loc, y, 0.0, 0.0

! Select nodes at location y = 0.0

dsym, symm, y

! Apply the constraints on those nodes

nsel, r, loc, x, 0.0, 0.0

! Reselect the previous selected nodes only at location x = 0.0

d, all ,all

! Apply the constraints on those nodes

nsel,, loc, z, 0.0, 0.0

! Select nodes at z = 0.0

dsym, symm, z

! Apply the symmetry constraints

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

4. Apply pressure:
asel,, loc, x, 15.0, 15.0

! Select area at x = 15.0, end of the lug

sfa, all, , pres, -100.0

! Apply uniform pressure

5. Select everything:
alls

! Select everything

6. Solve
solve

7. Leave the solution phase


finish

Appendix
Code for Linear Analysis
/clear
*afun, deg
pi = acos(-1.0)
/prep7
et, 1, plane183, , , 3
r, 1, 1.0
mp, ex, 1, 10.0E+06
mp, nuxy, 1, 0.3

rectng, 0.0, 5.0, 0.0, 5.0


rectng, 5.0, 15.0, 0, 5
pcirc, 0.0, 5.0, 90, 180
pcirc, 0.0, 2.5, 0, 180
aadd, 1, 3
asba, 5, 4
nummrg, kp
k, 100, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
k, 200, 5.0*cos(0.75*pi), 5.0*sin(0.75*pi), 0.0
l, 100, 200
l, 100, kp(0.0, 5.0, 0.0)
l, 100, kp(5.0, 5.0, 0.0)
asbl, 1, 1
asbl, 4, 8
asbl, 5, 10

lesize, all, , , 4

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Module 5: Non-Linear Static Analysis of a Solid Lug

lesize, 5, , , 6
lesize, 7, , , 6

amesh, all

et, 2, link1
r, 2, 100
type, 2
real, 2
n, 1000, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
angleInc = 90/8
angle

= 180

iNode = 1000
*do, i, 1, 8
jNode = node( 2.5*cos(angle), 2.5*sin(angle), 0.0 )
e, iNode, jNode
angle = angle - angleInc
*enddo
finish
/solu
type, static

dcum, add
nsel,, loc, y, 0.0, 0.0
dsym, symm, y

nsel, r, loc, x, 0.0, 0.0


d, all ,all

lsel,, loc, x, 15.0, 15.0


sfl, all, pres, -100.0
sftran
alls
*get, timeStart, ACTIVE, 0, time, wall
solve
*get, timeEnd, ACTIVE, 0, time, wall
finish
/post1
nodeOutput = node(0, 5.5, 0.0)
*get, nodeStress, NODE, nodeOutput, S, EQV
*cfopen, output, dat
*vwrite, timeEnd - timeStart, nodeStress
(E15.4, 2X, E15.4)
*cfclose
finish

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