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This document contains the answers to 21 questions regarding thermodynamic processes and entropy. Some key points:
- The integral used to determine entropy change should be performed along a reversible path, not the actual irreversible path.
- An isothermal process is not necessarily internally reversible - it can involve irreversible work transfer.
- The value of the integral used to calculate entropy change is always larger for reversible processes between the same end states.
- During an actual adiabatic process, the entropy of a system like steam will always increase due to irreversibilities.
This document contains the answers to 21 questions regarding thermodynamic processes and entropy. Some key points:
- The integral used to determine entropy change should be performed along a reversible path, not the actual irreversible path.
- An isothermal process is not necessarily internally reversible - it can involve irreversible work transfer.
- The value of the integral used to calculate entropy change is always larger for reversible processes between the same end states.
- During an actual adiabatic process, the entropy of a system like steam will always increase due to irreversibilities.
This document contains the answers to 21 questions regarding thermodynamic processes and entropy. Some key points:
- The integral used to determine entropy change should be performed along a reversible path, not the actual irreversible path.
- An isothermal process is not necessarily internally reversible - it can involve irreversible work transfer.
- The value of the integral used to calculate entropy change is always larger for reversible processes between the same end states.
- During an actual adiabatic process, the entropy of a system like steam will always increase due to irreversibilities.
(1) Determine the entropy change for an irreversible process
between states 1 and 2, should the integral 12 dQ/T be performed along the actual process path or an imaginary reversible path? Explain. - The integral should be performed along a reversible path to determine the entropy change.
(2) Is an isothermal process necessarily internally reversible?
Explain your answer with an example - No, not necessarily. It can be irreversible. Example: A system that involves paddle wheel work while losing an equivalent amount of heat.
(3) How do the values of the integral 12 dQ/T compare for a
reversible and - - irreversible process between the same end states ? - The value of this integral is always larger for reversible processes.
(4) The entropy of a hot baked potato decreases as it cools. Is
this a violation of the increase of entropy principle? Explain.
- No, because the entropy of the surrounding air increases even
further during the process, making the total entropy change positive.
(5) Is it possible to create entropy? Is it possible to destroy it?
- It is possible to create entropy, but not possible to destroy it.
(6) A pistoncylinder device contains helium gas.
During a reversible, isothermal process, the entropy of the helium will (never, sometimes, always) increase. - Sometimes. (7) A pistoncylinder device contains nitrogen gas. During a reversible, adiabatic process, the entropy of the nitrogen will (never, sometimes, always) increase. - Never (8) A pistoncylinder device contains superheated steam. During an actual adiabatic process, the entropy of the steam will (never, sometimes, always) increase. - Always
(9) The entropy of steam will (increase, decrease,
remain the same) as it flows through an actual adiabatic turbine. - Increase (10)The entropy of the working fluid of the ideal Carnot cycle (increases, decreases, remains the same) during the isothermal heat addition process. - Increase
(11) The entropy of the working fluid of the ideal
Carnot cycle (increases, decreases, remains the same) during the isothermal heat rejection process. - Decreases
(12) During a heat transfer process, the entropy of a
system (always, sometimes, never) increases. - Sometimes
(13)Is it possible for the entropy change of a closed
system to be zero during an irreversible process? Explain. - Yes. This will happen when the system is losing heat and the decrease in entropy as a result of this heat loss is equal to the increase in entropy as a result of irreversibilities.
(18.) In large compressors, the gas is frequently
cooled while being compressed to reduce the power consumed by the compressor. Explain how cooling the gas during a compression process reduces the power consumption. - The work associated with steady-flow devices is proportional to the specific volume of the gas. Cooling a gas during compression will reduce its specific volume, and thus the power consumed by the compressor.
(19) The turbines in steam power plants operate
essentially under adiabatic conditions. A plant engineer suggests to end this practice. She proposes to run cooling water through the outer surface of the casing to cool the steam as it flows through the turbine. This way, she reasons, the entropy of the steam will decrease, the performance of the turbine will improve, and as a result the work output of the turbine will increase. How would you evaluate this proposal ? 5
- Cooling the steam as it expands in a turbine will
reduce its specific volume, and thus the work output of the turbine. Therefore, this is not a good proposal. (20) It is well known that the power consumed by a compressor can be reduced by cooling the gas during compression. Inspired by this, somebody proposes to cool the liquid as it flows through a pump, in order to reduce the power consumption of the pump. Would you support this proposal? Explain. - We would not support this proposal since the steady-flow work input to the pump is proportional to the specific volume of the liquid, and cooling will not affect the specific volume of a liquid significantly.
(21) On a T-s diagram, does the actual exit state
(state 2) of an adiabatic turbine have to be on the right-hand side of the isentropic exit state (state 2) ? Why ? - Yes. Because the entropy of the fluid must increase during an actual adiabatic process as a result of irreversibilities. Therefore, the actual exit state has to be on the right hand side of the isentropic exit state.
Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants
A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines
How it Works: Dealing in simple language with steam, electricity, light, heat, sound, hydraulics, optics, etc., and with their applications to apparatus in common use
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