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Levels of the heavy metals Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni),
Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) were determined in coastal water, sediments and soft tissues of the
Saccostrea cucullata, from the intertidal zone at five stations in the Gulf of Chabahar on the Iranian
coasts along the Oman Sea. The concentrations of heavy metals in seawater ranged between 3.37 to
5.74, 18.01 to 22.62, 4.24 to 4.52, 0.15 to 0.19, 20.16 to 21.46, 16.42 to 17.14, 15.43 to 24.76 g L-1 and 7.06
to 8.67 g L-1 for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe, respectively. The corresponding concentration
values in the sediments were 46.79 to 54.76, 40.14 to 43.12, 25.63 to 28.23, 0.53 to 0.63, 47.16 to 51.43,
26.45 to 28.68, 52.13 to 53.46 and 84.42 to 89.14 g g-1 for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Mn, respectively.
The highest accumulated metals were Zn, Cu and Mn in, S. cucullata while the lowest one was Cd. The
highest concentrations of all metals in seawater, sediments and Oyster were recorded at Tiss harbour
eastern parts of the Gulf, while the lowest concentrations were recorded at Damagheh. Based on this
research, land based activities; shipping activity and the sewage disposal from vessels and residential
area close to these harbors are the main source of metal pollution in the Gulf of Chabahar.
Key words: Heavy metals, seawater, sediment, Saccostrea cucullata, Oman Sea, Gulf of Chabahar.
INTRODUCTION
Marine pollution is a global environmental problem;
human activities in the coastal area and marine water
contribute to the discharge of various kinds of pollutants
such as heavy metals into the marine ecosystems (Censi
et al., 2006; Pote et al., 2008). The main reason for the
metal contamination is considered as persistent and due
to their toxic properties, could create several problems for
different kinds of marine ecosystems and could be
E-mail: a.bazzi1399@gmail.com.
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RESULTS
Heavy metals in seawater
The variations of heavy metals concentrations in
seawater samples in summer and winter 2013 from the
five stations of the Gulf of Chabahar are summarized in
Table 1. Concerning the sites variation, the highest
concentrations for all metals were recorded at Station II
(Tiss Port) in the eastern part of the Gulf of Chabahar
(Figure 2). These high concentrations may be attributed
to sewage and wastes discharged from the Industrial
activities related to Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone,
shipping activity (such as: repairing, fueling, greasing and
painting of fishing ships) and boats. The remarkably high
Cu concentration at Station II in the eastern part of the
Gulf may be due to corrosion of ships hulls coatings and
anti-fouling paints at Tiss port. Similarly, Zn increased
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Table 1. Heavy metal concentrations (g L-1) in seawater samples collected from the Gulf of
Chabahar during winter and summer, 2013.
Station
Metals
Cd
Cr
Cu
Zn
Pb
Winter
V
V
3.22
5.74
2.68
2.90
1.16
9.76
22.62
8.43
11.57
6.72
2.08
4.52
1.91
1.68
1.16
0.16
0.19
0.1
0.13
0.12
Summer
V
V
3.03
3.37
2.42
2.08
1.06
8.83
18.01
13.36
12.58
5.32
2.75
4.24
0.98
1.79
1.13
0.13
0.15
0.1
0.16
0.1
1.13 and 0.1 g L-1 during summer to 4.52 and 0.19 g L-1
during winter, respectively. The maximum values of Cr
and Ni recorded 21.46 and 17.14 g L-1 during winter and
their minimum values (9.34 and 3.20 g L-1) during
summer, while Fe recorded the maximum (25.36 g L-1)
and the minimum (11.52 g L-1) during winter. In contrast,
Mn recorded its maximum value (8.67 g L-1) during
summer and the minimum value during winter (2.2812 g
L-1).
Generally, the highest values of heavy metals were
observed during summer and the lowest during winter
except Mn. Moreover, the concentrations of heavy metals
in the coastal water of the Gulf of Chabahar could be
arranged
in
the
following
sequence:
Fe>Cr>Zn>Ni>Mn>Cu>Pb>Cd. From these results (Table
1), the local distribution of metals in water at different
stations also varied during winter and summer 2013. The
maximum value of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were found at
Station II, Ni at Station III and Fe at Station V during
winter, while the highest value of Cr and Mn was
recorded at Station III during summer. The minimum
values of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd were found at Station V
but Cr were found at Station I during summer, while Fe
and Mn recorded the minimum values at Stations V and II
during winter (Figure 2).
Ni
Fe
Mn
12.76
15.59
21.46
15.12
9.63
9.69
10.08
17.14
10.85
5.63
22.18
19.70
15.43
25.36
11.52
4.75
2.12
7.06
5.18
3.32
9.34
17.67
20.16
17.34
15.99
12.96
14.89
16.42
8.46
3.20
23.82
16.48
24.76
19.18
13.82
4.56
2.45
8.67
3.29
3.66
Elementsconcentrations(gL1)
24
Cu
30
Zn
25
Pb
20
Cd
15
Cr
10
Ni
Fe
0
St1
St2
St3
St4
Mn
St5
Stations
-1
Figure 2. Concentrations (g L ) of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Mn) in
seawater samples collected from the Gulf of Chabahar.
Table 2. Heavy metal concentrations (g g-1) in sediment samples collected from the Gulf of Chabahar
during winter and summer, 2013.
Station
Metals
Cd
Cr
Cu
Zn
Pb
Winter
V
V
41.48
46.79
33.77
21.85
30.42
28.16
43.12
29.05
35.16
16.21
23.97
28.23
20.61
23.80
13.88
0.87
0.63
0.4
0.49
0.36
Summer
V
V
39.54
54.76
23.09
31.98
10.97
31.78
40.14
22.66
30.31
18.77
21.86
25.63
14.87
13.86
10.72
0.5
0.53
0.22
0.32
0.21
Ni
Fe
Mn
22.15
35.56
47.16
20.42
19.18
19.61
26.45
11.75
18.76
13.63
34.56
37.02
53.46
23.89
14.22
73.27
43.16
84.42
59.36
45.33
19.03
37.04
51.43
27.54
25.96
14.31
28.68
15.4
17.24
8.32
33.28
41.95
52.13
22.46
12.77
64.2
53.17
89.14
52.81
46.93
Elementsconcentrations(gg1)
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Cu
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Zn
Pb
Cd
Cr
Ni
Fe
St1
St2
St3
St4
St5
Mn
Stations
Figure 3. Concentrations (g g-1) of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Mn) in
sediment samples collected from the Gulf of Chabahar.
Table 3. Mean concentrations (g g-1) of heavy metals in soft tissue of oyster (S. cucullata) collected from the
Gulf of Chabahar during winter and summer, 2013.
Station
Cu
Zn
Pb
Winter
V
V
129.44
133.59
100.98
98.95
87.45
133.09
191.25
97.28
116.27
87.56
8.64
17.48
10.83
6.16
4.37
Summer
V
V
120.01
145.07
95.71
75.93
59.25
129.04
156.17
127.53
93.67
97.26
6.57
14.95
9.79
4.3
2.36
Metals
Cd
Cr
Ni
Fe*
Mn
0.31
0.4
0.11
0.15
0.1
18.76
14.56
23.12
14.08
15.89
29.87
38.04
15.42
22.33
19.48
3.01
2.56
6.25
3.78
1.06
89.21
46.53
49.31
85.73
64.81
0.28
0.45
0.08
0.17
0.13
17.22
12.66
27.95
12.74
14.77
26.85
28.59
16.33
28.72
17.44
2.86
3.02
5.81
4.02
1.57
63.39
29.75
39.56
39.56
51.16
-1
Note: * = mg g .
26
250
Cu
200
Zn
150
Pb
Cd
100
Cr
50
Ni
Fe
St1
St2
St3
St4
St5
Mn
Stations
Figure 4. Concentrations (g g-1) of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Mn) in tissue of
oyster (S. cucullata) samples collected from the Gulf of Chabahar.
Seawater (g/l)
Cd
Pb
Cu
Zn
Sediments (g/g)
Cr
Ni
Cd
Pb
Cu
Zn
Cr
Ni
Concentration
0.02-0.12 (open ocean)
0.01-0.17 (coastal)
0.02-0.07 (open ocean)
0.14-0.90 (open ocean)
0.35-0.40 (coastal)
<1 (open ocean)
0.30-70.0 (coastal)
0.05 (open ocean)
5.4 (open ocean)
<1
20-30
10-30
<100
<52
<5.4
References
Sadiq (1992), Bryan and Langston (1992)
Law et al. (1994)
Law et al. (1994)
Law et al. (1994)
UNEP (1993), Bryan and Langston (1992)
UNEP (1993), Bryan and Langston (1992)
EPA (2002)
EPA (2002)
Sadiq (1992), Salomons and Forstner (1984)
USPHS (1997)
UNEP (1993), Bryan and Langston (1992)
UNEP (1993), Bryan and Langston (1992)
MacDonald (1995)
MacDonald (1995)
DISCUSSION
In this study, the levels of natural and anthropogenic
heavy metal contamination metals (Copper (Cu), Zinc
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Conflict of interests
The author has not declared any conflict of interests.
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