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I have prepared this report with inputs from my supervisor. I have taken care of
the formatting as per the guidelines circulated. I have not copied any section from any
other report, website or article.
SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
Report entitled Extraction of Zirconium from Acidic Raffinate Stream using Tri-n-butyl
Phosphate is approved
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
iii
ABSTRACT
This work deals in wastewater treatment for phenol removal using electrocoagulation
technique. Various parameters affecting the phenol removal efficiency have been
discussed here like pH, Conductivity of the solution, electrolysis time, current density,
initial phenol concentration, geometry of electrode and residence time. Each parameter
was optimized using experimental method treating 400ml of synthetic solution in each
run. With concentration of samples as 1mg/l, 10mg/l & 40mg/l of phenol, increasing the
electrolysis time from 30 minutes to 120 minutes showed increase in phenol removal
efficiency of the electrocoagulation technique. Conductivity of the solution was adjusted
using NaCl concentration, here it was kept at 2 g/l. Current supply was changed from 0.5,
1 and 3 A and voltage supply as 5 V and 9V for the experiments conducted. Phenol
concentration in treated water is detected by reacting 4AAP with phenol in the presence
of Potassium Ferrycyanide which gives reddish brown colour which can be detected
through spectrophotometric method. The pre evaluated calibration curve of absorbance
v/s phenol concentration helps in detecting the concentration of the treated sample.
Maximum efficiency of 86% phenol removal was achieved with 10mg/l phenol
concentration, Electrolysis time of 60 min, Punched electrode with 4 holes of 2mm dia,
Current Input of 3A, Voltage supply of 9V and Nacl concentration of 2 g/l. The efficiency
of electrocoagulation technique depends upon various parameters and this technique is
easy to simulate at lab scale so that it can be implemented at industrial scale with good
accuracy and applicability.
.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to My Supervisor Prof.
Ashok N Bhaskarwar, Department of chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi. Who provided me the opportunity to work in a wonderful research
environment and constant guidance in every aspect of this project work. His crucial
remarks, positive attitude and support made my M.Tech thesis project a joyous and a
good learning experience. It was an honor to have a chance of working under his
supervision and have been part of the pollution control lab, Chemical Engineering
Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.
I would like to acknowledge the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Delhi for giving me the chance to undertake this study. Also many thanks
to the Head of Chemical Engineering Department Prof. S. Basu for providing me all the
necessary laboratory facilities during my research.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my project assessment panel members, Prof.
S. Basu, Prof. A. K. Gupta, Dr. A. Shukla and Dr. Anil Verma for their constructive
suggestions and helpful discussions.
I would like to thank all the faculty members, laboratory and office staff of the Chemical
Engineering Department. I am grateful that I had Ms. Pramila, Ms. Manjari and Ms.
Shushma as my senior and labmates who always contributed in making the lab
environment healthy and positive.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
ABSTRACT
PA
GE
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
Phenol
1.3
1.4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1
Phenol
2.1.
1
2.1.
2
2.2
Electrocoagulation theory
2.3
2.4
11
EXPERIMETAL METHODS/MODELLING
3.1
12
3.2
Experimental Part
12
3.2.
1
3.2.
2
12
13
3.3
Cost analysis
14
15
4.1
Effect of pH
15
vi
4.2
16
4.3
18
4.4
19
4.5
20
4.6
21
4.7
22
4.8
23
4.9
23
electrodes.
4.10
Cost analysis
24
5.1
CONCLUSIONS
26
5.2
26
REFERENCES
APPENDIX-A1: SYMBOLS
28
31
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
2.2
24
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
13
4.1
14
4.2
15
4.3
16
4.4
17
4.5
17
4.6
19
4.7
19
4.8
20
4.9
21
4.10
22
4.11
23
4.12
24
electrode
4.13
25
4.14
25
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
2
our environment from water pollution. Phenol is the common name of hydroxybenzene,
C6H5OH, an aromatic compound having one hydroxyl group attached to the benzene ring.
It is also known as carbolic acid, phenic acid, phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide or
oxybenzene. Phenol is produced both naturally and synthetically by chemical processes.
Naturally, phenol has been extracted from coal tar distillation. Synthetically, cumene
oxidation accounts for 95% of phenol production worldwide at a rate of 6.4 million metric
tons produced in 2001 (Jordan et al. 2002). Despite being toxic in nature phenol is used in
various applications, below are some important uses of phenol:
- Bisphenol A which is a resultant product of the condensation reaction of two moles of
phenol and one mole of acetone. It has wide uses in the production of polycarbonates,
ophthalmic lens and automotive components.
-
Phenolic resins are products of condensation of phenol and formaldehyde, they have
greater use as adhesives in the plywood industry and as plasticizers. They are also used as
disinfectants and in germicidal paints. Aminophenols are obtained from phenol which are
used in the manufacture of dyes and photographic applications.
-
4
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
on
skin,
irritation
of
the
eyes,
it
also
causes
gastrointestinal
5
for phenol in environment which is 0.1mg/l [Kumaran and Paruchuri, (1996); Nuhoglu