ME-416

STRESS ANALYSIS

Instructor: Dr. Khalid Rahman

Room No. G11 (FME Faculty Lobby)
Tel: 2351
Email: khalid.rehman@giki.edu.pk
Teaching Assistant: Engr. Malik Abdul Wahab

Engr. Umer

Course Material
Text book:
Advanced Mechanics of Materials 6th Edition
by Arthur P. Boresi and Richard J. Schmidt

Reference book:
Advanced Strength and Applied Stress
Analysis 2nd Edition by Richard G. Budynas

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLOs)

CLO
NO

CLO1

CLO STATEMENT
PLO
Upon Completion of the course student should be able
to:
Demonstrate the understanding of stress and strain from
PLO2
the simple problems of state of stress at a point

Bloom
Taxonomy

CLO2

Demonstrate the ability to apply the criterion for failure

in the design of structural members.

PLO3

C3

CLO3

Analyze stresses on unsymmetrical beams, non-circular

shaft, thick wall cylinders and rotating disk.

PLO2

C4

CLO4

Demonstrate the understating of advanced topics in

Stress Analysis (Stress Concentrations, Fracture
Mechanics, Fatigue).

PLO2

C3

C2

Grading Policy
Assignment

10%

Quizzes (announced)

10%

Project Assignment

5%

Midterm Exam

30%

Final

45%

No make-up quiz, assignment or exam

Attendance requirement as per
institute policy

Course Contents
Theories of Stress Strain
Elastic and Inelastic
Material Behavior
Torsion
Bending
Thick walled Cylinders
and Rotating Discs

Failure criteria
Advanced Topics in
Stress Analysis
Stress Concentration
Fracture Mechanics
Fatigue

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

Course Break down

Lecture no

Topics

Introduction

Introduction

Stress at a point
2D & 3D stress Tensors

Symmetry of stress components

Stress acting on arbitrary plane
Normal and shear stresses on oblique plane

Transformation of stresses
Principal Stresses
Principal values and directions

Octahedral stresses
Mean and Deviator stress
Plane stress

Mohrs Circle (2D)

Mohrs Circle (3D)

Differential equation of motion of deformable body

Other Coordinates

Lecture no

Topics

Deformation of deformable body

Strain theory (line element)

10

Relation between two lines (shear strain)

Principal strain
Plane strain

11

Small displacement theory

12

Linear stress strain temperature relations

13

Linear stress strain temperature relations

14

Linear stress strain temperature relations

15

Inelastic material behavior

Uniaxial Stress strain
Non linear material response

16

Yield Criteria
Maximum Principal stress criterion
Strain energy density criterion

17

Yield of ductile Metals

Maximum shear stress (Tresca) criterion
Distortional Energy density (Von Mises) criterion
Comparison of failure criteria

Lecture no

Topics

18

Torsion Circular shaft

Siant-Venants Semi inverse method

19

Linear Elastic solution

20

Soap film Analogy

21

Narrow Rectangular Cross section

22

Hollow thin walled torsion Multiple sections

23

Hollow thin walled torsion members & multiply connected cross sections

24

Bending of straight bars

Symmetric bending

25

Non Symmetric Bending

26

Bending stress in beam subjected to non symmetric bending

27

Shear center
Shear flow in thin walled beam cross section

Lecture no

Topics

28

Shear center for channel section

29

Curved beams

30

Curved Beams

31

Thick walled cylinders

32

Thick walled cylinders

33

Thick walled cylinders

34

Rotating disk

35

Rotating disk

36

Stress concentration

37

Stress Concentration

38

Stress Concentration

39

Fracture Mechanics

40

Fracture Mechanics

Lecture no

Topics

41

Fracture Mechanics

42

Fatigue

43

Fatigue

44

Fatigue

45

Review

Office Visit Hours

Monday
9:30AM ~ 11:00AM

Tuesday
10:00AM~11:30AM

Wednesday
10:00AM~11:30AM

Thursday
9:00AM~11:30AM

Assignment Session, Project and Quiz Schedule

Assignment Session and Quiz at FME QUIZ HALL (Time: 10:00 AM)

Assignment Sessions
1

15th Sept 2015

13th Oct 2015

3rd Nov 2015

17th Nov 2015

1st Dec 2015

15th Dec 2015

Quiz Schedule
1

8th Sept 2015

20th Sept 2015

10th Nov 2015

8th Dec 2015

Project Assignment due Date

11th Dec 2015

Assignments
Chapter

Problems

1,2,4,6,12,17,20,21,33,39,41,42,43,25,59,63,64

1,2,11,13,16

6,8,9,12,36,37,39,41,43,44

4,5,10,16,17,20,23,25,27,32,41,38,42,43,45,46,47,52,56,57

2,4,11,12,18,20,28,29,33,34,35,38

7,8,12,16,18,19,25

1,2,3,5,7,9,10,13

11

3,4,6,9,10,11,12,18,19,20,33,34,36,38

14

1,2,5,7,13,15,18,20

15

1,4,6,10,13,14,15,17,23

16

1,3,5,8,9,12,14,17,19,21,22

Concept
The main objective of the study of Stress Analysis is to
provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing
and designing various machines and load bearing
structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the
determination of
Stresses

deformations

Introduction
Any material or structure may
fail when it is loaded
1 Strength The structure must be strong enough
to carry the applied loads.
2 Stiffness The structure must be stiff enough
such that only allowable deformation occurs.
3 Stability The structure must not collapse
through buckling subjected to the applied
compressive loads.
Stress analysis provides analytical, numerical and
or experimental methods for determining the
strength, stiffness and stability of load-carrying
structural members

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

15

Examples
Stent expansion process

Artery after stent inflation

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

16

Examples

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

17

Boston Molasses Tank Failure

Boston Molasses Tank Failure

15th August 1919 tank fail without warning

Tank structure Mild Steel
3 year old structure
15mm thick plate
15.25meter height and 27.5meter diameter
During disaster 2.3 million gallon (14000 tons)
stored molasses
Molasses wave 10meter with speed at
40~55km/hr
30 years of effect as well as smell
21 died and 150 injured

Boston Molasses Tank Failure

Boston Molasses Tank Failure

Leakage in the tank (manhole) was ignored
and painted brown
Failure due to sudden temperature change
from -17C (previous day) to 4.5C on day of
failure
Investigation Design was inadequate to
withstand pressure and factor of safety was
low

Liberty Ship Failure

Liberty Ship Failure

Initially ship building mostly riveted joint

WW-II mass production
These ships first to have all welded joint
2700 Liberty ships were mass produced (some
in 5 days)
1000 suffered significant failure
Some broke suddenly into two because of low
temperature

Liberty Ship Failure

De Havilland Comet Failure

De Havilland Comet Failure

Worlds first commercial jetliner into service in
1952
Previously propeller planes low altitude
During first year of service 28000 passengers
and 104 million miles
US Civil Aeronautics Administration has
refused to grant Comet airworthiness
certificate. Reason Stress concentration
Large size crew escape window

De Havilland Comet Failure

De Havilland Comet Failure

De Havilland Comet Failure

After 9000 hours of equivalent flying failure in
fuselage was found
Small crack growth in the corner of escape
latch window cause of failure
Fatigue Failure
Boeing took lesson from Comet failure
Major loss for De Havilland

De Havilland Comet Failure

Introduction
In stress analysis, a force can be categorized as
either external or internal
External Force (applied surface loads, force of gravity and support
reactions)
Internal Force (resisting forces generated within loaded structural
elements)

The moment of a force is a measure of its tendency

to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or
axis

Point Load

Distributed Load
Stress Analysis (ME-416)

Moment about the beamcolumn

31
connection

Introduction

Types of Forces
1.
2.
3.
4.

normal force, F, which is perpendicular to the cross-section;

shear force, V, which is parallel to the cross-section;
bending moment, M, which bends the material; and
twisting moment (torque), T, which twists the material about its
central axis.
Stress Analysis (ME-416)

32

Introduction
Equilibrium system
1. the resultant of all applied forces, including support
reactions, must be zero;
2. the resultant of all applied moments, including bending and
twisting moments, must be zero.

The two equilibrium conditions are commonly used to

determine support reactions and internal forces on
cross-sections of structural members.
Stress Analysis (ME-416)

33

Stresses in the Members of a Structure

Can the structure safely
support the 30 kN load?
The force per unit area, or
intensity of the internal
forces distributed over a
given section, is called the
stress on that section

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

34

Centric & Eccentric Loading

A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant
of the internal forces passes through the
centroid of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only possible
if the concentrated loads on the end sections
of two-force members are applied at the
section centroids. This is referred to as centric
loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in
a section must yield an axial force and a
moment.
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric
Stress Analysis (ME-416)

35

Shearing Stress
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of
section C and are called shearing forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is
defined as the shear of the section and is equal to the
load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
uniform.
Stress Analysis (ME-416)

36

Shearing Stress Examples

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

37

Stress in Two Force Members

Axial forces on a two force member
result in only normal stresses on a
plane cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
Transverse forces on bolts and pins
result in only shear stresses on the
plane perpendicular to bolt or pin
axis.
Either axial or transverse forces may
produce both normal and shear
stresses with respect to a plane
other than one cut perpendicular to
the member axis.
Stress Analysis (ME-416)

38

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
The maximum normal stress occurs when
the reference plane is perpendicular to the
member axis,

The maximum shear stress occurs for a

plane at 45o with respect to the axis,

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

39

State of Stress
It follows that only 6 components of
stress are required to define the
complete state of stress
at a given point, shear cannot take
place in one plane only; an equal
shearing stress must be exerted on
another plane perpendicular to the
first one.

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

40

Generalized
Hookes
Law
For an element subjected to multi-axial
loading, the normal strain components
resulting from the stress components may
be determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
With these restrictions:

x y z

y
z

x
E

y z
E

x y
E

z
E

L3-4 - 41

SHEARING STRAIN
Plot of Shear stress vs. shear strain is
similar to normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are
approximately half.

xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx

Stress Analysis (ME-416)

42

Deformations of Members Under Axial Loading

From Hookes Law:

From the definition of strain:

Equating and solving for the

deformation,

With variations in loading, cross-section or material

properties,
Stress Analysis (ME-416)

43

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

Interested in stresses and strains of
circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
Shaft transmits the torque to the
generator

Generator creates an equal and

opposite torque T

6 - 44

Stresses in Elastic Range

Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,
G

G max

From Hookes Law, G , so

max

The shearing stress varies linearly with the

radial position in the section.

J 12 c 4

Recall that the sum of the moments from

the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,

T dA max 2 dA max J
c
c

J 12 c24 c14
6 - 45

The results are known as the elastic torsion

formulas,
max

Tc
T
and
J
J

Torsional Failure Modes

Ductile materials generally fail in shear.
Brittle materials are weaker in tension
than shear.
When subjected to torsion, a ductile
specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
When subjected to torsion, a brittle
specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in which
tension is a maximum, i.e., along
surfaces at 45o to the shaft axis.

6 - 46

Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
7 - 47

Other Loading Types

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear force
and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to shear
loading to find the complete state of stress.
7 - 48

Elastic and Inelastic Response of a

Solid

Modes of Failure
1. Failure by excessive deflection
a) Elastic deflection
b) Deflection caused by creep
2. Failure by general yielding
3. Failure by fracture
a) Sudden fracture of brittle materials
b) Fracture of cracked or flawed members
c) Progressive fracture (fatigue)
4. Failure by instability