Sustaining and Improving local Livelihoods In Burao By Developing and Creating

Production Training, Employment Opportunities and Support Services:

Project Name: Developing Training and Employment Opportunities:

Appealing Agency: Camel Livestock Animal Support Services (CLASS)

Contact Persons : Mohamed Muse Qasal

Tel: 435 33 92
Email: classdevelopment@gmail.com

Dr. Ali Ahmed Elmi

Tel: + 715 474
Mob: + 4431 757
Email: vetcollege.haydar@gmail.com

1-Brief Introduction.

Burao is the regional capital of Togdher and the second largest city in Somaliland. Burao
was and, still is, a major LS trade centre or route in the region and services many pastoral
communities and LS producers, Pastoralists, in various eastern regions. Due to this long
standing relations and connections with rural pastoralists, Burao is attracting many
failing/former pastoralists and rural communities. As well as many struggling and least
well of pastoral families who rear small LS not far from the city, and few LS husbandry
activities.

As a result, Burao’s population is rapidly increasing and anecdotal information/evidence

indicates that its population is between 250-350 thousand people. Most local families
and households are jobless, unemployed and struggling in more ways than one. Some
estimates indicate 80 percent unemployment rate. Needless to say, there are no
meaningful social support services what so ever.

2-Context

This farm/fodder employment training scheme is exploring ways of providing

skilled production workers for local producers and increased
production/availability of animal feed resources in the Burao. This project is
targeting the most neglected sector and vulnerable groups/communities that
include: poor urban dwellers, failing pastoralists and LS husbandry farms in
Burao livelihood zone. Burao and its surrounding areas constitute the eventual
target areas in which this project intervention aimed to focus. This region is
mainly dependent on pastoral livestock (LS) production and had experienced
persistent drought condition that triggered an alarming feed/fodder shortage high
number of failing LS producers felt by these communities. In addition, Togdher is
one of the most neglected/isolated regions and structurally vulnerable setting
within Somaliland. This is why the target region/area lagged behind in terms of
general infrastructural development and access to basic services. The project will
put spotlight on creating employment opportunities and saving livelihood assets
through the provision of hands on feed production training for local stakeholders
(SH).

The target population is affected by localized drought situation which prompted

high jobless figures and critical shortages of animal feed/folder as result of
complete or partial failure of past rainy seasons, which has reduced quantity and
quality of available feed resources in the region. Compounded by unwarranted
programming biases by development and authority institutions against local
producers’ basic needs and priorities.

The following problems are already in effect or expected to take a tighter grip on
the target community in the near future if situation is not addressed:

• Severe and increased shortage of skilled farm production workers and

support services for local fodder/fruit/vegetable producers in Burao, Togdher.
• High unemployment rates and livelihood uncertainties among the local youths
and stakeholders (SH)
• The expensive folder/grass siphoned large portion of the family budget and
may result sales of productive assets
• Possible out break of livestock diseases due to lack of feed/folder and
nutrition, Camels in particular, which require large quantities of feed and are
vital for pastoralists way of life.
• Massive immigration of local workforce due to complete lack of opportunities
in the region, particularly for those who had no former education and failing
rural pastoralists.

3. Interventions

3.1 Objectives

Main goal
The overall goal of the project is to tackle and address lack of skilled farm
production workers, fodder shortages and high jobless rates in the region
(Togdher), youths in particular.

Specific objectives
• Develop and create practical/vocational training scheme and employment
opportunities respectively for local SH in Burao.
 • Provide fodder and farm production placements/attachments and technical
support services to local farms and producers such as Maandeeq
livestock farm (MLF) and two others in Burao
• Help with relevant and appropriate farming equipment and assistance
• Improve present local producers’ capacity, knowledge, know-how, skills
and ability to further develop and expand AFR production in future.
• Improve health condition of Livestock/Animals and reduce vulnerability to
diseases due to lack of nutrition through provision of adequate AFR
availability.

3.2 Project strategy

The project will and intent to deploy two parallel components or approaches to ensure
local availability and increased production of relevant affordable feed and mineral
resources for LS and local SH in the region.

3.2.1-The program will support and engage present local farms and animal feed
producers in and around Burao, selected three in particular, through the provision of
Farming Production Expert, trainee attachments and appropriate technical production
inputs.

3.2.2-The program will recruit potential production trainees and place them with targeted
three local farms/producers. As well as farming production professional to support and
assist field production and practical training/learning activities.

3.2.3-The program will also engage all relevant local SH, both private and public sectors,
to support and invest in training and employment schemes and programs. This is
particularly important to secure employment for program trainees

In return for program support and attachments, local partners or selected producers will
be required/expected and encourage them to

i) Formalize and improve their present informal farm production records and operations.
ii) Strengthen farm/field management and planning structures to secure and absorb
external support and assistance, development or otherwise.
iii) Respect and value better employment policies, terms and conditions to retain/attract
skilled and quality workforce in order to increase farm productivity and outputs.
iv) Put in place meaningful scheme/programs to support and assist vulnerable poor local
SH in times of need and during stress or emergency periods, pastoral livestock producers
in particular.

CLASS will sign a MOU with all local farms/producers. The following are
highlights of the implementation procedure:

• CLASS will recruit experienced program staff and select potential

 production trainees.
• Facilitate deployment and attachment of trainees to local partners.
• Procurement and availability of all required and relevant
farming/production resources and inputs.
• Set up a Steering Group (SG) from relevant SH to guide and advice on all
project delivery and implementation activities.
• CLASS will lead project co-ordination mechanisms and promotion
activities.
• CLASS will engage and encourage College of Animal Science (CAS) of
University of Burao (UB) professionals to lead and be part of the Steering
Group (SG) of this program.
• A total of two/three local AFR producers will be supported/assisted.
• CLASS will ensure the smooth management/running of the project and
resolving of any problems and disputes.

The project will start its core activities with preparation of contract agreements
and Memoranda of Understanding with all local farmers or producers.

The local leaders/authorities and regional administrations of the target areas

were met and consulted during proposal development. They will therefore be
involved in the SG in monitoring of the project delivery and implementation so
that all stakeholders participate and ensure transparency of this vital program.

3.3 Assumption and Risk analysis.

• Timely recruitment deployment of staff and trainees.
• Project funds are secure and arrive on scheduled time frame.
• Optimum collaboration by local farmers/producers, trainees, the
community and relevant other local stakeholders.

3.4 Project location:

Project main target sites or fodder/fruit producers (3) are located out skirts of
Burao, around 5-7 Kilometers. As well as resource and study support centre in
down town Burao.

3.5 Project Partners

(CLASS) will enter into detailed Memorandum of Understanding detailing their

specific roles. CLASS will manage and facilitate training field placements and
centre studies. Farming and production groups will be responsible in delivering
and implementing practical training opportunities for trainees. These local
partners are:
• Maandeeq Livestock Farm (MLF)
• Barud Production group.
• Ali Qoys Farm

3.6 Expected results of the projects

• Increased number of skilled farm production workers

• Improved training and employment opportunities for local youths
and SH
• Increased AFR productivity by local producers. Enhancement of
animal nutrition in Burao districts and localities.
• Knowledge and skills transfer to local stakeholders and
workforce.

4. Human and material resources to be involved

4.1 Human Resources in the field

1. Program Developer (PD) The PD will guide and oversee the entire AFR
production training/attachments activities with support from the Resources
and Admin. Officer (RAO). PD will develop practical or applicable farming
and AFR production training scheme for local youths and SH. Give expert
guidance/advice to all relevant local SH, particularly AFR producers and
trainees. Monitor the progress of the project and record its impact on local
farming production and workforce.

2. Resource and Admin Officer (RAO): The RAO will be charged with the
responsibility of documenting all payments incurred during the project.
Preparation of financial supports services, contracts and procurement of
all project items/equipment. The PA will also ensure that the centre is well
resourced and costs match allocated budget lines.
3. Farm Production Teacher/Trainer (FPT): The FPT will develop relevant
and appropriate practical and theory training sessions on both the field
and resource centre. PFT will closely liaise with PD and local
producers/hosts.
4. Centre Security/Service Officer (CSO): CSO will be in charge of securing
and servicing resource centre at all times. CSO will ensure safe keeping
of all property belonging to the centre and CLASS.
 4.2 Calendars and Action Plan

The project will start as soon as the funds are made available or approved, and
will run for two year.

Year-1

Activities (Year-1) M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12

-Centre/Office setup
-recruit staff+Trainees
-MOU with producers
-Recruit SG members
-First patch of trainee
placements (15 T)
-Review report
-Job hunting support
-second patch of
trainee placements
-review report
-Job hunting support
-Third patch of trainee
Placements
-End of year report
-Financial and SG R.

Year-2
-Fourth patch of
trainee placements
-Review report
-Job hunting support
-Fifth patch of trainee
placements
-review report
-Job hunting support
-Sixth patch of trainee
Placements
-End of year report
-Financial and SG R.

4.3 Total Cost of the Project

The total project cost requested from Funder = 231,983 USD
CLASS/Community contribution = Nil
Total amount of the project = 231,983 USD

4.4 Linkages/Complementarities with other related activities in the area

CLASS in partnership with UB and other local organisations developed and
submitted program proposals to increase and improve fodder/AFR production in
Togdher, Burao in particular, to various development institutions. These
proposals are designed and intended to tackle and address severe shortages of
fodder/feed resources in the region due to multiple factors and problems.

The proposed project also complements other ongoing efforts by partner

groups/agencies such as MLF, BEER Cooperative, UB and FAO among others in
the region. Proposed intervention/s will jointly go a long way towards increased
AFR production, availability of skilled local farm workers and engaging all
relevant local SH in more ways than one. The project will strengthen local
capacity for livestock service delivery and response to local priority needs/issues.
This is particularly so to ensure feed availability and reduce recent exponential
increases in fodder/feed prices which are beyond the means of most local SH.

4.5 Coordination/ Cooperation with other actors providing assistance in

the area
CLASS/UB will facilitate and organise monthly Coordination Meetings and
increase their activities and interventions in the region. CLASS will also engage
and encouraged relevant programs and institutions to support and link with local
groups and organisations in the region.

5. Monitoring

Planed Measurable Means of Important Actual outputs Date of

project indicators verification assumptions or achievements verification
objective
s or
activities
Purpose Number of local CLASS field Approval and Improved access At end of the
Trainees that monitoring, disbursement and availability to project duration
benefited from the assessments of the project farm production
training scheme. and progress fund. training and job
report. opportunities
Number of Recruiting and
trainees secured SG monthly obtaining a Sustainable job
employment monitoring and knowledgeable and livelihood
reports and experienced due to increased
Number of local Program and farm productivity.
AFR producers trainer.
will be serviced by
the program
 Availability of
skilled production
workers and
adequate AFR in
the region

Output Improve the UB supervision, Availability of Quality and Quarterly

capacity of local monthly reports skilled farm productive farm delivery report
AFR producers to and monitoring production workforce
increase feed and workforce and progress report
farming production Delivery log appropriate Cheaper and
sheets seeds, fertilizer availability of CLASS and SG
Increased skilled and equipment farm produce, field monitoring
farm production SG monitors AFR in particular.
workers and Proper
relevant support coordination and
services supervision of all
project
stakeholders.
Activities Practical oriented CLASS Placement of Better access Monthly
training for local monitoring trainees with and availability of monitoring
SH and youths. reports local producers. skilled workforce record
and adequate
Generate job SG and CLASS Practical and AFR for most Monthly and
opportunities for quarterly theory training local poor SH. midterm
local youths/SH reports for trainees. supervision
reports and
CB and supporting Job hunting and progress
local farms and related services reports
AFR producers.

Increased local
AFR production
Availability of AFR
in dry seasons for

Know-how and
skills transfer in
farm and AFR
production

5.2-Indicators for Monitoring

The following indicators have been foreseen to ensure the success of the project:

Result One: Increased availability of skilled local farm production workers

and employment opportunities in Burao.
Monitoring Indicator:
- Number of trainees targeted by this program (90 in total)
 - Compare target number Vs Actual number trained/completed.
- Number of trainees employed after finishing training.

Result One: Increased local feed resource production by assisted producers in

Burao.
Monitoring indicator
- Number of farms or groups assisted by the project.
- Comparing amount of feed produced during project vs. amount produced
previous year by targeted local producers.

Result Two: Improved availability and accessibility of farm produces and AFR
feed at household level in the region
Monitoring indicator:
• Number of households receiving/accessing cheaper feed resources in the
identified neighbourhoods and pastoral areas in Burao/Togdher

Result Three: Increased availability of affordable feed resources at local markets

in the Burao during dry seasons and distressed periods
Monitoring indicator:
• Price of folder/grass at local markets and outlets.

Result Three: Contributing towards healthier and better nutritional conditions of

livestock leading to improving productivity and livelihoods among the identified
beneficiaries
Monitoring Indicator:
• Improved milk output from HH goats which will go a long in feeding children
and others in serviced HH.
• Increased income for local livestock producers and owners in Burao
• Decreased number of weak or mal-nourished livestock/animals in targeted
areas.
• Number of local trainees received practical feed production training and
know-how from the program. As well as local employment posts created by the
program.

The PD will conduct random field visits to the project area/s to monitor and
assess the project implementation. Farms and trainees will be required to record
and log all day-to-day activities using the following forms:

Service Delivery Form: This form will collect basic information from the
beneficiary communities and projects, including name, location, type of
assistance/inputs received. The Coordinator and SG will conduct random checks,
manageable number, to verify information in these forms.

Activity Log Sheets: These forms will be filled by local producers to record all
activities carried out by trainees and program staff during field attachments and
attachment respectively...
LOG IN/OUT BOOK/Register: All project staff must log in and out time started
and finished work every day either in person or contacting PD/Office staff.

6- BACKGROUND INFORMATION of CLASS and Partner/s.

University of Burao (UB)

UB is a higher educational institution in Burao, Togdher and was established in

2004. UB has four main departments/colleges with hundreds of students and
directly employs around 80 staff. UB is currently managing and closely involved
with various private sector (PS) and development programs or institutions in the
region such as Maandeeq Livestock Farm/Husbandry, Dahabshiil, UNDP, EDC,
GA, CLASS and many others.

The College of Animal Science (CAS) was recognized as the main VET body in
Somaliland and already produced 23 AH Graduates in 2009, and few other lots in
the pipeline. CAS is currently in the process of setting up a Husbandry Course as
well. CAS had also implemented a tree planting project with German Agro (GA)
and currently developing AH and AFR production programs with few local
organisations, MLF and CLASS in particular. In all programs there are three
significant elements to such activities:

a)Supporting and assisting the development of local livestock rearing and feed
production groups in partnership with relevant regional SH, local or otherwise.

b)Building the capacity of local organisations to facilitate projects and initiatives

at all levels that improve livestock development, sustainable livelihoods and their
ability to maintain activities in the long run

c)Create local field placement/training opportunities for CAS students and

increase chances of securing appropriate employment for both CAS students
and relevant local SH in future. As well as attracting adequate development
resources, financial and technical assistance, for isolated local
groups/organisations in the present absence of meaningful development and
authority institutions in the region, Togdher.

UB has gained sound and valuable experience in responding to basic priority

needs and issues of local SH. For example, UB developed some training for work
programs for local youths/SH in areas of Business, education and IT sectors
which were funded by EDC. Therefore, CAS will like to extend similar
programs/support for local livestock SH particularly for local LS, milk and
fruit/food producers. Due to persistent rain failures in the region since 2005, UB
had organised couple of local fund raising activities to relief distressed rural
pastoralists in Togdher in 2005-7. CAS is also in current discussions with MLF,
via CLASS, to consider extending its free watering scheme, which stopped
recently (OCT), for poor local pastoral households in the area due to last rain
(Deyr) failure.

Since 2005, CAS has also carried out various livestock promotion and advocacy
activities with livestock/pastoral lobby forums/groups. This complements UB work
as it has a key role in sustaining and maintaining pastoral LS sector/producers
and SH in the longer term.

CLASS and MLF

Unlike most organisations in Togdher, both these local SH are tackling and
addressing core LS and Pastoral needs and issues. MLF heavily invested in
Camel rearing/milk production activities and this is the only group which
succeeded in producing various LS feed resources in the region despite the local
problems/odds against such projects and without external support/assistance.

CLASS was established to tackle and address lack of basic LS services in the
region and help local LS SH. Since May, CLASS managed the following:

-Facilitated MLF free watering scheme for tenths of pastoral HH and thousands
of livestock. Saved lives and livelihood assets of poor pastoralists
-Engaged and encouraged many local groups and organisations
-Conducted baseline and field LS and related surveys and studies in Burao
neighbourhoods and Kabadhere area.
-Developed quality and appropriate program proposals based on survey findings
and local needs
-Presented surveys and proposals to relevant regional, development and
authority institutions.
-Conducted lobby campaigns to pressure key ministers and officials in Hargeisa.
-Managed to convince and influence both CAS and UB management to take a
lead role in supporting and pushing developed proposals.
-Willingness to develop and create basic LS service and generate sustainable
businesses for vulnerable local families and HH in Burao
-CLASS facilitated practical field training sessions for CAS students on AH,
nutrition and feed related activities.
-Unlike other local ngos, CLASS deployed practical strategies and adopted
transparent approach in managing programs/activities which convinced CAS to
joint forces.
7. Budget:

Budget for Developing Training and Employment Opportunities in Burao,Togdher.

Year1 3%
Unit cost No. No. Total cost inflation Year2 Total Grand
. Item $ units months $ for Yr2 Costs $ Total $
1. Personnel
1.1 Program Developer ( Full-Time) 2,000 1 12 24,000 1.03 24,720 48,720

1.2 Resources+Admin. Officer (F/T) 600 1 12 7,200 1.03 7,416 14,616

1.3 Farm Production Trainer (P/T) 1,200 1 12 14,400 1.03 14,832 29,232
1.4 Security Guard (F/T) 200 1 12 2,400 1.03 2,472 4,872
Sub-total personnel costs 48,000 49,440 97,440
2. Project Inputs N/A
2.1- Basic Subsistence Allowance 100 45 4 18,000 18,000 18,000
(Food, Accommadation and Allow.)
2.2-Ten computers 500 10 5,000
2.3-Three (3) Printers 230 3 690
2.4-Photocopier 1,100 1 1,100
2.5-Desks 14 100 1,400
2.6-Chairs 20 50 1,000
2.7-Filling cabinets 6 100 600
2.8-Large table 500 2 1,000
Sub-total project inputs 28,790 18,000 46,790

3. Running+Administration costs
3.1 Communication - email/phone/fax 300 12 3,600 1.03 3,708 7,308
3.2-Office rent 500 1 12 6,000 1.03 6,180 12,180
3.3-Stationary 300 12 3,600 1.03 3,708 7,308
3.4 Managing committee/s costs 3,000 2 6,000 1.03 6,180 12,180
3.5-Training Materials/Rresources 100 1 12 1,200 1.03 1,236 2,436
Sub-total agency administration 20,400 21,012 41,412
4. Transport & storage costs

4.1- Vehicle rent 1,200 1 12 14,400 1.03 14,832 29,232

4.2- Fuel 10 1 12X30d 3,600 1.03 3,708 7,308
Sub-total transport & storage costs 18,000 18,540 36,540

Subtotals 115,190 109,992 225,182

5. Contingency @ 2% 117,494 112,192 229,686

7. Money Transfer costs (1 %) 118,669 113,314 231,983
8. Total 118,669 113,314 231,983

The total amount of funds requested from Donor is $ 231,983

Relevant survey to justify above program proposal.

Abstract
Livestock production situation and feed resources availability in pastoral and semi-
pastoral production system of Burao surrounding areas, Kabadhere in particular, were
surveyed (assessed) based on field visits/observations and interview of selected
households as well as group discussions with pastoralists. A semi-structured
questionnaire was used for interviewing 30 randomly selected pastoralists. Informal
discussions were also held with a group of pastoralists in the area assessed as well as with
the development agents working in the localities. The collected data were analyzed using
descriptive statistics.

The survey showed that numerically goats are the most important species followed by
sheep, camels and sheep. The main feed resources of the area are natural pastures
(herbaceous vegetation composed mainly of forbs and browses such as shrubs, tree
leaves(acacia) and pods), which show marked seasonal variation in availability and
quality based on variability of rainfall distribution. Productivity of animals in terms of
milk production, growth rate and reproductive performance is generally low. Crop
production is not practiced as a means of economic diversification because of harsh
environment, unreliable rainfall and frequent drought. Thus, livestock (LS) production
remains to be the main means of livelihood. Hence, more emphasis should be given to
improving livestock productivity, local feed production/availability, relevant support
services and management of the pasture/gracing lands. Efforts to reverse or at least halt
the advancement of land grapping/enclosures and exploitation by urbanites should be
encouraged and strengthened.

Introduction:

The feed resource base and disease challenge determine the animal production system of
the area.

The arid and semi-arid lowlands are characterized by high spatial and temporal variability
in rainfall distribution and pattern. Although there are general rainy and dry seasons, the
rains may start at different times in different years, increasing irregularity and distorting
the normal pattern. Chances for prolonged dry spells at the end of the dry season and the
beginning of the rainy season are very high. In such conditions meaningful crop
production cannot be attained in rain-fed agriculture and extensive livestock production
appears to be a better means of exploiting the grazing and browse resources in the arid
and semi-arid lands. The semi-arid rangelands of Togdher support the livestock that are
highly valuable to the nation as direct sources of consumption for the pastoral and semi-
pastoral population, as sources of cash income and foreign currency for the nation and for
provision of draught power for small-holders in the highlands. However, extended dry
season and drought very often result in critical decline in quantity and quality of feed and
shortage of water leading to decreased productivity and increased mortality of animals.
During severe drought the whole herd may be decimated.

Materials and methods

General characteristics of the study area

This study was carried out in Kabadhere area of Burao district in Togdher, Somaliland.
The area is characterized by semi-arid lands with many land enclosures. The semi-arid
lands are predominantly occupied by pastoral and semi-sedentary pastoral population
whose livelihood is mainly dependent on range livestock production. They mainly consist
of small and least well off pastoral households.

The area receives bimodal rainfall distribution. The main rainy season (GU) extends from
March to May whereas the short rainy season (Deyr) lasts from October to November
followed by the long dry season (Xagaa). However, the actual length of the rainy season
is getting shorter and shorter through time and the area is prone to more frequent drought
for some years (4) now. Variable rainfall results in greater variability in forage
productivity. Seasonal distribution of rainfall is more important than the annual total
rainfall in influencing forage production from rangelands. Years of high rainfall produce
surplus forage, whereas below average years result in deficits. Livestock losses are
expected during years of below average rainfall when forage productivity declines. This
is the situation at present and past few years.

Survey methodology

The survey/assessment was carried out in 20-30 September 2009 and it was based on
field visits and interview of selected households and group discussions with the
pastoralists (including different age groups). A semi-structured questionnaire was
prepared and used for interviewing randomly selected pastoralists using MLF pastoral
services, free watering scheme for both human and LS since 2005. A total of 30
pastoralists were interviewed. During the assessment discussions were held with pertinent
experts and other local SH. In addition to the structured questionnaire, informal
discussions were held with a group of pastoralists in the area assessed and with MLF
officials/others. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The
following were the main focal points in the assessment.

-Land enclosures and livestock production

-Availability of feed resources for livestock production
-Traditional livestock feeding and management practices
-Productivity of livestock
-Importance of livestock and feed production to the livelihood of the community
-Potential of the area for fodder/feed production
-Main means of livelihood and sources of cash income
-Interactions between livestock and other production activities in the area, if any.
-Livestock and social support services in the area
-Future prospects of pastoral LS production and way of life

Results and discussion

Livestock production

Table 1 shows the livestock holding of the interviewed households. Numerically Goats
are the most important species followed by sheep and camels.

Table 1. Livestock holding (number of heads of animals per

household) as per the interviews (N=30 HH) and persons per HH
Livestock species Mean Range
Goats 225.42 40-230
Sheep 38.77 0-40
Camels 6.06 0-10
Donkeys 1.42 0-4
//////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////
Persons per HH 5.7 4-10
Source: University of Burao (UB) and CLASS

Since secondary LS data is not available, it is difficult to say if the same

pattern of type/numerical importance of LS are true for 100s of other
pastoral HH rearing LS around Burao.

Table shows the livestock population of pastoral HH survey participants

Table 2 Livestock population, animal heads per person+head/person/HH of

survey participants (N=30)
Livestock Animal Animal heads/person Animal
species popln. heads/person/HH
Goats 3494 20.1 0.66
Sheep 601 3.45 0.12
Camels 94 0.54 0.018
Donkeys 22 0.12 0.009
Source: University of Burao (UB) and CLASS

All other survey findings and discussions:

The main priority needs, issues and concerns of survey participants (pastoral HH) are as
follows.

-Lack of natural pastures/feed in the surrounding area/s due to many factors.

-Compounded by land grapping or enclosures which is causing multiple problems such as
i) restricting migration routes and LS movement ii) disputes relating to trespass, LS
bounding by land owners and so on.
-Complete lack of authority and development social and LS services and support in the
region/area.
-Apart from Maandeeq’s free water scheme, not a single HH (participants) had received
assistance from any other SH in the past few years.
-Coupled with persistent rain failures which reduced LS productivity, mating and
production for few years now. Most participants don’t expect a lot from this Deyr Rains
as well based on recent patterns and their experience.
-Expense food and fodder are the norm at present.
-Both people and LS were physically very weak and extremely vulnerable to diseases due
to lack of nutrition. Maandeeq collected three sheep which were abandoned by
pastoralists near the farm because of this.
-In brief, the future is very bleak for local LS producers in the region, for both pastoral
and others. Hence, the real need for urgent formal support and assistance/interventions.

Finally, CLASS would like to thank all survey participants and Maandeeq Livestock farm
(MLF) which facilitated and allowed the survey to take place. CLASS would also like to
thank all local SH who contributed and took part in this survey/assessment, particularly
MLF staff and Burao University’s VET faculty/officials.

Survey Data of Pastoral HH At/Near MLF in Kabadhere, Burao.

Households No. of No. of No. of No. of Totals Persons

(HH) goats sheep Camels donkeys Per per HH
 owned owned owned owned HH
1 40 20 2 0 61 4
2 110 13 10 1 134 7
3 150 0 5 2 157 8
4 203 0 4 3 210 8
5 80 28 8 0 116 5
6 90 11 3 2 106 5
7 60 34 5 1 100 6
8 77 29 6 0 112 7
9 180 21 4 1 206 6
10 130 30 0 2 162 5
11 176 0 0 1 177 7
12 135 18 0 2 155 5
13 89 40 0 1 130 4
14 65 29 3 0 97 4
15 154 20 6 0 180 8
16 140 15 4 0 159 6
17 134 33 5 0 172 7
18 109 21 3 0 133 5
19 200 0 7 0 207 10
20 85 37 0 0 122 5
21 65 40 0 1 106 4
22 45 40 2 0 87 4
23 230 12 0 1 243 6
24 140 8 3 0 151 5
25 60 34 1 1 96 5
26 80 23 2 0 105 4
27 97 10 0 0 107 6
28 90 0 4 0 94 7
29 160 11 3 2 176 6
30 120 24 4 1 149 5
Totals= 3494 601 94 22 4211 174
Mean 225.42 38.77 6.06 1.42 5.7(6)
Range 40-230 0-40 0-10 0-4 4-10
Source: University of Burao (UB) and CLASS