HK - The History and Politics of Orientalism in The Middle East

Cambridge University Press
0521620805 - Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of
Orientalism
Zachary Lockman
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Contending Visions of the Middle East

The History and Politics of Orientalism
Zachary Lockmans book offers a broad survey of the development of

Western knowledge about Islam and the region we today call the Middle East. Beginning with ancient Greek and Roman conceptions of the
world, this book goes on to discuss European perceptions of Islam from
its emergence in the seventh century down to the present, with particular attention to the age of European imperialism, the era of deepening
American involvement in this region, and the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Along the way Lockman explores how
scholars and others in the West have studied and depicted Islam and
the Middle East, focusing on how East and West came to be important
ways of dividing up the world and how power relations have inuenced
scholarly knowledge. Contending Visions of the Middle East gives special attention to the ideas, politics and controversies that have shaped
Middle East studies in the United States over the past half-century,
including the debates over Edward W. Saids inuential 1978 critique
Orientalism. This book relates many of todays critical issues, including
Muslim extremism, terrorism, the clash of civilizations and United
States policy in the Middle East, to their broader historical, political
and intellectual contexts.
Zachary Lockman teaches modern Middle Eastern history at New York
University. His work has focused on Egypt and Palestine/Israel, and his
publications include Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in
Palestine, 19061948 (1996).
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Zachary Lockman
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The Contemporary Middle East 3

Series editor: Eugene L. Rogan
Books published in The Contemporary Middle East series address the major
political, economic and social debates facing the region today. Each title comprises a survey of the available literature against the background of the authors
own critical interpretation which is designed to challenge and encourage independent analysis. While the focus of the series is the Middle East and North
Africa, books are presented as aspects of a rounded treatment, which cut across
disciplinary and geographic boundaries. They are intended to initiate debate in
the classroom, and to foster understanding amongst professionals and policy
makers.
1 Clement M. Henry and Robert Springborg, Globalization and the Politics of
Development in the Middle East hb 0 521 62312 X pb 0 521 62631 5
2 Joel Beinin, Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East hb 0 521 62121 6
pb 0 521 62903 9
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Orientalism
Zachary Lockman
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Contending Visions of the

Middle East
The History and Politics of Orientalism
Zachary Lockman
New York University
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Orientalism
Zachary Lockman
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The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 100114211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcon
13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org

C Zachary Lockman 2004
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Plantin 10/12 pt.
System LATEX 2 []
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 521 62080 5 hardback
ISBN 0 521 62937 3 paperback
The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that URLs for external
websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to
press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can
make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will
remain appropriate.
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Zachary Lockman
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For Maya
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Orientalism
Zachary Lockman
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Contents
List of maps
Acknowledgments
Maps
page viii
ix
x
Introduction
1 In the beginning
2 Islam, the West and the rest
38
3 Orientalism and empire
66
4 The American century
99
5 Turmoil in the eld
148
6 Saids Orientalism: a book and its aftermath
182
7 After Orientalism?
215
Afterword
268
Notes
Bibliography
Index
273
293
304
vii
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Maps
1 The rise of Islam and the Arab conquests

2 The Ottoman empire to 1566
3 The Middle East and North Africa on the eve of
the First World War
4 The Middle East and North Africa between
the Two World Wars
5 The Middle East and North Africa boundaries
6 The Middle East and North Africa in the world
page x
xii
xiv
xvi
xviii
xx
viii
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Zachary Lockman
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Acknowledgments
It will be obvious that this book draws on the work of many other scholars. They are (I hope) all properly cited in the notes and listed in the
bibliography, but I thank them here for the thinking and writing that
helped make this book possible. I would also like to thank Joel Beinin,
Juan Cole, Brandon Fine, Bill Madsen, Eugene Rogan, James Schamus
and the anonymous reader recruited by Cambridge University Press for
their perceptive comments on my manuscript. I must also thank Eugene
Rogan for editing the series in which this book appears, and Marigold
Acland for supporting the series, and my contribution to it, with patience
and good humor. As has often been the case over the years, Robert Vitalis
has been a most careful reader and energetic critic. I suspect that he wont
agree with everything in this book, but I hope that he will like at least some
of it and recognize his inuence on how it turned out.
I took on the project of writing this book soon after my younger daughter, Maya Michal Lockman-Fine, was born; by the time it is published
she will be eight years old. I promised her many years ago that I would
dedicate this book to her, and among the many reasons that I am happy
to be done with it is that it allows me to fulll that promise. I have been,
and always will be, grateful for her great spirit, intelligence and energy,
and for the joy she brings into my life.
ix
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Poitiers
SLAVS
732
Gijon
MEROVINGIAN
FRANKS
Bordeaux
Arles
Toulouse
721
Narbonne
715
Zaragoza
712
711
Rome
Toledo
Lisbon
S
LO
BA
ER
BS
Sardinia
748
Cordoba
711
Gibraltar 711
Tangier
Seville
Carthage
Ceuta 699
Tunis
Kairouan
Sbeitla
670
BYZAN
698
Tahert
Tlemcen
EMPI
Tahudna
683
Barka
643
BERBERS
Tripoli
647
Sirte
UM
The Fezzan
667
Conquests to A.D. 632

649
Date of occupation or attack

Eastern boundary of Byzantine Empire before attack
Boundaries of Byzantine Empire
Limits of Umayyad Caliphate
Map 1: The rise of Islam and the Arab conquests
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AVARS
KHAZAR
KHANATE
(beseiged 670-7
and 717-18)
674
645
Edessa
Merv
Ardebil
Malatya
TINE
RE
Bukhara
Tiflis
Constantinople
643
Balkh
Nishapur
651
651
Harran
Rayy
Antioch
Rhodes
643
Qom
Nehawand
Jalula
638
672
Cyprus
649
Damascus
638
642
Medain
Isfahan
EMPIRE
638
Kufa
Shiraz
Basra
Fustat
YY
A D 640
CA
PERSIAN
635
Jerusalem
Alexandria
Kerbela
642
638
Jiraft
Aylah
Tabuk
LI
PHA
TE
Hajar
Medina
Aswan
Sohar
Hijr
622
632
Mecca
MAKURIA
630
Sana
AXUM
ALWA
Aden
632
ETHIOPIA
500
500
1000 miles
1000
1500 km
Map 1: (cont.)
xi
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Zachary Lockman
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H.R.E.
CROATIA
FRANCE
VENICE
WALLA
Belgrade
BULG
NA
PL
ES
IA
EL
M
RU
S PA I N
Algiers
Oran
MOREA
Tunis
MALTA
1565
Tlemcen
Fez
Marrakech
Tripoli
Sijilmassa
Ouargla
SULTANATE
OF
MOROCCO
Ghadames
Tuat
Zuila
S a h a r a
D e s e r t
Ghat
Terhazza
Tamanrasset
To
West African Kingdoms
and Empires
To
Central Africa
Ottoman Empire in 1451
Tributary States in 1566
Limits of Ottoman rule in 1566
(boundaries in Africa and Arabia very approximate)
H.R.E.
Holy Roman Empire
Map 2: The Ottoman Empire to 1566
xii
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KHANATE
OF THE CRIMEA
CHIA
Kaffa
Bucharest
IM
ER
ET
ARIA
I
Sinope
Edirne
To
Samsun
Istanbul
N.W. Asia
Uskudar
Trebizond
Bursa
Ankara
Erzurum
ANATOLIA
KURDISTAN
Izmir
Tabriz
Adana
Nishapur
M
Tarsus
Aleppo E S O Mosul Kirkuk
PO
RHODES
SAFAVID
Kermanshah
TA
CYPRUS
MI
SYRIA
EMPIRE
A
Tripoli
CRETE
Baghdad
Beirut
Damascus
Isfahan
Yazd
Jerusalem
Alexandria
Cairo
Shiraz
Basra
Suez
EGYPT
To India
Medina
ARABIA
Mecca
Jeddah
YE
To
Sudan and
E. Africa
ME
N
Sana
To Central
and E. Africa
Aden
India the East

and E. Africa
500
500
1000 miles
1000
1500 km
Map 2: (cont.)
xiii
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Venice
Marseilles
Naples
Gibraltar
Tangier
Algiers
SPANISH
MOROCCO
Rabat
Casablanca
Fez
Oran
Tlemcen
Athens
Tunis
Malta
Sfax
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
1881
1912
Tripoli
Ifni
A L G E R I A
18301902
L I B YA
19111932
Area in
dispute
Areas of rule or control

Ottoman Empire
British
French
Italian
Spanish
Independent
1830
Date of occupation or treaty arrangement

International boundaries in 1914
(alignments approximate)
Boundaries of the Ottoman Empire in
1800 (alignments approximate)
Map 3: The Middle East and North Africa on the eve of the First World
War
xiv
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Odessa
Istanbul
Erzurum
Bursa
Ankara
A N ATOL I A
Izmir
Diyarbakir
Adana
Aleppo
Russian Sphere
of influence
Tehran
Mosul
(1907)
SYRIA
CYPRUS
1878
Baghdad
PERSIA
Isfahan
Damascus
Yazd
Jerusalem
Alexandria
Cairo
Kerman
Basra
Port Said
Suez
Shiraz
KUWAIT
Bandar
Abbas
1899
IG
HIJAZ
SA E
HA
M
AL
Asyut
TRUCIAL
OMAN
EGYPT
1882
Medina
NAJD
Aswan
Wadi Halfa
AP
1820
P R OXI MAT E
Jeddah
Mecca
Port Sudan
British
Sphere
of influence
(1907)
Muscat
MUSCAT
AND
OMAN
1861
ASIR
YEMEN
Omdurman
E
EN RAT
ADCTO
E
T
39
RO
18
Sana
Khartoum
ANGLO-EGYPTIAN
SUDAN
Aden
1899
500
500
1000 miles
1000
1500 km
Map 3: (cont.)
xv
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Algiers
Tangier
(International zone)
Rabat
Ceuta
Fez
Casablanca
MOROCCO
Oran
Melilla
Colomb-Bechar
Djelfa
Tunis
TUNISIA
Touggourt
Sfax
Gabes
Tripoli
Benghazi
Ifni
A L G E R I A
L I B YA
Independent
League of Nations mandated territory
Colonial power
British
Control by protectorate, treaty, or similar arrangement

(including Bahrain)
International boundaries
French
Independent Armenia 191821
Italian
Maximum extent of Greek advance into Turkey, 191922
Spanish
Hatay ceded to Turkey, 1939
Map 4: The Middle East and North Africa between the two World
Wars
xvi
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Zachary Lockman
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Samsun
Istanbul
Ankara
Bursa
Erzurum
TURKEY
Izmir
Tabriz
Diyarbakir
Adana
Konya
SYRIA
LEBANON
Beirut
Haifa
PALESTINE
Alexandria
Cairo
Tehran
Mosul
Aleppo
CYPRUS
Suez
Baghdad
Damascus I R AQ
Amman
Jerusalem
PERSIA
(Independent
1932)
Abadan
Shiraz
Basra
KUWAIT
TRANSJORDAN
Neutral
Zones
BAHRAIN
E G Y P T
(Independent 1936)
QATAR
Muscat
Riyadh
TRUCIAL
COAST
Aswan
Wadi Halfa
Jeddah
Mecca
Port Sudan
KINGDOM OF
SAUDI ARABIA
MUSCAT
AND
OMAN
1932
ASIR
PROVINCE
1934
YEMEN
Sana
Khartoum
TE
EN
AD TORA
EC
T
O
PR
ANGLO-EGYPTIAN
Al Obeid
Aden
SUDAN
500
500
1000 miles
1000
1500 km
Map 4: (cont.)
xvii
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Zachary Lockman
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GREECE
Ceuta
Melilla
TUN
(Spain)
(Spain)
IS
IA
MOROCCO
WESTERN
SAHARA
A L G E R I A
L I B YA
MAURITANIA
MALI
NIGER
CHAD
CENTRAL
AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
International boundary
0
500
500
1000 miles
1000
1500 km
Map 5: The Middle East and North Africa boundaries
xviii
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Zachary Lockman
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GEORGIA
BULGARIA
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
TURKMENISTAN
TURKEY
CYPRUS
AFGHANISTAN
SYRIA
LEBANON
IRAN
IRAQ
N
K
PA
JOR
DA
ISRAEL
AN
IST
KUWAIT
BAHRAIN
EGYPT
SAUDI
ARABIA
OMAN
QATAR
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES
OMAN
ERITREA
YEMEN
Socotra
SUDAN
(Yemen)
ETHIOPIA
KENYA
ZARE
UGANDA
Map 5: (cont.)
xix
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Italy
Portugal Spain
oc
or
Western Sahara
co
Tunisia
Algeria
Mauritania
Mali
Niger
Middle East and North Africa

Countries contiguous with or immediately adjacent to the
Middle East or North Africa
Map 6: The Middle East and North Africa in the world
xx
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Cyprus
Syria
Lebanon
Iraq
Israel/Palestine
Iran
Jordan
Libya
Egypt
Kuwait
Pakistan
Bahrain
Qatar
Saudi U.A.E.
Arabia
Eritrea
Chad
ista
Azer- Tu
baijan rkmen
anis
ta
Georgia
Armenia
Turkey
Af
gh
Bulgaria
Greece
Malta
Sudan
Oman
Yemen
Djibouti
Ethiopia
al
ia
Central
African Rep.
Uganda
So
Kenya
Zare
Map 6: (cont.)
xxi
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Cambridge University Press

Contending Visions of the Middle East

Zachary Lockmans book offers a broad survey of the development of

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

The Contemporary Middle East 3

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Contending Visions of the

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

2 Islam, the West and the rest

3 Orientalism and empire

4 The American century

5 Turmoil in the eld

6 Saids Orientalism: a book and its aftermath

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

1 The rise of Islam and the Arab conquests

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Conquests to A.D. 632

Date of occupation or attack

Map 1: The rise of Islam and the Arab conquests

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Holy Roman Empire

Map 2: The Ottoman Empire to 1566

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

India the East

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Areas of rule or control

Date of occupation or treaty arrangement

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Control by protectorate, treaty, or similar arrangement

Independent Armenia 191821

Maximum extent of Greek advance into Turkey, 191922

Hatay ceded to Turkey, 1939

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Map 5: The Middle East and North Africa boundaries

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Middle East and North Africa

Map 6: The Middle East and North Africa in the world