CS 268: Computer Networking

L-23 Course Wrap-up

Goals and Objectives

Understand state-of-the-art in network
protocols, architectures, and applications
Process of networking research
Constraints and thought processes for
networking research
Problem FormulationApproachAnalysis
Results

Different from undergraduate networking

(EECS 122)
i.e., training network programmers vs. training
network researchers

Class Topic Coverage

Little on physical and data link layer
Little on undergraduate material
Supposedly you already know this, though some
revisiting/overlap is unavoidable
Focus on the why, not the what

Focus on network-to-application layer

We dealt with:
Protocol rules and algorithms, tradeoffs, rationale
Routing, transport, DNS resolution,

Network extensions and next generation architecture

Wireless, mobile, sensor,
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Lecture Topics

Traditional
Layering
Internet architecture
Routing (IP)
Transport (TCP)
Queue management
(FQ, RED)
Naming (DNS)

Recent Topics
Multicast
Mobility/wireless
Active networks
QoS
Network measurement
Overlay networks
P2P applications
Datacenter networking
Italics topics on Quiz #2
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What is the Objective of Networking?

Communication between applications on
different computers
Must understand application needs/
demands
Traffic data rate, pattern (bursty or constant bit
rate), target (multipoint or single destination,
mobile or fixed)
Delay and loss sensitivity
Other application-support services
Overlays, Active Networks, Data-oriented,

Back in the Old Days

Packet Switching (Internet)

Packets

Packet Switching
Interleave packets from different sources
Statistical multiplexing to use resources on demand
Supports multiple applications types
Accommodates bursty traffic via queues

Store and forward

Packets are self contained units
Can use alternate paths reordering
Effects of contention: congestion and delay

Semester readings on Fair Queuing, Router

Design, Network Topology and Network
Measurement

Internet[work]
A collection of
interconnected
networks
Host: network
endpoints (computer,
PDA, light switch, )
Router: node that
connects networks
Internet vs. internet

Internet[work]

Challenge
Many differences between networks

Address formats
Performance bandwidth/latency
Packet size
Loss rate/pattern/handling
Routing

How to translate between various network

technologies?
Gateways
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Extensions to the Network

New kinds of networks within the Internet

Mobile
Wireless
Sensor
Delay Tolerant
Content Distribution/Data Oriented Networks

Semester readings on Roofnet, Ad hoc and

sensor net routing, DTNs, CDNs, DOT, etc.

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How To Find Nodes?

Internet
Computer 1

Computer 2
Need naming and routing

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Naming

Whats the IP address for www.cmu.edu?

It is 128.2.11.43
Computer 1

Local DNS Server

Translates human readable names to logical endpoints

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Extensions to the Network Architecture

Naming

DNS as an Overlay Network

Problems with Host-to-IP Address bindings
Problems with Service-to-Host bindings
Solutions based on the idea of an extra level of
indirection: flat identifiers plus resolution based
on DHT lookup

Semester readings on DNS and on flat

names and DHTs in the context of i3, DOA,
etc.
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Routing
Routers send
packet towards
destination

R
R
R

R
R

H: Hosts
R: Routers

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Extensions to the Network Architecture

Forwarding
Problems with Internet routing
Beyond point-to-point routing: multicast,
mobility, alternative schemes and metrics for
wireless/sensor nets, delay tolerant nets, etc.
Indirection schemes and intermediaries
(performance enhancing proxies) to
implement new forms of forwarding

Semester readings on Internet topology,

multicast, wireless, i3, DTN, DOA, policyaware switching, network measurement

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Meeting Application Demands

Reliability
Corruption
Lost packets

Flow and congestion control

Fragmentation
In-order delivery
Etc.

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What if the Data gets Corrupted?

Problem: Data Corruption
GET index.html

Internet

GET windex.html

Solution: Add a checksum

0,9 9

6,7,8 21

4,5 7

1,2,3 6

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What if Network is Overloaded?

Problem: Network Overload

Solution: Buffering and Congestion Control

Short bursts: buffer
What if buffer overflows?
Packets dropped
Sender adjusts rate until load = resources congestion control

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What if the Data gets Lost?

Problem: Lost Data
GET index.html

Internet

Solution: Timeout and Retransmit

GET index.html
GET index.html

Internet

GET index.html

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What if the Data Doesnt Fit?

Problem: Packet size

On Ethernet, max IP packet is 1.5kbytes

Typical web page is 10kbytes

Solution: Fragment data across packets

ml

x.ht

inde

GET
GET index.html
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What if the Data is Out of Order?

Problem: Out of Order
ml

inde

x.ht

GET
GET x.htindeml

Solution: Add Sequence Numbers

ml 4

inde 2

x.ht 3

GET 1
GET index.html
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Lots of Functions Needed

Link
Multiplexing
Routing
Addressing/naming (locating peers)
Reliability
Flow control
Fragmentation
Etc.
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What is Layering?
Modular approach to network functionality
Example:
Application
Application-to-application channels
Host-to-host connectivity
Link hardware

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Protocols
Module in layered structure
Set of rules governing communication
between network elements (applications,
hosts, routers)
Protocols define:
Interface to higher layers (API)
Interface to peer
Format and order of messages
Actions taken on receipt of a message
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Layering Characteristics
Each layer relies on services from layer
below and exports services to layer above
Interface defines interaction
Hides implementation - layers can change
without disturbing other layers (black box)

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Application-Oriented Networking
All kinds of new application-specific routing
and transport layers

Sensor network dissemination protocols

Content distribution/data oriented networks
Overlay networks
Active networks
Middleboxes/Performance Enhancing Proxies

Layering and E2E assumptions questioned

and revised
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Quo Vadis Networking?

GENI: new architecture for Next Generation
New naming and forwarding as foundation
Security and authenticity from first principles
Experimentation in upper layers, e.g., DTN

Refocus from wide-area to local-area

Unified telephony and data, wired/wireless

Datacenters for web and batch parallel apps
O(10,000) node DC and enterprise networks
New addressing, transport opportunities
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What Next?
Thursday, 4 December: Quiz #2
Friday, 12 December: Research Project
Poster Session -- 12-2 PM in Soda 6th Floor
Poster more or less equivalent to 9 slide
research talk
Remember the Heilmeyer Questions!

Monday, 15 December: 5 PM Project

Reports
Specification on the web, 10-20 pages
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