USALAMA

WATER PROJECT

OPERATIONS &
MAINTENANCE
MANUAL

COMPILED BY
ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS NEW YORK
JUNE 2014
USALAMA@EWBNY.ORG
Page 1 of 16

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contacts
Summary
Safety
Operations and Maintenance Checklist
Tank Inspection and Maintenance
Water Treatment
Monthly Team Meeting Guideline
Record Keeping

p. 3
p. 4
p. 5-6
p. 7-9
p. 10-11
p. 12-14
p. 15
p. 16

Appendix:
Water System Photographs
Tank Inspection Drawings
Water Treatment Calculations

Page 2 of 16

CONTACTS
In case of questions or emergency, the following people can be contacted.
Affiliation

Name

Phone Number

Email

Usalama Primary School Chairman /

Village Headman

Jackson Maweu

0720974666

jacksonmaweu@yahoo.com

EWB-NY Project Lead

Claire Wang

+1 347-272-3487

claire.b.wang@gmail.com

EWB-NY Technical Lead

Patrick Farnham + 708-738-1359

ptf23@cornell.edu

EWB-NY Chapter President

Jessica Miller

+1 718-986-5927

president@ewbny.org

KIMAWASCO Director

Kimeu Ndundu

0726-838-730

kimeundundu@ymail.com

KIMAWASCO Project Manager

Joseph Kilonzu

0729312628

KIMAWASCO Technical Manager

Elijah Mzungu

0721623856

Page 3 of 16

SUMMARY
This document explains how to maintain and operate the water distribution system for the community of
Usalama. It is followed by an Appendix with more details and photographs.
The goal of Engineers Without Borders - New York (EWB-NY) and the Usalama community was to restore the
water system so that it would service the five (5) existing water kiosks and make water more easily accessible
for the community. Water from the system is used for drinking, among other uses, so a treatment procedure
utilizing chlorine was implemented. The system is maintained consistently by two designated maintenance
workers, and operators at each kiosk.
The system consists of storage, distribution and treatment components:
Storage:
Concrete masonry water storage tank with 40,000 Liters of storage
Galvanized iron (GI) pipe fittings and gate valves at tank
Float valve at tank
Tank access door
Distribution:
PVC piping
GI piping
Five kiosks with brass faucets
Treatment:
Chlorine measurement/dispensing containers
The five kiosks and original piping were installed by the African Medical Research Foundation (AMREF) in
2008. EWB-NY constructed the new water tank and installed new piping to reroute the distribution system
between 2013 and 2014. The drawings compiled by EWB-NY show the constructed system, and the
photographs show the construction process.

Page 4 of 16

SAFETY
!

PERSONAL PROTECTION

It is very important to use the correct personal prot ective

equipment (PPE) when working on the water system.
Follow these rules to remain safe while performing
maint enance or routine system operation.

Use GLOVES AND

SAFETY GLASSES when
handling chlorine

Wear rubber gloves and safety glasses when handling

the hypochlorite powder.
This will prevent skin and eyes from burning when the
hypochlorite is transferred from the storage container
(50 kg tin) to the 5 liter jugs used for creating the
stock solution.
Personnel handling the chlorine stock solution as well
as the kiosk operators should wear gloves for
protection during all handling of the solutions.

Use GLOVES when

handling paint or PVC glue.

Wear gloves when using PVC pipe cement or bitumastic

paints. Only use these unstable chemicals in a wellventilated area. Do not let the chemicals touch the skin
or eyes.

Do not inhale calcium

hypochlorite

Open the hypochlorite containers only in areas with good

ventilation (in the open air, and not indoors). Breathing in
hypochlorite fumes can cause coughing and lung
irritation.
Nausea, dizziness, and vomiting are signs that somebody
has been exposed to these fumes for a long time. Being
continuously exposed to hypochlorite fumes will cause
PERMANENT lung damage. Hypochlorite is good for
treating water, but it is harmful in high, undiluted
concentrations.

Keep away from

children and animals.

Carefully clean any spilling of the powder or stock

solution, to prevent the spilled chemical from harming
other people or animals.

Page 5 of 16

SAFETY
!
FIRST
AID
!

IF YOUR EYES OR SKIN ARE EXPOSED DIRECTLY TO CALCIUM

HYPOCHLORITE POWDER OR STOCK SOLUTION
If calcium hypochlorite or the stock solution comes in contact with the eyes or skin, carefully
flush out of eyes or rinse affected skin with clean water for at least ten (10) minutes or
longer if irritation remains. Seek professional medical attention if irritation persists.

IF YOU CONSUME CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE POWDER OR STOCK SOLUTION

If calcium hypochlorite or the stock solution is consumed by drinking or eating,
IMMEDIATELY drink large quantities of water and seek professional medical attention.
DO NOT induce vomiting.

Page 6 of 16

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

These tasks should be followed at different frequencies (daily, weekly, monthly, semi-yearly, and yearly) to keep the
water system running smoothly. When these tasks are completed, mark the task and date completed in a separate
book. Use the photographs in the Appendix of this manual to compare the condition of the water system.

1. DAILY TASKS
TASK # TASK

CATEGORY

FOLLOW-UP TASK

1.1

Log water usage at kiosks

Compare total amount of water used to amount on water bill.

Perform 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, and 3.7 if kiosk water usage and
water bill do not match. Use the water usage data to analyse
seasonal demand.

1.2

Make chlorine stock solution

Liquid chlorine stock solution will be made as needed, using the

instructions in the Water Treatment section of this manual.

1.3

Record hypochlorite usage

The amount of hypochlorite powder should be recorded as a

check against water purchased.

1.4

Maintain proper hypochlorite

storage

Keep hypochlorite containers in a location out of direct sunlight,

away from heat sources, and sealed against air exchange.

1.5

Maintain safety standards

Use gloves/glasses and adequate ventilation during handling of

undiluted hypochlorite to avoid injury.

2. WEEKLY TASKS
TASK # TASK
2.1

CATEGORY

Monitor kiosk operators

dosing operations

FOLLOW-UP TASK
Check that the proper amount of diluted chlorine is being added
to each jerrican. See the instructions in the Water Treatment
section of this manual for the proper amounts.

KEY
PIPING
SYSTEM

WATER
TREATMENT

Page 7 of 16

WATER TANK

SAFETY

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

3. MONTHLY TASKS
TASK # TASK

CATEGORY

FOLLOW-UP TASK

3.1 Log water meter readings

Compare meter readings with kiosk water use. Perform 3.3,

3.4, 3.6, and 3.7 if the water meter reading and kiosk
water use do not match.

3.2 Log flow rate at kiosks

Perform 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, and 3.7 if the flow rate seems
remarkably low.

3.3 Walk along pipeline

(Perform if required by 3.1 or
3.2)

Check for leaks and exposed pipes. Repair damaged pipe and
cover exposed pipe as needed.

3.4 Check valves, fittings, and taps

(Perform if required by 3.1 or
3.2)

Check for leaks and tight seal of valves at the tank and along
the pipeline. Open and close the valves. Clean valves if
necessary. Refer to the photos in the Appendix for the
condition that the valves, fittings and taps should be in.

3.5 Inspect interior of tank for

solids buildup

Clean interior of tank yearly or as needed.

3.6 Inspect tank for cracking or

spalling
(Perform if required by 3.1 or
3.2)

Refer to the Tank Inspection section of this manual to complete

these inspection tasks. See the Tank Inspection drawings in
the Appendix of this manual for details.

3.7 Inspect float switch

(Perform if required by 3.1 or
3.2)

Check for rust, and test the float switch by hand to make sure
that the hinge is working. See the Appendix of this manual for
a photograph to compare to.

3.8 Clean tank exterior

Sweep tank roof with broom to prevent dust and dirt from
entering tank during opening of access door.

3.9 Monthly Team Meeting

Conduct a monthly meeting of all Operation and Maintenance

Personnel, according to the Monthly Team Meeting Guideline
within this manual.

KEY
PIPING
SYSTEM

WATER
TREATMENT

Page 8 of 16

WATER TANK

SAFETY

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

4. SEMI-YEARLY TASKS
TASK # TASK
4.1

CATEGORY

Clean valves

FOLLOW-UP TASK
Clean any solid material out of the valves at the tank, either by
flushing with water or cleaning by hand.

5. YEARLY TASKS
TASK # TASK

CATEGORY

FOLLOW-UP TASK

5.1

Clean tank interior

Drain tank during system shutdown using cleanout valve.

Scrape, scrub, and rinse walls and floor of tank to remove
sediment and deposits.

5.2

Restock hypochlorite stock

Purchase enough hypochlorite to continue chlorination

operations at kiosks.

KEY
PIPING
SYSTEM

WATER
TREATMENT

Page 9 of 16

WATER TANK

SAFETY

TANK INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

!
!
!This section describes some of the problems that may arise during the tanks use, the

possible causes of these problems, and suggested solutions. See the drawings at the
Appendix of this manual for the drawings that are referenced in this table.

1. Wall and Slab Cracks

Observations
Cracks are visible on the roof, wall (both vertical and diagonal cracks) and slab; all
at the same time.
What this means: SEVERE RISK
Tank is settling unevenly on ground,
OR:
Ground slab has been undermined by erosion from wind or water.
What you should do:
Fill below the slab with compacted soil
Provide additional soil around the perimeter of tank

2. Spalling

Observations
Spalling: Concrete is chipped or breaking off from the bottom of the roof slab
inside the tank
What this means: LOW RISK
Reinforcing bars have rusted and expanded
What you should do:
1. Carefully remove loose concrete with a hammer.
2. Remove rust from reinforcing bars with wire brush.
3. Place mortar over reinforcing bars to protect them from future corrosion.

3. Horizontal Wall Cracks

Observations
Horizontal cracks are visible between stone layers in the wall mortar beds.
What this means: MODERATE RISK
There is small movement between the stone courses.
What you should do:
1.Determine if it is a full-depth crack. Inspect the inside and outside of the
tank wall. If the tank is leaking from a crack, it is a full-depth crack.
2.Remove plaster and waterproofing from affected area.
3.Patch full depth cracks by applying new mortar.
4.Re-plaster and waterproof surface of wall.

Page 10 of 16

TANK INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

!
!
!

4. Cracks extending from openings

Observations
Cracks are occurring radially outward from wall pipe penetrations or at the corners of
the roof hatch opening.
What this means: LOW RISK
There are local stresses within the wall/slab, which are not likely to weaken the
structure. However, any cracks that are big enough to allow water through will
continue to deteriorate the concrete and stone.
What you should do:
Patch cracks to prevent water infiltration.
Use grout and a waterproofing sealer as needed.

5. Sudden or large cracks

Observations
Large cracks, long or wide, or sudden cracking anywhere on the structure are visible.
What this means: SEVERE RISK
Large cracks may indicate that the tank will fail very soon.
What you should do:
1. Reduce the amount of water in tank
2. Prevent anyone from going on top of tank

Observations
Cracking occurs soon after the tank is put in to use (for example, after it is filled for the
first time).

6. Cracks after the tank is filled

with water

Note: small hairline cracks are expected in concrete and stone

What this means: SEVERE RISK
The material is failing to resist the load.
What you should do:
1. Monitor carefully
2. Determine extent of cracking and make sure it is not getting worse

Page 11 of 16

WATER TREATMENT
A member of the water system maintenance team should make
the chlorine solution out of Tropical Chloride of Lime (TCL) powder
and water. The Kiosk Operators will then dispense this solution
into individual jerricans at the kiosks.
Follow the instructions in this manual to create and distribute the
chlorine stock solution.

TCL Powder can be purchased from:

Nairobi Ironmongers Ltd
Homabay Road, Industrial Area
P O Box 43524, Nairobi 00100
Tel: 254 20 555 879 / 558 805
Fax: 254 20 555 854
Email: info@nil1949.com

Water treatment process

Maintenance
team

Purchases
chlorine

Creates chlorine
stock solution
(see
instructions)

Distributes stock solution

(5 Liter container) to
kiosk operators

Kiosk operator

Puts chlorine solution into each jerrican and fills jerrican with water
(see instructions)

Customer

Waits for 30 minutes before drinking chlorinated water

CHLORIN E HANDLING TIPS
Use gloves and safety goggles when handling the hypochlorite powder.
Do not inhale calcium hypochlorite powder.
Keep away from children.
Store and prepare the solution in a dry, well-ventilated place.
Keep away from the sun, moisture, and flammable material.
Exposure to moisture may react with the powder and cause burns, or produce
dangerous chlorine gas.
The chlorine solution must be kept in a dark container, so that it does not react
with light.
Do not keep the chlorine solution for longer than one week.

Page 12 of 16

How$to$Make$Chlorine$Stock$Solution$(5L):$
Jinsi%ya%Kutengeneza%Mchanganyiko%wa%Chlorine,%(Lita%tano):%
Obtain'67%'Calcium'Hypochlorite'Powder'in'50'kg'tin'(kes'$12,000)'from'Nairobi'Ironmongers,'
Ltd.'(or'other'approved'vendor)'as'needed'and'store'away'from'sunlight'in'a'dry'area.'
Nunua%67%%Calcium%Hypochlorite%Powder%ulio%kwenye%mkebe%wa%kilo%hamsini(50kg)%kwa%shilingi%12,000%kwenye%Duka%liitwalo%
Nairobi%Ironmongers%Ltd,%ama%duka%lolote%lingine.Hifadhi%mahali%pakavu%pasipo%na%jua%kali.%
Nairobi$Ironmongers$Ltd'
Homabay'Road,'
Industrial'Area''
P'O'Box'43524,'
Nairobi'00100'
Tel:'254'20'555'879'/'558'805'
Fax:'254'20'555'854'
Email:'info@nil1949.com'

Steps&

&

1.

'

Scoop'three'(3)'
Tablespoons'of'calcium'
hypochlorite'powder'into'
5=liter'jug.'Then,'add'water.''

'
Chota&vijiko&&vidogo&vitatu&vya&
Calcium&Hypochlorite&powder&
kisha&weka&kwenye&jagi&iliyo&ya&
na&maji&lita&tano(5lita)

2.

'
'

Shake'5=liter'jug'vigorously'
for'one'(1)'minute.'
Tingisha&hii&jagi&iliyo&na&maji&lita&
tano&kwa&nguvu&ili&uchanganye&&
kwa&muda&wa&dakika&moja.&

3.''''''''Set'5=liter'jug'aside'for'
thirty'(30)'minutes'before'
distributing'to'each'kiosk.'
'
Ngoja&dakika&thelathini(30&min)&
kabla&upeleke&mchanganyiko&
huo&ulio&kwanye&jagi&ya&lita&
tano(5l)&kwenye&kila&kiosk.

Wait'30'Minutes!'

Ngoja'dakika'Thelathini(30'min)!'

'

4.'''''''Keep'out'of'sunlight.'DO'
NOT'inhale.'
(Concentration'of'5=liter'
jug'stock'solution'='4,756'
mg/L).'
&
Hifadhi&mahali&pasipo&Jua&
kali(Mchanganyiko&lita&
tano(5lita)&=&4,756mg/L)&

Prepared'by'Engineers'with'Borders,'New'York'Professionals'Chapter'
For'the'Usalama'Water'Project,'Kenya'(2014)'
'
Page 13 of 16

How$to$Dispense$Chlorine$Stock$Solution$(5L)$
into$Jerrican:$
Jinsi%ya%akitoa%chlorine%hisa%ufumbuzi%(5L)%Katika%Jerrican:$
Store&concentrated&chlorine&stock&solution&in&a&secure&area&away&from&direct&sunlight&
and&dispense&the&solution&into&each&Jerrican&according&to&the&instructions&below.&
Kuhifadhi%kujilimbikizia%chlorine%hisa%ufumbuzi%katika%eneo%salama%mbali%na%jua%moja%kwa%moja%na%akitoa%
ufumbuzi%katika%kila%Jerrican%kwa%mujibu%wa%maelekezo%ya%chini.%

Steps:$$
1. Scoop&two$(2)$teaspoons&of&concentrated&stock&solution&into&big&(20L)&Jerrican,&then&fill&with&water.&
Scoop%mbili%(2)%chai%ya%ufumbuzi%kujilimbikizia%hisa%Katika%kubwa%(20L)%Jerrican.%

Scoop&one$(1)$teaspoon&of&concentrated&stock&solution&into&small&(10L)&Jerrican,&then&fill&with&water.&
Scoop%moja%(1)%kijiko%cha%ufumbuzi%kujilimbikizia%hisa%Katika%ndogo%(10L)%Jerrican.%

&

For$Big$(20L)$Jerrican:$2$teaspoons$
Kwa%kubwa%(20L)%Jerrican%vijiko%2

!
$

&
&
&

&
Concentrated&
Stock&Solution&

For$Small$(10L)$Jerrican:$1$teaspoon$
&

Kwa%ndogo%(10L)%Jerrican%vijiko%1

&

Concentrated&
Stock&Solution&

&
&
&
&

&

2. Allow&Jerrican&to&mix&while&
carrying&home.&&
Mixing&time&=&30&minutes&before&
drinking.&
(Chlorine&Dosage&=&2.5&mg/L,&or&2.5&ppm)&
&
Kuruhusu%kuchanganya%wakati%Jerrican%Kubeba%mtu.%%
Kuchanganya%wakati%=%dakika%30%kabla%ya%kunywa.%%
(Klorini%Kipimo%=%2.5%mg%/%L,%au%2.5%ppm)%%
Mbili.%Jerrican%Ruhusu%kwa%kuchanganya%wakati%kufanya%
mtu.%%
Kuchanganya%wakati%=%dakika%30%kabla%ya&kunywa.&&

(Klorini&Kipimo&=&2.5&mg&/&L,&au&2.5&ppm)&
Prepared&by&Engineers&with&Borders,&New&York&Professionals&Chapter&
For&the&Usalama&Water&Project,&Kenya&(2014)
%

&&

Page 14 of 16

MONTHLY TEAM MEETING GUIDELINE

Frequency: This meeting should be held at least once per month. All Operation and Maintenance Team
members (kiosk operators, maintenance personnel, etc.) must attend, and anyone who is interested in learning
about the project should be encouraged to attend as well. This meeting should not go on for a lengthy period,
unless real concerns are being discussed.
Purpose: The purpose of this meeting is to encourage effective communication between the Operation and
Maintenance team whilst promoting safe and correct operation of the water distribution system. This is only a
guideline and team members should feel free to express their concerns and raise issues in order to improve the
process.
***Please respect everyone who attends this meeting, by conducting it in a fair and
organized manner***
Getting started: Each month a different team member will take his/her turn to be the host, and this
individual will conduct the meeting according to the guidelines provided below.

Step 1: Greet and welcome all attendees to the meeting, say a little prayer if you would like.
Step 2: Safety... It is important for all team members to be aware of their environment and other people
working around them at all times. Team members should use personal protective equipment such as gloves
and goggles when it is appropriate. Review information from the Safety section of the Operation and
Maintenance manual.

Tools: Be cautious when working on high surfaces, and with tools. Prevent injury to yourself as well as
the people around you. Give an example of a possible injury that can occur when using tools.
Chemicals: Be careful when handling any chemicals, as it can be harmful to humans and animals if it is
inhaled or comes into contact with the surface of your body including your eyes. Give an example of
how an injury can occur when working with chemicals.

Step 3: Performance... Ask the team the following questions and discuss it with the team:

Has the team followed the Operation and Maintenance Manual accurately in the past month?
Has the team reported any incidents/problems with the water system, and did you get feedback? Was
the problem resolved?
What can we do to improve the way we operate the system?
Are all team members contributing to the process as they should be and how can we work better as a
team?

After asking and discussing the questions above, set a goal for the team if necessary, and try to achieve it
before the next meeting. Ensure that you discuss previous goals that were set for the team last month.
Step 4: Progress. Congratulate your team on doing a good job, and thank everyone for attending. Go around
asking each person who attended if they have any questions and end the meeting once everyone has had an
opportunity to speak.

Page 15 of 16

RECORD KEEPING
Keep a record of this information. This information will be useful for when calculating revenue from water
sales, and planning the operating budget.

KIOSK-BASED WATER USAGE

Date water was sold
Volume of water sold each day at each kiosk
Unit price water was sold at
Total revenue from water sales per month

WATER BILL
Amount of water recorded on monthly bill
Total cost of water for the month
Unit price of water

CHLORIN E PURCHASES
Dates that chlorine was purchased and delivered
How much chlorine was purchased
PURCHASES FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
Description of maintenance or repair task
Date that maintenance or repair was performed
List of items purchased for maintenance or repair, and cost; including materials and tools. (For example:
shovels, concrete, PVC glue)
Cost and description of labor for maintenance or repair.

MONTHLY TEA M MEETI NGS

See guidelines for the Monthly Team Meetings inside this manual.
Record the date of the meeting and names of everyone who attended.

Page 16 of 16

USALAMA WATER PROJECT

OPERATIONS &
MAINTENANCE MANUAL

APPENDIX
WATER SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS
TANK INSPECTION DRAWINGS
WATER TREATMENT CALCULATIONS

USALAMA WATER PROJECT

OPERATIONS &
MAINTENANCE MANUAL

APPENDIX
WATER SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS
TANK INSPECTION DRAWINGS
WATER TREATMENT CALCULATIONS

PHOTOGRAPHS
Tank
1.Typical Inlet

2.Typical outlet (show fittings, valves, valve box)

PHOTOGRAPHS
3. Float valve

4. Tank access door

PHOTOGRAPHS
5. Tank in general

PHOTOGRAPHS
Piping

PVC Pipe - typical connection of two PVC pipes, with the label of the PVC pipe brand shown.

PVC Pipe - Pipes should never be connected using too much glue. If too much glue is used, it will clog the
pipe, as shown here.

USALAMA WATER PROJECT

OPERATIONS &
MAINTENANCE MANUAL

APPENDIX
WATER SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS
TANK INSPECTION DRAWINGS
WATER TREATMENT CALCULATIONS

1. SIMULTANEOUS WALL AND SLAB CRACKS

CRACKS ON TOP OF ROOF TANK

MAY INDICATE THAT THE TANK IS
SETTLING UNEVENLY.

DIAGONAL AND VERTICAL CRACKS

IN THE WALL MAY INDICATE THAT
THE TANK IS SETTLING UNEVENLY.

2. SPALLING ON BOTTOM OF ROOF SLAB

SPALLING CONCRETE
FROM UNDERSIDE OF ROOF
SLAB MAY INDICATE
RUSTING REINFORCEMENT.

3. HORIZONTAL WALL CRACKS

HORIZONTAL CRACKS BETWEEN

LAYERS MAY INDICATE DIFFERENTIAL
MOVEMENT BETWEEN COURSES.

4. CRACKS EXTENDING FROM OPENINGS

CRACKS THAT OCCURR RADIALLY OUTWARD

FROM OPENINGS ARE FROM LOCALIZED
STRESSES IN THE WALL OR SLAB.

5. SUDDEN OR LARGE CRACKS

IF SUDDEN OR LARGE CRACKS APPEAR UNLOAD TANK REMOVE WATER, MAKE SURE PEOPLE ARE NOT ON TANK

CRACKS ON TOP OF PILASTER OR ON

BOTTOM OF SLAB MAY INDICATE
EXCESSIVE LOADING - PEOPLE SHOULD
GET DOWN IF THEY ARE ON TANK.

USALAMA WATER PROJECT

OPERATIONS &
MAINTENANCE MANUAL

APPENDIX
WATER SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS
TANK INSPECTION DRAWINGS
WATER TREATMENT CALCULATIONS

WATER TREATMENT
Detailed Chlorine Dilution calculations
If characteristics of hypochlorite powder, size of mixing jug, volume of jerrican, or required chlorine dosage changes,
the new amount of chlorine to be used can be calculated by substituting the new value into the below equations.
Chlorine Solution

Jerrican Disinfections Dosage Calculation

(4,756 mg hypochlorite/L)

Given that
Powder 670,000 mg/kg hypochlorite per mass
Density of hypochlorite: 0.8 g/cm3 = 0.8 g/ml

Equation for calculating the concentration of dosage (2.5

mg/L) in 20 L jerrican:
mg
X
L
= 2.5!mg/L
20!L

4,756

Calculation for concentration of hypochlorite in 5L jug:

mg
! !X
mg
kg
= 4,756
5!L
L

670,000

Rearrange and solve:

mg
! !5!L
23,780
L
X =!
=
= 0.035!kg
mg
670,000
670,000
kg
4,756

Mass!of!powder! = !X! = !0.035!kg

Conversion to tablespoons:
0.035!kg 1000

Rearrange and solve:

X=

mg
20!L
50
L
mg = 4,756 = 0.105!L
4,756
L

2.5

Volume!of!Chloride!Solution!to!use! = !0.105!L
Conversion to teaspoons:
0.105!L!1,000
4.93

g
kg

= 3!tbsp
g
0.8
14.79!mL/tbsp
mL
Powder!to!add! = !3!tablespoons

ml
tsp

ml
L = 2.1!tsp

Amount!of!Chloride!Solution!to!add!
= !2!teaspoons