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Electrons-Many physical phenomena involve

electrons in an essential role, such as electricity,
magnetism, and thermal conductivity, and they also
participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and
weak interactions. An electron generates an electric
field surrounding it. An electron moving relative to an
observer generates a magnetic field. External
magnetic fields deflect an electron. Electrons radiate
or absorb energy in the form of photons when
accelerated. Laboratory instruments are capable of
containing and observing individual electrons as well
as electron plasma using electromagnetic fields,
whereas dedicated telescopes can detect electron
plasma in outer space. Electrons have many
applications, including electronics, welding, cathode
ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy,
lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle
accelerators.
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. Commonly,
transformers are used to increase or decrease the
voltages of alternating current in electric power
applications.
A varying current in the transformer's primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer core and a varying magnetic field

impinging on the transformer's secondary winding.

This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding
induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
voltage in the secondary winding. Making use of
Faraday's Law in conjunction with high magnetic
permeability core properties, transformers can thus
be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from
one voltage level to another within power networks.
Purpose of Transformer Core
In an electrical power transformer, there are primary,
secondary and may be tertiary windings. The
performance of a transformer mainly depends upon
the flux linkages between these windings. For
efficient flux linking between these windings, one low
reluctance magnetic path common to all windings
should be provided in the transformer. This low
reluctance magnetic path in transformer is known as
core of transformer.
Auger effect
The Auger effect is a physical phenomenon in which
the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is
accompanied by the emission of an electron from the
same atom.[1] When a core electron is removed,
leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy
level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release
of energy. Although most of the time this energy is
released in the form of an emitted photon, the
energy can also be transferred to another electron,

which is ejected from the atom. This second ejected

electron is called an Auger electron
A microprocessor is a computer processor that
incorporates the functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit
(IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The
microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable
device that accepts digital data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in its memory, and
provides results as output.
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of
creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining
thousands of transistors into a single chip
Solid-state electronics are those circuits or devices
built entirely from solid materials and in which the
electrons, or other charge carriers, are confined
entirely within the solid material.[1] The term is often
used to contrast with the earlier technologies of
vacuum and gas-discharge tube devices, and it is
also conventional to exclude electro-mechanical
devices (relays, switches, hard drives and other
devices with moving parts) from the term solid state.
Common solid-state devices include transistors,
microprocessor chips, and RAM.
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to
amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with
at least three terminals for connection to an external

circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit
(also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a
set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of
semiconductor material, normally silicon
In computer science, a data structure is a particular
way of organizing data in a computer so that it can
be used efficiently.[1][2] Data structures can
implement one or more particular abstract data
types(ADT), which are the means of specifying the
contract of operations and their complexity. In
comparison, a data structure is a concrete
implementation of the contract provided by an ADT.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a
programming paradigm based on the concept of
"objects", which are data structures that contain
data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes;
and code, in the form of procedures, often known as
methods
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation
with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter
to as short as one millimeter; with frequencies
between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm)
networking is the practice of interfacing two or more
computing devices with each other for the purpose of
sharing data. Computer networks are built with a
combination of hardware and software.

Digital image processing is the use of computer

algorithms to perform image processing on digital
images
Optical communication, also known as optical
telecommunication, is communication at a distance
using light to carry information. It can be performed
visually or by using electronic devices.
A cellular network or mobile network is a wireless
network distributed over land areas called cells, each
served by at least one fixed-location transceiver,
known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular
network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies
from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and
provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell.
When joined together these cells provide radio
coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables
a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile
phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each
other and with fixed transceivers and telephones
anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if
some of the transceivers are moving through more
than one cell during transmission.
In telecommunication, a communications system is a
collection of individual communications networks,
transmission systems, relay stations, tributary
stations, and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually
capable of interconnection and interoperation to form
an integrated whole. The components of a

communications system serve a common purpose,

are technically compatible, use common procedures,
respond to controls, and operate in union.
Telecommunications is a method of communication
(e.g., for sports broadcasting, mass media,
journalism, etc.). A communications subsystem is a
functional unit or operational assembly that is
smaller than the larger assembly under
consideration.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays
use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a
switch, but other operating principles are also used,
such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation between control
and controlled circuits), or where several circuits
must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
were used in long distance telegraph circuits as
amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from
one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit.
Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations.
C (/si/, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose,
imperative computer programming language,
supporting structured programming, lexical variable
scope and recursion, while a static type system
prevents many unintended operations. By design, C
provides constructs that map efficiently to typical

machine instructions, and therefore it has found

lasting use in applications that had formerly been
coded in assembly language, including operating
systems, as well as various application software for
computers ranging from supercomputers to
embedded systems.
An embedded system is a computer system with a
dedicated function within a larger mechanical or
electrical system, often with real-time computing
constraints