Materi Ringkasan Grammar in English

I.

MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS

TENSES
PRESENT
1.
Future = S + will/shall+ V1
2.
Perpect = S + have/has + V3
3.
Continous = S + to be (is am are) + V
ing
4.
FP = S + will/shall + have + V3
5.
FC = S + will/shall + to be + V ing
6.
PC = S + have/has + been + V ing
7.
FPC = S + will/shall+ have + been + V
ing
8.
Simple => S + V1 (Plural)
S + V1(s/es) (Singular)

PAST
Future = S + would/should+ V1
Perpect = S + had + V3
Continous = S + to be (was/were) + V ing
FP = S + would/should + had + V3
FC = S + would/should + to be + V ing
PC = S + had + been + V ing
FPC = S + would/should + have + been + V
ing
8.
Simple => S + V2 (Plural)
S + V2(s/es) (Singular)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Modal 1: can, may, must, shall,will

Modal 2: chould, might,-----, should, would
Kata kerja berdasarkan Tenses
Present
Past (V2)
Past Perpect
(V3)
Is/am/are
Was/were
Been
Go/goes
Went
Gone
Have/has
had
had

1.
2.

Present
Perfect
Being
Going
having

To invinitive

invinitive(V1)

To be
To go
To have

Be
Go
have

Beda Because dan because of

Because diikuti clausa (S + V) => because she went to bali, she was absent
Because of didikuti Noun/noun phrase => because of going to bali, she was absent
Pengandaian
If were a president, I would remove test TOEFL
Tipe I => If + S + v1, S + M1 + V1
Tipe II => If + S + V3, S + M2 + M3
Tipe III => If + S + had + V3, S + M2 + have + V3
CONDITION SENTENCES
TIPE
fAKTA
PENGANDAIAN
Ket
I
Masa depan
II
Present
Pengandaian
Sekarang, apapun
+
S nya tobenya
+
harus were
II
Past
Past perfect/PF
Masa lampau/masa
perfect
lalu

Penggunaan Have
Have punya 4 arti => memiliki, sudah, harus dan menyuruh
1.
Memiliki/mempunyai => S + have/had/has + N
Contoh: she has two boy friends

She does not have two boy friends (-)

She did not have two boy friends (-)
2.
Sudah => S + have/had/has + V3
Contoh: she has had 2 boy friends
She had had 2 boy friends (had1; perpect, had2: V3)
She has not had have two boy friends (-)
3.
Harus => S + have/had/has + to infinitive
Contoh: you have to studying TOEFL
4.
Menyuruh => a). S + have/had/has + O (biasanya orang) + V1
Contoh: she had him help her
b). S + have/had/has + O (dikenai pekerjaan) + V3
contoh: I have the would (tembok) painted (dicat) blue

1.
2.

3.
4.

REDUCE CLAUSE
Ving + + S + V => melakukan pekerjaan
Contoh: living alone she feel sad (sedih)
Conector + Ving ++ S + V
Because she living alone, she feels sad (sedih) atau bisa juga because she lives alone, she
feels sad=> Jadinya: Because living alone, she feel sad=========== subyeknya dihapus
V 3 ++ S +V => dikenai pekerjaan
C+ V 3 ++ S +V => dikenai pekerjaan
Contoh when left (ditinggal) alone she feel sad
KESESUAIAN
Pernyataan I
Pernyataan II
Ada tobe
Harus juga ada to be
Ada modals
Harus ada modals
Ada have/had/has
Harus Ada have/had/has
Kalau tidak ada tobe/modals/have/had/has Pakai do/does/did
Contoh: she is tall, and so am I
Wahyudi has a wife, and aji does too (and so does Aji)
She will come love, and they will too (and so will they),
She had been to bali, and I had too (and so had I)
Untuk bentuk yang negative
Neither, either, nor artinya juga
Contoh:
She cant swim, and I cant either (and Neither cant I)
They have not been to bali, and she was not either (and neither has she)
INVERSI KARENA KOMPERATIVE
Fais is older than Futu is
Fais is older than is Futu
Fais home town is close than is Futus
Putu has (punya) more money than Fais does (does Fais)
Wahyudi had (sudah) visited (V3) Bali more than had Futu
PASIVE => S + to be + V3 (S dari Obyek)
Active => S + V + O = > She studied English
Pasive => S + to be + V3 => English was studied by her
Active => she will give them some money

Pasive => They (dari them) will given (V3dari give) some money
Some Money will given to them by her
Sentence
Active
Pasive
Present Future
S + will/shall + V1
S + will/shall + be + V3
Past Future
S+ would/should + V1
S + would/shoul + be + V3
Present perfect
Past perfect

S + have (jamak)/has (tunggal)

+ V3
S + had+ V3
She has given them some
money

S + have /has +been + V3

S + had +been + V3
They have been given some
money
Some money has been
given to them by her

Present continous
Past coninous

S + tobe (is am are) + V ing

S + was/ were + V ing
She is giving some money
She was giving some money

Simple Present
Simple past

S + V1/es/s
S + V2
She gives them some money
She gave them some money

S + tobe (is am are) +being+

V3
S + was/were +being+ V3
They are being given some
money by her
Some money was being
given to them by her
S + is/am/are + V3
S + was/were + V3
They are given some money
They were given some
money

Contoh lain:
They can not use this room => this room can not be use by them
CONCORD/KESESUAIAN

V singular

Every one/some one/no one/any one/each+ N sing

Every body/some body/no body/any body/each+Nsing
Every thing/some thing/no thing/any thing/ever+ Nsing
Contoh:
1. every one is infited to the party
2. no one knows whether, she will come or no
3. Each student gets a book
Each/one of + N plural + V singular

Contoh: each of the students gets a new book

ADJECTIVE + N
I am strong man
You are very diligent student
Ajectivi (menerangkan) N
Adverb (menerangkan) Verb/Adj/ Adverb yang lain
Adverb of manner : loud + ly => loudly
There + to be + N => (to be tergantung N nya jamak atau singular)
Is/was/ has been (tunggal), are/were/will be/have been/must have been (jamak)
There will be a test tomorrow
There was an accident inferat of post office
REDUCE CLAUSE
Clause (S +V) yang dipendekan
Sub cause (anak kalimat), main clause (induk kalimat)
Pola umum => S+VC S+V .. C S+V
Contoh: She was absent because she went to Bali
Dipendekan => she was absent because going to bali
Untuk yang konektornya depan
While she was studying in yogya, she got a husband
While studying in yogya, she got a husband
After she had finished studying, she went to Malioboro
After having finished studying, she went to Malioboro
Rumusnya
1.
=> C + Ving .., S + V (melakukan); because living alone, she fills sad
Ving .,S +V; she living alone, she fills sad => living alone, she fills sad
2.
=> C + V3.., S+V
V3.., S+V; left alone, she fills sad
3.
C + Adj., S+V; when sich, she always visits him
AJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adj menjelaskan N
Clausa menjelaskn S +V
Adj clause menjelaskan S+V lalu menjelaskan N
Contoh adj clause:
Who => sebagai subyek; who biasanya diikuti V
Whom => sebagai O; whom diikuti S +V
Contoh dalam kalimat
1.
Wahyudi is from Banjarmasin
2.
Wahyudi is diligent
Wahyudi (wahyudi is from Banjarmasin) is diligent => wahyudi who is from banjarmaisn is
diligent
Contoh lain:
Bejo is very strong
Trimbil loves bejo
Bejo (Trimbil loves bejo) is very strong
Bejo whom trimbil loves is very strong
Who/which/that + V

KK TERTENTU YANG FORMNYA V ing atau V3 TAPI FUNGSINYA ADJECTIVE

Boring (membosankan)
Bored (bosan)
Interesting (mementingkan)
Surprised (dipentingkan)
Surprising (menegjutkan)
Surprised (terkejut/dikejutkan)
Frightening(menakutkan)
Frightened (ketakutan)

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.

Contoh: she is boring (membosankan); she is bored (dia bosan)

Many people are surprised by the incident in Mojokerto
PARARELISME =KESETARAAN => sisi kiri dan kanan harus sama
Adjective
AND
Adjective
Adverb
OR
Adverb
Preposisi
BUT
Preposisi
Clause
Clause
V3
V3
V ing
V ing
To infinitive
To infinitive
dst
dst
Contoh: she has composed (V3) 10 song and (Connector) wrote (V2) 10 (SALAH)
she has composed (V3) 10 song and (Connector) written (V3) 10 (benar)
ANAK KALIMAT SELALU DIDAHULUI CONECTOR (REDUCE CLAUSE)
Dona gots a new boy friend, while she studied in UNY => Dona gots a new boy friend,
while studYING in UNY (subyek pada sub clause dihapus, verbnya jadi V ing)
while she studied in UNY, Dona gots a new boy friend => while studYING in UNY, Dona
gots a new boy friend (subyek pada sub clause dihapus, verbnya jadi V ing)
After she ate bakso, she deed (keracunan) => after eating bakso, she deed
PILIHAN VOCAB HARUS DIPERHATIKAN (SAAT KAPAN NOUN, ADJ ATAU ADVERB)
Contoh: the beautiful of women is not important (salah, karena subyek harus N misalnya
beauty)
PENGGUNAAN as. As dan the same .. as
As ADJECTIVIE/ADVERB as
Dona is as old (adj) as mini
Tom can run as ariely (adv) as jery
Dona is as older as doni (SALAH karena older untuk koparative => dona is older than
doni
THE SAME + NOUN + AS
Dona is the same age (noun) as mini
MODIFIER
A number/many/few/a few/ fewer/ several
+ N plural (countable)
Much/little/a little/ less/amount
+ uncountable
ATURAN REDUCE CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
PRESENT
PAST

SUB CLAUSE
BOLEH PRESENT, BOLEH PAST
HARUS PAST

Contoh:
The man who ( C) Running fast is my friend (salah karena who/which/that hanya boleh
diikuti V2 atau V present)

a.
b.
c.
a.
b.

a.
b.
c.
d.

1.
2.
3.

The man who ( C) is Running fast is my friend (benar)

NOUN CLAUSE
S + v + (C + S + V) => yang dikurung adlah noun clause sehingga dapat menjadi obyek
Do you know?
What did she do yesterday
What(C ) she (S) did (V) yesterday (benar)
She did what yesterday
She investigated .. for long tiem
How (c ) bats (s) live in colony (benar)
How did bats live in colony
REDUCE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The man (s) who (c = s) loved her was my friend => the man (s ) loving (adj) her was my
friend
The man who was arrested was a robber => The man arrested (adj) was a robber (who was
dihapus)
SETELAH HAVE/HAS/HAD TIDAK BOLEH ADJECTIVE
She has thirsty (adj) (slah) => she has thirsty dogs (N)
They have beautiful (salah) => They have beautiful friend
In Jakarta, it has again the law to smoke in public (salah karena againd adj)
In Jakarta, it again the law to smoke in public (boleh, krn tdk ada has)
The war (S) .3 countries ended (V) after long talk
Involved (adj juga tapi kurang cocok krn artinya dilibatkan)
Involving (benar krn ajd yang berarti melibatkan)
Involves (verb, tidak boleh double verb)
For involve
PENGGUNAAN WHOSE
N + WHOSE + N (N YANG KEDUA MILIK N PERTAMA)
The man whose wite is pretty is my neighbor
The horse whose tail is very
KATA2 KHUSUS
Request/demand/command/propose/require/insist/recomend
+ that + S + V1
They insisted that she be (V1) punished (benar)
They insisted (v2) that se go to Jakarta (go V1, benar)
They insist that she go to jkt (benar)
PENGGUNAAN LIKE DAN UNLIKE
LIKE/UNLIKE + N, S + V
Like john, tom is strong
Unlike tom, jery is strongly
Like tom, jery likes cheese (like pertama=> diawal kalimat: mirip/sebagaimana, like kedua =>
setelah S = suka)
Berikut adalah materi-materi yang sering diujikan dalam tes TOEFL pada bagian Soal
Structure Dan Written Expression.
1. Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary Verb adalah kata kerja tambahan yang bersamaan dengan main verb untuk
menambah arti : Be, have, do dan semua modal, (can, shall, may, dst)

2. Comparison
Comparison digunakan untuk membandingkan kata sifat (adjektif). Setidaknya ada tiga jenis
Comparision dalam bahasa inggris yaitu comparative adjective, superlative adjective,
irregular adjective, irregular adjective
Comparative Adjective :
Membandingkan dua hal, orang, binatang, benda, dll. Comparative menggunakan more
(lebih) dan less (kurang).
Artinya : Lebih
Bila adjective terdiri dari satu kata (menggunakan er), bila terdiri dua kata atau lebih
(menggunakan more- dan less). Contoh : Harder, More beautiful, less dangerous,
Contoh Kalimat : Ani is more beautiful than Yuni
Superlative Adjective :
Membandingkan lebih dari dua hal, orang, binatang, benda, dll
Memiliki Arti : Paling
Bila adjective terdiri dari satu kata (menggunakan est), bila terdiri dua kata atau lebih
(menggunakan most- dan least ). Contoh : Hardest, Most beautiful, least dangerous,
Contoh Kalimat : Ani is more beautiful than Yuni
Irregular Adjective :
Beberapa adjective tertentu tidak mengikuti kaidah diatas tidak beraturan.Di kenal sebagai
Irregular Adjective.
Beberapa adjective tidak beraturan yang sering digunakan
Adjective

Comparative

Superlaive

Little

Less

The Least

Far

Farther

The Fartherst

Good

Better

Best

Bad

Worse

The Worst

Much

More

The Most

Many

More

The Most

3. Preposisi
Preposisi adalah kata atau frase yang menjelaskan sebuah hubungan
Yang Perlu dicermati dalam ujian TOEFL sebagai berikut :
-Perbedaan Between dan Among
Between digunakan untuk menjelaskan dua kata benda (noun)
Contoh : There is a discussion between a student and his teacher
Sedangkan Among digunakan untuk menjelaskan tiga atau lebih noun atau sebuah kata
benda jamak (prular noun)
Contoh :
There is a discussion among Bill, Jimmy, and John
-Perbedaan in, on, dan at untuk menunjukkan tempar
Ketiganya memiliki arti yang sama untuk menunjukkan tempat, namun penggunaannya
berbeda
In : Menunjukkan tempat-tempat yang besar. contoh : Country, province, city, ocean, dll
On : Menunjukkan tempat-tempat yang berukuran menengah. Contoh : Street, coast, river,
lake, train, plane, ship, dll
At : Menunjukkan tempat-tempat yang berukuran kecil :Contoh : A corner, a room, a class, a
building, a car, a bus, dll
-Perbedaan in, on, at sebgai penunjuk waktu
In : Menunjukkan unit waktu yang besar. contoh : in 1992, in June
On : Menunjukkan unit waktu yang menengah. Contoh : On Thursday
At : Menunjukkan unit waktu yang berukuran kecil. Contoh : At 9.30 pm
-Perbedaan instead dan instead of
Arti yang sama : Dari Pada
Instead : Tim want to buy a dress instead
Instead Of: Digunakan sebelum setelah kata benda atau kata sifat

Contoh : I want to buy a dress instead of a shirt

-Perbedaan Because dan because of
Because : Merupakan kata sambung, setelahnya Kalimat
I didnt go to school because it was rain
Because Of : Menjelaskan kata benda dan frase . Setelahnya kata benda dan frase
I didnt go to school because of the rain
4. Correlative Conjunction
Correlative Conjunction adalah dua kata sambung yang digunakan secara bersaman dalam
sebuah kalimat. Sering kali digunakan untuk menyetakan pengecualian dan cakupan :
Beberapa Correlative Conjunction :
1) Bothand
Menyatakan 2 struktur parallel
Contoh : John teach both English and Match
2) Both.andas well as
Menyatakan 3 struktur parallel
John teach both English and Match as well as physics
3) Not OnlyBut Also
Not onlybut also : Tidak hanya tapi juga
4) Neither dan Either
Kedua kunjungsi ini sebut sebagai negative agreement.
Perbedaannya
Neither : Digunakan sebelum Auxiliary Verb (+)
Contoh :
Susi didnt go to the party, and neither did Tommy
Either : Digunakan setelah Auxiliary Verb (-)
Contoh :

Contoh :
Susi didnt go to the party, and Tommy did not neither
5. Negative Emphasis
Negative Emphasis adalah frasa yang dignakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan how often?
dan dignakan pada awal pernyataan
Yang termasuk dalam negative emphasis adalah not one, not until,never, never again, very
seldom, very rarely
Struktur
Negative Emphasis + Auxiliary + S + V
Contoh Kalimat :
Not one book has been read to prepare his thesis proposal
Berikut ini adalah Materi Grammar yang Sering Diujikan dalam Tes TOEFL
1. Main Verb
Semua kalima dalam bahasa inggris harus memiliki main verb (kata kerja utama) dan
subjek.
Contoh :
A: An advance country with an indicator of high rate of productivity (SALAH)
B: An Advance country has an indicator of high rate of high rate of productivity (BENAR)
Jawaban A : Salah, karena tidak memiliki Main Verb, kalimat tersebut hanyalah satu frasa
yang artinya : Satu Negara Maju Dengan Satu Indikator dari Tingkat Produktifitas yang tinggi
Jawab B : Benar, Main Verb nya adalah Has (Memiliki), arti kalimat : Satu Negara Maju
Memiliki Satu Indikator dari Tingkat Produktifitas yang tinggi
2. Infinitive
Infinitive adalah kata kerja (Verb) yang bila diikuti verb lain memerlukan bentuk infinitive
sebagai pelengkapnya,kata-kata kerja tersebut diantaranya yaitu :
Want Beg
Mean Propose Allow
Intend Urge Require Advice
Need Decide
Tell/teach Hope Invite Ask Expect Support
Struktur dari Verb diatas :
Verb + To + V 1
Contoh Kalimat : I Want To Say That I Love You
3. Gerund (-ing Form)
Kata-kata kerja (verb) yang bila di ikuti oleh verb lain, verb yang mengikuti haruslah
berbentuk V-ing. Kata-kata kerja tersebut diantaranya :
Finish Fancy forgive Mind
Admait Appreciate Denay Delay Detest Resist Risk
Concider Continue Keep Enjoy Excuse Postpone Practise Pardon
Prevent
Undertand.Aviod Anticipate Avoid Neglect

Struktur dari Verb di :

Verb + Verb-ing
Contoh Kalimat :
The students have finised doing the exercises
5. Conditional
Kalimat conditional disebut juga dengan kalimat pengandaian, digunakan untuk menyatakan
sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan. Teri dari 3
tipe dengan bentuk struktur :
Rumus Conditional Sentence Type 1
If + Subjek +V.1, S + Will + V.1
Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 1
If I prepare well for the test I will pass it .
Rumus Conditional Sentence Type 2
If + Subjek +V.2/Were +S + M2 + V.1
M2 (Modal bentuk 2) : Would,could
Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 2
If I prepared well for the test, I should pass.
Rumus Conditional Sentence Type 3
If + Subjek + Had + V3 +S+ M.2 + Have + V.3
Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 3
If I had prepared well for the test, I should have passed.
4. Past Custom
Past Custom adalah kebiasaan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan sekarang sudah tidak
terjadi lagi. Biasanya menggunakan Used To
Strukturnya sebagai berikut :
S + Used to + V
Atau
S + Used to + V-ing
Contoh Kalimat :
He used to study at USA before he worked here