Cardio

1. This is a double sac of serous membrane that encloses the heart:

a. pericardium
b. myocardium
c. endocardium
d. ectocardium
-eliminate ectocardium, there is no ectocardium
-myo, muscular layer, middle, not the answer
-endo, inner, not the answer
2. The only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood is:
a. aorta
b. pulmonary artery
c. pulmonary vein
d. coronary artery
-b&c has pulmonary, so answer must be between the two, eliminate a&d
3. The bodys natural pacemaker is:
a. sinoatrial node
b. atrioventricular node
c bundle of His
d. Purkinje fibers
-SA node has highest rate of depolarization in the whole system that starts the heartbeat
and set the pace for the whole heart (Marieb, 336)
4. The point of maximal impulse can be found where?
a. Left midclavicular line, 3rd intercostal space
b. Right midclavicular line, 3rd intercostals space
c. Left midclavicular line, 5th intercostals space
d. Right midclavicular line, 5th intercostals space
-apex is located here so the heart sounds are heard best here
5. This means lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle:
a. angina
b. ischemia
c. necrosis
d. infarct
etymology
a. latin for strangling/choking
b. greek for topping of blood

c. greek for dead

d. latin for to stuff
6. Rapid heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute is termed as:
a. arrhythmia
b. dysrythmia
c. tachycardia
d. tachyarrhythmia
odd man out-a, b, d refers to disturbances in heart rhythm and not rate
7. Abnormal or unusual heart sounds are called:
a. rales
b. bruit
c. thrills
d. murmurs
a. rales are abnormal lung sounds
b. unusual sound blood makes when it rushes past an obstructed artery
c. abnormal pulsations
d. abnormal heart sounds
8. This refers to inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with
poor circulation.
a. thrombophlebitis
b. pulmonary embolism
c. varicose veins
d. phlebitis
a.inflammation of vein caused by formation of blood clot (thrombo=thrombus,
phleb=vein, it is=inflammation)
b. obstruction of pulmonary artery by embolus
c. superficial vessel that is abnormally dilated and commonly seen in the legs
d. inflammation of vein
9. This is the largest artery in the body:
a. coronary artery
b. aorta
c. pulmonary artery
d. subclavian artery
-odd man out-only one word here
10. This artery is often palpated in patients with circulatory problems of the legs to
determine if the distal part of the leg has adequate circulation:
a. femoral artery

b. popliteal artery
c. posterior tibial artery
d. dorsalis pedis artery
-take note, artery on distal part of leg
a. serves the thigh, not distal
b&c serves thigh and leg
d. serves dorsum of the foot
11. This is a pressure wave that travels through the arterial system as a result of
alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left
ventricle.
a. blood pressure
b. pulse
c. pressure points
d. vital signs
-eliminate c&d, not related
12. The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels is called:
a. blood pressure
b. pulse
c. pressure points
d. vital signs
-eliminate c&d
13. A condition of temporary low blood pressure and dizziness as a result of rising
suddenly from a sitting or reclining position.
a. orthostatic hypotension
b. hypotension
c. shock
d. hypertension
-a&b have hypotension, answer must be between this two
14. High blood pressure is defined as a sustained elevated arterial pressure of
a. 80/60mmHg or greater
b. 100/60mmHg or greater
c. 120/90mmHg or greater
d. 140/90mmHg or greater
a. hypotension
b&c. normal
d. hypertension

15. Also called hardening of the arteries:

a. atherosclerosis
b. arteriosclerosis
c. thrombosis
c. embolism
-eliminate c&d- types of clot formation
-a.greek: atheroma-gruel, sclerosis-hardening
-b. greek: arterio-artery, sclerosis-hardening
16. This is the bodys first line of defense:
a. skin and mucous membranes
b. cells and chemicals
c. cells and mucous membranes
d. skin and chemicals
-first line is skin, eliminate b&c
-mucous membranes are counterpart of skin internally
17. Which of the following cells are phagocytes?
a. erythrocytes
b. thrombocytes
c. macrophages
d. astrocytes
-etymology: phago-to engulf, cyte-cell
a. erythro-red
b. thrombo-clot
c. macro-big
d. astro-star
18. An abnormally high body temperature which is a systemic response to invading
microorganisms.
a. pus
b. abscess
c. fever
d. immunity
19. Any substance capable of exciting our immune system and provoking immune
response
a. immunity
b. histamine
c. antigen
b. antibody

-c&d have anti, answer must be between this two, eliminate a&b
-c.-a substance that when introduced in the body stimulates production of antibody
-d. proteins used by the body to combat foreign bodies
20. This is an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system causes
tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the
body.
a. allergy
b. anaphylaxis
c. rheumatoid arthritis
d. allergen
-a&d looks the sam, eliminate b&c
a. allergy is a condition, allergen is a substance
21. This is a propelling mechanism that causes food to move through the alimentary
canal.
a. ingestion taking in food
b. digestion breaking down food
c. peristalsis - movement
d. absorption utilizing broken down food
-odd man out, peristalsis differs in that it does not end in -tion
22. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is produced by:
a. chief cells
b. parietal cells
c. chyme
d. gastric juice
-eliminate c&d, both are substances
-a. pepsinogen
-b. HCl
23. These are local collections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosa of the small
intestine:
a. islets of Langehans
b. Peyers patches
c. tonsils
d. spleen
a. found in pancreas
b. SI
c. found in oral mucosa
d. found beside the stomach

24. What kind of digestion takes place in the mouth?

a. chemical digestion
b. mechanical digestion
c. both chemical and mechanical digestion
d. no digestion takes place in the mouth
-mechanical digestion: tearing food to small particles through mastication; chemical
digestion: salivary amylase to digest starch
25. Bile is produced in the:
a. stomach
b. liver
c. gallbladder
d. spleen
a. incorrect
b. correct answer
c. stores bile
d. incorrect
26. this component of bile is responsible for emulsifying fats:
a. bile salts
b. bile pigments
c. cholesterol
d. phospholipids
a. answer
b. gives color
c&d are fats
27. Indigestible substances from the body are eliminated in the form of:
a. bolus
b. chyme
c. feces
d. flatus
a. torn down food particles
b. food that underwent chemical digestion
c. waste
d. gas
28. A reverse peristalsis occurring in the stomach and perhaps the small intestines.
a. defecation
b. nausea
c. vomiting
d. propulsion

a. from mouth to anus direction, correct peristalsis

b. a feeling o sickness
c. answer
d. movement from one organ to another
29. One of the regulatory functions of kidney is the release of this enzyme that stimulates
red blood cell production:
a. erythropoietin
b. hematopoietin
c. rennin
d. angiotensin
-a&b have poietin, eliminate c&d
-erythro-red
-hema-blood
30. Nephrons are:
a. knot of capillaries
b, highly modified octopus-like cells
c. functional units of the kidneys
d. branching processes that intertwine with one another and cling to glomerulus
a. glomerulus
b. podocytes
c. answer
d. pedicels
31. Which of the following is not a process involved in urine formation?
a. filtration
b. diffusion
c. reabsorption
d. secretion
32. All of the following are normal characteristics of urine except:
a. amber yellow in color
b. specific gravity of 1.030
c. slightly acidic
d. RBC +++
-rbc must not be present, may indicate bleeding
33. Which of the following statement about the urine is true?
a. When formed, urine is sterile.
b. The urine pH is slightly acidic
c. solutes normally found are sodium and potassium ions

d. substances normally found are sugar and albumin

-c&d looks the same, eliminate a&b
-c. some electrolytes are normally excreted
-d. should not be found or kidney problems might be present
34. A state of an abnormally low urinary output between 100-400mL per day is:
a. hematuria
b. oliguria
c. anuria
d. dysuria
a. blood in the urine
b. answer
c. absence
d. difficulty urinating
35. Male gametes are called:
a. sperm
b. semen
c. spermatid
d. ova
-a&d looks the same, remove b&d
36. Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis is called:
a. circumcision
b. vasectomy
c. penilectomy
d, prostatectomy
-odd man out
37. The primary reproductive organs in female are:
a. ovaries
b. uterus
c. cervix
d. vagina
-looks for ORGANS, ovaries only in plural form
38. Burrowing of the fertilized egg into the endometrium of the uterus is called:
a. fertilization
b. implantation
c. oogenesis
d. spermatogenesis

-eliminate c&d, genesis-means production, not burrowing

a. fusion of sperm and ovum
b. answer
39. The effects of estrogen are the following except:
a. development of breasts
b. onset of menses
c. widening of pelvis
d. enlargement of skeletal muscles
d. occurs in males
40. All of the following are hormone produced in the adrenal cortex except:
a. sex hormones
b. epinephrine
c. glucocorticoid
d. mineralocorticoid
b. produced in adrenal medulla
41. Hormone responsible for sleep-wake cycle:
a. melanin
b. melatonin
c. insulin
d. rennin
-a&b has mela, eliminate c&d
-a. skin pigmentation
-b. answer
42. Sometimes called cross-eyes, this results from unequal pulls by the external eye
muscles that prevent coordinating movement of the two eyes:
a. strabismus
b. nystagmus
c. icterisia
d. isocoria
a. cross eye
b. involuntary jerking movement of eyes
c. yellow sclera
d. unequal pupils
43. Results from decreasing lens elasticity accompanied by aging:
a. presbycussis
b. presbyopia

c. hyperopia
c. myopia
-a&b starts with presby-pertaining to aging
a. hearing
b. vision