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(1)
2 Vo 2
=
2 R o 2
(2)
(3)
2I D.pk n 2 R o 2
L 2
n
(5)
Q1
Q2
L1
L2
V in
Q4
b
n1
Q3
n2
D1
D2
D4
D3
Cf
R o Vo
iD
Io
iD1=iD3
iL2
From which:
Io
rs
IL2
rs =
Vo
iD
di
+ i L 2 d + VCo + L 2 L 2
d
(6)
di L 2
= nVo
d
(7)
L2
i
d D
1
nVo + L1 n +
d C
iD
+ i L 2 d + VCo
(9)
d2
(10)
sin
L 1 sin +
n
C n
1
+
I L 2o + I L 2
C
0=
1
0.8
I D.pk
L1
L2
B=2
1
0.23
0.8
20
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
(11)
=0.5
0.6
0.8 1
(a)
rs
(12)
L1
L2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1
(13)
L1C
d D + i L 2
1
n
= L 1
+
d
C
2
2
I n I n
+ 1 sin + L 2o + L 2
=0
I D.pk I D.pk
Vin
vab
vT2
Vo
iD2=iD4
ID.pk
=1
| I L 2o |<<
I D.pk
(14)
when sin
1
L 2
2
=
+
16
4 n 2R o
L 2
n 2R
o
+ L 2
2 n 2R o
rs
(16a)
2 n 2R o
4 n 2 R o
+ L 2
n 2R o
rs
(16b)
L1
rs
(b)
I o2 R o =
R 'eq
1 2
I (1) pk 2
2
n
(18)
cos
2
(19)
VL 2(1)pk
R 'eq =
n 2R o
2
2
1
cos 2
2
R 'eq
(20)
(21)
n 2R o
R 'eq
'
R 'eq
=
2
R 'eq
1+
L 2
L2
''
L 2 =
2
L
1+
R'
eq
(22)
1
+ L"2
C
L1
(23)
Vab(1)
'
Req
L2
I(1)
Vab(1)
cos
=
cos
X
1 + "
R
eq
(24)
L1
L''2
R''eq
(a)
Fig. 4.
L"
1+ " 2
R
eq
Vab (1)pk
(b)
VL2(1)
VL 2(1)pk
I(1)L''2
Vab(1)
I(1)X
I(1)R''eq
Fig. 5. Vector diagram of the voltages in Fig. 4b.
(25)
ko =
4 sin
2
= nVo
+ sin
+ sin
n sin
2
L"
1+ " 2
R
eq
X
1 + "
R
eq
(26)
3. EXPERIMENTAL
The experimental set up included a half-bridge inverter
and a full bridge output rectifier. The inverter was built
around a half bridge configuration with two power
MOSFETs (IRF840), LCL resonant tank, and planar
transformer (200W T250DC-4-24 by Payton, n=3:1).
Inductances of the tank were constructed on ETD29 3F3
cores using Litz wire. The rectifier diodes were MUR460.
The input voltage was kept constant around 100V. Load
resistance varied from 10 to 250. Parallel inductance
L2 was 78H. Series inductance was varied: 16H,
38.5H, and 95H. Operating frequency was varied from
40kHz to 500kHz, covering all operating modes.
Maximum power involved in experiment was 70W. It was
limited by high hard-switching losses when operating at
low frequencies. Experimental voltage ratios nko as a
function of the load resistance Ro for different frequencies
(Fig. 7), and as a function of the operating frequency for
different load resistances (Fig. 8, a,b), show good
agreement with the theoretical predictions.
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
An approximate analysis of the resonant LCL converter
was carried out, based on the equivalent circuit concept
and applying the fundamental harmonics method. The
convenient approximate closed formed equations derived
for the conduction angle and output to input voltage ratio
as a function of three independent normalized parameters
(frequency, load resistance and inductances ratio) allow to
define the operating regime of the converter for the given
circuit parameters and operating frequency and can be
used in the design purpose. The analytical results were
examined by simulation and experiment and found to be
in a good agreement.
Although this study gave focus attention to the DCM,
analytical expressions obtained here are applicable to the
CCM as well by setting = in the calculations.
Notwithstanding the fact that some of the expressions
developed in this study looks complex, their use is
obviously simple once implemented into computer
mathematical packages such as MATLAB, Mathematica
or MathCad. Hence, the analytical expressions developed
in this study could help the designer to study the behavior
of a given LCL converter and to optimize the values of the
elements per the target specifications.
nVo
nVo
L1
10
L2
=0.5
1
0
L1
Vin
Vin
3-10
B=1
0.4
0.6
(a)
0.8 1
1
2
rs
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
L2
=1.5
B=3
0.5
0.25
0.25
1.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
rs
(b)
nVo
Vin
L1
L2
=1.22
f= 84kHz
fr=117kHz
5
4
96kHz
3
2
70kHz
150kHz
0
20
10
50
200 Ro []
100
nVo
Vin
Vin
10
L1
100
L2
10
100
=0.5
L1
L2
fr=183.8kHz
Ro=10
100
=1.22
fr=117kHz
Ro=10
200
300
400
f, kHz
100
(a)
200
300 f, kHz
(b)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by THE ISRAEL
SCIENCE FOUNDATION (grant No. 113/02) and
by the Paul Ivanier Center for Robotics and
Production management.
5. REFERENCES
[1] J. F. Lazar and R. Martinelli, Steady-state analysis of LLC
series resonant converter, IEEE APEC2001 Record, pp.
728-735.
[2] H. Jiang, G. Maggetto, and P. Lataire, Steady-state
analysis of the series resonant DC-DC converter in
conjunction with loosely coupled transformer above
resonance operation, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics,
vol. 14, no. 3, May 1999, pp. 469-480.
[3] Bo Yang and F. C. Lee, LLC resonant converter for front
end DC/DC conversion, IEEE APEC2002 Record,
pp. 1108-1112
[4] A. K. S. Bhat, Analysis and design of LCL-type series
resonant converter, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics,
vol. 41, no. 1, Feb. 1994, pp. 118-124.
[5] R. L. Steigerwald, A comparison of half-bridge resonant
converter topologies, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol.
3, no. 2, pp. 174-182, Apr. 1988.
[6] G. Ivensky, A. Kats, and S. Ben-Yaakov, An RC load
model of parallel and series-parallel resonant converters
with capacitive output filter, IEEE Trans. Power
Electronics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 515-521, May 1999.
[7] M. K. Kazimerczuk and D. Czarkowski, Resonant power
converters, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.