ENGINEERING DRAWING

UNIT - 1
1. What is engineering drawing? Write its significance.
2. What is geometrical drawing and mention its types?
3. Explain the layout of a drawing sheet with a neat sketch?
4. What are the various types of drawing sheets available in market?
5. What are the different types of lines that are commonly used in engineering drawing?/
6. What is lettering? Explain its types?
7. What is dimensioning? Explain,
a) Unidirectional system of dimensioning
b) Aligned system of dimensioning.
8. Write the guidelines for dimensioning. What are the types of arrowheads used in dimensioning?
9. Write short notes on scales used in engineering drawing.
10. A study of map reading showed that a distance of 5km on the field. Construct a plain scale to read to
single kilometer. Mark on it a distance of 69 kilometers. What is the representative fraction?
11. The distance between Vadodara and Surat is 130 km. A train covers this distance in 2.5 hours.
Construct a plain scale to measure time up to a single minute. The distance covered by the train in 45
secs.
12. Draw a plain scale of 1cm = 5 metres and show on it 3.6 metres.
13. Construct a scale of 1:4 to show centimeters and long enough to measure up to 6 decimeters and
show on it a length of 4.5 decimeter.
14. A rectangular plot of 25 square kilometers is represented as a certain map by a similar rectangular
area of 1 square centimeter. Find the R.F. Draw a plain scale to show kilometers. Indicate a distance
of 45 km on it.
15. The distance between Delhi and Saharanpur is 180km. The passenger train covers this distance in 6
hours. Construct a plain scale to measure time up to a single minute. The R.F. of the sale is
1;2,00,000. Indicate the distance covered by the train in 36 minutes.
16. A rectangular plot of land area 0.45 hectare is represented on a map by a similar rectangle of 5
sq.cm. Calculate the R.F. of the scale of the map. Also draw a diagonal scale to read upto maximum
of single km from the map. The map should be long enough to measure upto 500 meters. Show on it
459 m.
17. On a map, the distance between two points is 4cm. The real distance between them is 20 km. Draw a
diagonal scale of this map to read kilometers and hectameters, and to measure upto 25km. Show a
distance of 17.6 km on this scale.
18. The area of a filed is 50,000 sq.m. The length and breadth of the field on the map are 10cm and 8 cm
respectively. Construct a diagonal scale, which can read up to one metre. Mark the legth of 236 m on
the scale. Find the R.F. of the scale.
19. construct a diagonal scale of R.F. = 1:4000 to show meters and long enough to measure 500 meters.
Indicate a length of 379 meters.
20. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F = 1:2000 to show meters, decimeters and centimeter and long
enough to measure 300m. Mark a distance of 257.75 meters.
21. A map 500cm x 50 cm wide represents an area of 6250 sq.km. Construct a diagonal scale to measure
kilometers, hectameters and decameters. Indicate on this scale a length of 5 kilometers, 5
hectameters, and 5 decameters. What is the R.F. of the scale?
22. Construct a diagonal scale to read kilometers, hectameters and decameters and long enough to
measure up to 6 kilomaters. When a line of length 1cm on the map represents a distance of 0.5
kilometers, calculate the R.F. and indicate a distance of 2.45 kilometers on the scale.
23. A rectangular plot of land area 2.0 hectares is represented on a map by a similar rectangle of 8 sq.cm.
Calculate the R.F. of the scale of the map. The scale should be along enough to measure up to 600
meters. Show a length of 459 m.
24. An area of 144 sq.cm on a map represents an area of 36 sq.km on the field. Find the R.F. of the scale
for this map and draw a diagonal scale to show kilometers, hectameters and decameters and to
measure up to 10 kilometers. Indicate on the scale a distance of 7 kilometers, 5 hectameters and 6
decameters.

25. Draw a vernier of R.F. = 1:2.4 to show decimeters, centimeters and millimeters and long enough to
read up to 6 decimeters. Mark a distance of 3.69 decimeters on the scale.
26. Draw a vernier scale of R.F. = 2 to show centimeters, 1th/10 of centimeters and 1th / 100 of
centimeter to read up to 9 cm. mark on the scale the length of 7.02 cm and 2.29 cm.
27. An area of the land of 36 sq.km in area is represented by an area of 144 sq.cm on a map. Find R.F. of
the scale of this map. Draw a backward vernier scale to show kilometers, hectameters and
decameters with the above R.F. indicate on the scale a distance of 9 kilometers, 5 hectameters and 6
decameters.
28. The major axis of an ellipse is 160 mm along and the minor axis 90 mm long. Find the foci and draw
the ellipse by Arcs of circles method. Draw a tangent to the ellipse at a point on it 25 mm above the
major axis.
29. Draw an ellipse by using four-centre method, given the major and minor axes as 120 mm and 80 mm
respectively. Draw a tangent and normal at a point P outside.
30. Draw an ellipse by using concentric circle method, major axis 100 mm and minor axis 60 mm.
31. Two fixed points are 120mm apart. A point P moves in such a way that the sum of its distance from
the two fixed points s always constant and equal to 160 mm. trace the path of the point and name the
curve.
32. Construct and ellipse, when the distance of the focus from the directrix is equal to 60 mm and
eccentricity 2/3. Also draw a normal and tangent to the curve at a point 35 mm from the focus.
33. Draw an ellipse, given the minor and major diameters are 100 mm and 150 mm respectively. Draw
the tangent and normal at any point on the curve.
34. Draw and ellipse by Oblong method. The major and minor axes given as 150 mm and 90 mm
respectively. Draw normal and tangent at any point on the ellipse at a distance of 55 mm from the
geometrical center of the ellipse.
35. Inscribe an ellipse in a parallelogram having sides 200 mm and 100 mm long and an included angle
of 120 degrees.
36. The foci of an ellipse are 100 mm apart and the minor axis is 70 mm long. Determine the length of
the minor axis and draw half the ellipse by concentric circles method and the other half by Oblong
method. Draw a curve parallel to the ellipse and 25 mm away from it.
37. A ball is thrown up in air reaches a maximum height of 50 meters and travels a horizontal distance of
80 meters. Trace the path of the ball assuming it to be parabolic and also determine angle of
projection.
38. Draw a rectangle having its sides 150 mm and 75 mm long. Inscribe two parabolas in it with their
axis bisecting each other.
39. A cricket ball is thrown vertically up, it reaches a maximum height of 15 meters and falls on the
ground at a distance of 30 meters from point of projection of the ball till it reaches the ground. Draw
the path followed by the cricket ball and name the curve.
40. A stone is thrown from a building 6.0 meters height. It just crosses the top of a tree 12 meters high.
Trace the path of the projectile if the horizontal distance between the building and the tree be 4.0
meters. Also find the distance of the point, from the building, where the stone falls on the ground.
41. Construct a parabola when its double ordinate is 180 mm and abscissa 75mm. Find its focus and
directory. Draw a pair of tangents from a point P outside the curve. Point P is 35mm from the focus
and 15 mm from the vertex.
42. A fixed point is at 50 mm from a fixed straight line. Draw the curves when eccentricity is 1. Name
the curves. Draw tangents and normals to the curves through a point P.60 mm from the straight line.
43. Construct a hyperbola, with the distance between the focus and the directirx as 50 mm and
eccentricity as 3/2. Also, draw normal and tangent to the curve at a point 30 mm from the directrix.
44. For a perfect gas, the relation between pressure (P) and volume (v) in hyperbolic expansion is given
by the law pv = constant. Draw the curve of hyperbolic expansion for an enclosed volume of the gas
is 0.06 m3 corresponding to a pressure of 0.4 bar.
45. A fixed point is at 50mm from a fixed straight line. Draw the curves when eccentricity is 3/2. Name
the curves. Draw tangents and normals to the curves through a point P, 60 mm from the straight line.
46. Construct a cycloid having a rolling circle diameter as 50 mm for one revolution. Draw a normal and
tangent to the curve at a point 35 mm above the directing line.

47. Define cycloid. A circle of 40 mm diameter rolls along a straight line, without slip trace the laws of a
point on the periphery of this circle for one complete revolution, with the point touching the line at
the start of revolution. Name the curve, Also draw a tangent and normal at a point on the curve
35mm from the directing line.
48. ABC is an equilateral of side equal 60 mm. Trace the loci of the vertices A, B and C, when the circle
circumscribing ABC rolls without slipping along a fixed straight line for one revolution.
49. A circle of diameter 30mm rolls on a flat surface without slipping. Trace the path of a point lying on
its circumference for one and a half revolution of the circle. Draw a normal and tangent to the curve
at a point 20mm above the directing line.
50. Draw the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a rolling circle of diameter 50 mm, rolling
over another circle diameter 150 mm. Also draw the tangent and normal to the curve at a point on the
curve 110 mm from the centre of the base circle.
51. A circle of 60 mm diameter rolls on the circumference of another circle of 180 mm diameter and
outside it. Trace the locus of a point on the circumference of the rolling circle for one complete
revolution. Name the curve. Draw a tangent and s normal to the curve at any point on it.
52. Draw an inferior epitrochoid of base circle 150 mm diameter and rolling circle 50 mm diameter. The
tracing point P is 20 mm from the center of the rolling circle.
53. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 4 cm diameter which rolls inside another circle of 20 cm diameter
for one revolution and also draw a tangent and normal at a point 9 cm from the centre of the base
circle.
54. A circle of 45 mm diameter rolls inside another circle of 180 mm diameter for one revolution. Draw
the locus of a point, which is at a distance of 20 mm from the center of the rolling circle.
55. construct a hypocycloid, rolling circle 60 mm diameter and directing circle 180 mm diameter. Draw
a tangent to it at a point 60 mm from the centre of the directing circle.
56. Show by means of a drawing, when the diameter of the rolling circle is twice that of the generating
circle, the hypocycloid is a straight line. take the diameter of the generating circl equal to 60mm.
57. A circle of 60 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line for a half revolution and then on a vertical line
for another half revolution. Draw the curve traced out by a point P on circumference of the circle.
58. A circle of 60 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line for half a revolution clockwise and then on a
line inclined at 600 to the horizontal for another half clockwise. Draw the curve traced by point P on
the circumference of the circle, taking the top most point on the rolling circle as generating point in
the initial position.
59. The diameter of a directing circle is twice that of a generating circle. Show that the hypocycloid is a
straight line. Select diameter of generating circle as 50 mm.
60. An inelastic string 145 mm long, has its one end attached to the circumference of a circular disc of
40 mm diameter. Draw the curve traced out by the other end of the other end of the string, when it is
completely wound around the disc, keeping the string always tight and name the curve.
61. Draw the involute curve for an equilateral triangle of side 30 mm.
62. Draw an involute of a circle of 50 mm diameter. Also draw a tangent and normal to the curve at a
point 140 mm from the centre of the circle.
63. Draw an involute of a circle of 50mm diameter. Also, draw a normal and tangent at any point on the
curve.
64. A coir is unwounded form a drum of 30mm diameter. Draw the locus of the free end of the coir for
unwinding through an angle of 3600. Also draw a normal and tangent any point on the curve.
65. A straight line AB of length 100mm, initially tangential at A to a circle of 40 mm diameter, rolls
without slipping on the circle, till the end B touches the circle. Show the paths of the ends A and B of
the line and name the curves.
66. Draw two complete coils of a conical spring made up to 20 mm round stock. The outside diameters
are large 110mm, small 60mm, pitch 50mm.
67. Draw a helix of one convolution for the given data.
Diameter of cylinder = 80 mm
Pitch = 60 mm.
68. Draw the top view (plan) and the front view (elevation) of the conical spring for the following data.
Out diameter of the coil at bottom = 72 mm
Outer diameter of the coil at top = 40 mm

Wire diameter = 12mm

Pitch of the spring = 60 mm
69. An ant moves uniformly around the cylindrical post and reaches the top at the end of 20 turns.
Assume the axial movement also as uniform. The diameter of the post is 60 mm and height 8 m.
Trace the path of the ant for 2 turns.

UNIT- 2
PROJECTION OF POINTS & LINES
1. Draw the projections of the following points keeping the distance between the projectors as 25mm
on the same reference line.
i)
A, 25mm above the H.P. and 30 mm in front of V.P.
ii)
B, 30 mm below the H.P. and 40 mm behind the V.P.
iii)
C, 35 mm below the H.P. and 45 mm in front of the V.P.
iv)
D, in the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P.
v)
E, 40 mm above the H.P. and on the V.P.
vi)
F, in both the H.P. and on the V.P.
2. Projections of various points are given in figure below, state the position of each point with respect
to the planes of projection, giving the distances in millimeters.
3. A point A is situated in the first quadrant and 40 mm above H.P. Its shortest distance from the
intersection point of H.P., V.P. and auxiliary plane is 65mm. Draw the projections of the point and
determine its distance from the principle plane V.P.
4. The front view of a line AB, 80 mm long, measures 55mm while its top view measures 70mm. End
A is in both HP and VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its inclinations with the reference
planes. Also locate the traces.
5. A 100 mm line AB, measures 70mm in top view and 80 mm in profile view. The end A 80 mm from
profile plane, 90mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw the front view and top view of the
line and find its inclinations with HP and VP.
6. The distance between the end projectors of a line AB is 50 mm. Point A is 15mm above HP and
10mm in front of VP. Point B is 40 mm above HP and 40mm in front of VP. Find the true length of
the line AB, the inclinations of the line AB with HP and VP. Locate HT and VT of the line by
trapezoidal method.
7. Front view of a line PQ is inclined at 300 to xy-line and measures 60mm. the line is inclined at 450 to
VP. The end P is in HP and VT of the line is 20mm below HP. Draw the projections of the line and
find its true length and inclinations with the reference planes. Also locate HT.
8. A line PR, 50 mm along is perpendicular to H.P. and 15mm in front of V.P. The end P, nearer to
H.P. is 20 mm above it. Draw the projections of the line.
9. A line PQ 70mm long is parallel to hp and inclined at 300 to VP. The end P is 25mm above HP and
40 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the straight line.
10. A line AB 75 mm long has its end A in the H.P. and 12 mm in front of V.P. the line is inclined at 60
degrees to H.P. and 30 degrees to V.P. Draw projections.
11. The top view of a 75 mm long line AB measures 65 mm, while length of its front view is 50 mm. Its
one end A is in the H.P. and 12 mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projections of AB and determine its
inclinations with the H.P. and the V.P.
12. A line measuring 80 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. the
other end is 15mm above H.P. The front view of the line is 60mm long. Draw the top view.
13. A line LM 70 mm long, has its end L 10 mm above H.P. and 15 mm in front of V.P. Its top view and
front view measures 60 mm and 40 mm respectively. Draw the projections of the line and determine
its inclination with H.P. and V.P.
14. A line AB 100mm long has its front view inclined at an angle of 450 to XY. The point A is in V.P.
and 25mm above H.P. The length of the front view is 60 mm. Draw the top view of the line and
measure its length. Also find the inclination of the line AB to H.P. and V.P.

15. The end P of a line PQ, 70 mm long is 15 mm above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. Q is 40 mm
above the H.P. its plane is inclined at 450 to V.P. Draw the projections of the line and find its true
inclinations with V.P. and H.P.
16. A line EF 85 mm long has its ends, 25 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. The top and front
views of the line have lengths of 55 mm and 70 mm respectively. Draw the projections of the line
and find its true inclinations with the V.P. and H.P.
17. A line PQ 70 mm long has its end P in H.P. and 10 mm in front of V.P. The other end Q in V.P. and
20 mm above H.P. Draw its projection and show the traces.
18. The front view of a line measures 60mm and is inclined at 400 to XY. One end of the line is in H.P.
and V.T of the line is 10mm below H.P. The line is inclined at 350 to V.P. Draw its projection and
determine the true length and inclination with H.P. Also locate its H.T.
19. A point P is 15 mm above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of the V.P. Another point Q is 25 mm behind
the V.P. and 40 mm below the H.P. Draw projection of P and Q keeping the distance between their
projectors 60 mm apart i.e., distance between their top view and their front view.
20. Three lines OA, OB and OC are respectively 25 mm, 45 mm and 65 mm long, each making 120
degrees angles with the other two and the shortest line being vertical. The figure is the top view of
the three rods OA, OB and OC whose ends A, B and C are on the ground, while O is 100 mm above
it. Draw the front view and determine the length of each rod and its inclination with the ground.
21. A pipeline from a point A, running due north-east has a downward gradient of 1 in 5. Another point
B is 12 m away from and due east of A and on the same level. Find the length and slope of a pipeline
from B which runs due 105 degrees east of north and meets the pipeline from A.
22. A line AB, 90 mm long, is inclined at 30 degrees to the H.P. and 20 mm in front of the V.P. Its front
view measures 65 mm. Draw the top view of AB and determine its inclination with the V.P.
23. The front view of a line AB measures 65 mm and makes an angle of 45 degrees with xy. A is in the
H.P. and the V.T. of the line is 15 mm below the H.P. The line is inclined at 30 degrees to the V.P.
Draw the projections of AB and find its true length and inclination with the H.P. Also locate its H.T.
24. Two lines AB and AC make an angle 120 degrees between them in their front view and top view,
AB is parallel to both the H.P. and V.P. Determine the real angle between AB and AC.
25. a) The end A of a line AB is in the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P. The end B is in the V.P. and
50 mm above the H.P. The distance between the end projectors is 65mm. Draw the projections of
AB and determine its true length.
b) A straight line is parallel to both VP and HP. Its one end is 25 mm behind VP and 15 mm above
HP. Length of the line is 10 m. Draw its projection.
26. Three points A, B and C are 7 m above the ground level and 7 m below the ground level
respectively. A and B & B and C are connected by roads which are seen at angles of depression of
200 and 300 respectively from s point O on a hill, 30 m above the ground level. A is due north-east, B
is due north and C is due south-east of O. Find the lengths of the connecting roads.

UNIT-3
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES & SOLIDS
1. A regular hexagonal lamina with its edge 50 mm has its plane inclined at 450 to H.P and lying with
one of its edges in H.P. The plan of one of its diagonals is inclined at 450 to XY. The corner nearest
to V.P is 15 mm in front of it. Draw its projections.
2. Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter, when its plane is equally inclined to H.P. and
V.P. One end of a diameter of the circle touches the H.P while the other end touches the V.P.
3. Draw a rhombus of diagonals 100 mm and 60mm long, with the longer diagonal horizontal. The
figure is the top view of a square of 100 mm long diagonals, with a corner on the ground. Draw its
front view and determine the angle which its surface makes with the ground.
4. A hexagonal plane of 30 mm side has a corner in the V.P and the surface of the plane makes an angle
40 degree with the V.P. Draw its projections when the front view of the diagonal through the corner
which is in V.P makes an angle of 50 degrees to H.P.

5. Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter resting in the H.P. on a point A on the
circumference, its plane inclined at 45 degrees to the H.P and the diameter AB making30 degrees
angle with the V.P.
6. A regular hexagon of 40 mm side has a corner in the H.P. Its surface is inclined at 45 degrees to the
H.P. and the diagonal through the corner which is in the H.P. makes an angle of 30 degrees with the
V.P. Draw its projections.
7. A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P, its diagonal AC inclined at 30 degrees to
the H.P. and the diagonal BD inclined at 45 degrees to the V.P and parallel to the H.P. Draw its
projections.
8. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25 mm side, having one of its sides in the H.P. And
inclined at 60 degrees to the V.P, and its surface making an angle of 45 degrees with the H.P.
9. Draw the projections of a circle of 60 mm diameter having end A of the diameter AB in the H.P. the
end B in the V.P and the surface inclined at 30 degrees to the H.P and 60 degrees to the V.P.
10. A circular plate of diameter 70 mm has the end P of the diameter PQ in the H.P. and the plane is
inclined at 400 to H.P. Draw its projections. When,
(i)
The top view of diameter PQ is inclined at 450 to XY line.
(ii)
The diameter PQ makes 450 with V.P.
11. A semicircular plate of 80 mm diameter has its straight edge in the V.P and inclined at 450 to the
H.P. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 300 with the V.P. Draw its projections.
12. A pentagonal plane of 30 mm sides has one of its sides in the V.P and inclined at 60 degrees to the
H.P while the surface of the plane makes an angle of 40 degrees to V.P. Draw the projections.
13. Draw the projections of an equilateral triangle of side 60 mm, when one of its corners is in H.P, other
corners of the triangle are 20 mm and 40 mm above H.P.
14. A pentagonal plane of side 40 mm is inclined at 300 to H.P. and an edge of the base is inclined at 450
to V.P. Draw the projections.
15. A regular plane lamina PQRS of size 50 mm x 30 mm, is inclined to V.P at 450 and shorter edge is
makes at an angle 600 to H.P. Draw the projections of the lamina by Auxiliary Method (APM)
16. A regular pentagon lamina of 30 mm side, surface is inclined at 300 to V.P and side on which it rests
on V.P, makes at angle 450 to H.P. Draw the projections by Auxiliary Plane Method.
17. A regular pentagon of side 40 mm has its surface inclined to H.P. at 450. it is resting with its base on
H.P and the line joining the vertex to mid-point of the base making an angle of 600 with V.P. Draw
its projections.
18. One of the body diagonals of a cube of 45 mm edge is parallel to the H.P. and inclined at 45 degrees
to the V.P. Draw the front view and top view of the cube.
19. A pentagonal prism side of base 25 mm and axis 65 mm long rests with one of edges of its base on
H.P. Its axis is inclined at 300 to H.P. and parallel to V.P Draw its projections.
20. A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 25 mm and altitude 60 mm rests on one of its base edges on the
H.P. such that the slant face containing the resting edge is perpendicular to the H.P. The resting edge
is inclined at 450 to the V.P. Draw the projections of the pyramid.
21. A pentagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has one of triangular faces in the V.P.
and the edge of the base contained by that face makes an angle of 30 degrees with the H.P. Draw its
projections.
22. A square pyramid of base edge 30 mm and altitude 40 mm has one of its slant faces in the V.P. and
the edge of the base contained by that face is inclined at 450 to the H.P. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the vertex is in the H.P.

23. Draw the projections of a cone, base 30 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long, resting on H.P. on a
point of the base circle with the axis making an angle of 450 with H.P and 300 with V.P.
24. A cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis height 60 mm rests on the ground on a point of its base
circle such that the axis of the cone is inclined at 400 to the H.P. and 300 to the V.P. Draw its front
and top view.
25. A cone of base diameter 60 mm and altitude 75 mm lies on the H.P. on one of its generators. The
plan of the axis is inclined at 450 to the V.P. draw its projections.
26. A square prism, side of base 30 mm and axis 50mm long, has its axis inclined at 600 to H.P. It has an
edge of its base in the H.P. and inclined at 450 to V.P Draw its projections.
27. A square prism, base 40 mm side and height 65mm, has its axis inclined at 45 degrees to the H.P.
and has an edge of its base, on the H.P and inclined at 30 degrees to the V.P, Draw its Projections.
28. A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 55 mm long, has one of its slant edges on the
ground. A plane containing that edge and the axis is perpendicular to the H.P and inclined at 45
degrees to the V.P. Draw its projections when the apex is nearer the V.P than the base.
29. A square pyramid of base 40 mm and axis 60 mm long. The solid is resting on one of its triangular
surfaces on ground, with the edge of the base containing triangular surface is inclined at 450 to V.P
use APM (Auxiliary Plane Method) and draw its projections.
30. A cone of base diameter 40mm and axis 60 mm long, lies on a point on its base on H.P with its axis
inclined at 450 to V.P and 300 to H.P. use Auxiliary plane method and draw its projections.
31. A hexagonal prism, side of the base 30 mm long and the axis 60 mm long has one of its sides on the
H.P., and the axis is inclined at 45 degrees to the H.P. Draw its projections. Project another front
view on an auxiliary vertical plane which is inclined at 40 degrees to the V.P.
32. A hollow cylinder of 40 mm outside diameter and 30 mm inside diameter is resting on a point on the
rim in V.P with axis inclined at 300 to VP and parallel to H.P. The axis length of the cylinder is 60
mm. It is cut by a vertical section plane inclined at 600 to V.P and bisecting the axis. Draw the
sectional front view, top view and true shape of the section.
33. A cone, diameter of the base 50 mm and axis 50 mm long is resting on its base on the H.P. It is cut
by a section plane perpendicular to the H.P. and passing through the apex. Draw its front view,
sectional top view and true shape of the section.
34. A hexagonal prism of base of side 40 mm and axis length 80 mm rests on one of its base edges on
the H.P. The end containing that edge is inclined at 300 to the H.P and the axis is parallel to V.P. It is
cut by a plane perpendicular to the V.P and parallel to the H.P. The cutting plane bisects the axis.
Draw its front and the sectional top views.
35. A cylinder, 65 mm diameter and 90 mm long, has its axis parallel to the H.P and inclined at 30
degrees to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical section plane in such a way that the true shape of the section
is an ellipse having the major axis 75 mm long. Draw its sectional front view and true shape of the
section.
36. A hexagonal prism side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm long rests with its base on H.P. such that one
of its rectangular faces is parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P and parallel to V.P
cuts the prism at a distance of 10 mm from its axis. Draw its top and sectional front view.
37. A pentagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 60 mm long, is lying on one of its triangular faces
on the H.P with the axis parallel to the V.P. A vertical section plane, whose H.T bisects the top view

of the axis and makes an angle of 30 degrees with the reference line, cuts the pyramid, removing its
top part. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the section.
38. A hexagonal prism, has a face on the H.P and the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical
section plane, the H.T of which makes an angle an angle of 45 degrees with xy and cuts the axis
section. Side of the base 25 mm long; height 65 mm long.
39. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and altitude 50 mm lies on one of its triangular faces on the
H.P with its axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical plane inclined at 300 to the V.P and
meeting the axis at 40 mm from the vertex measured in the plan. Draw the plan, sectional elevation
and the true shape of the section.
40. A cube of 65 mm long edges has its vertical faces equally inclined to the V.P. It is cut by a section
plane, perpendicular to the V.P, so that the true shape of the section is a regular hexagon. Determine
the inclination of the cutting plane with the H.P and draw the sectional top view and true shape of the
section.
41. A cone base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long rests with its base on H.P. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to H.P and inclined at 600 to V.P and at a distance of 10 mm from its axis. Draw
the sectional front view and the true shape of the section.
42. A hexagonal prism, side of base 25mm and axis 65 mm long, lies with one of its rectangular faces on
H.P and its axis is parallel to both H.P and V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to H.P and
inclined at 300 to V.P. The H.T of the section place bisects the axis in the top view. Draw the
sectional front view and true shape of the section.
43. A sphere of 50 mm diameter is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P, inclined at 45 degrees
to the H.P and at a distance of 10 mm from its centre. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of
the section.
44. A cone, diameter of base 50 mm and axis 65 mm long, is lying on the H.P. on one of its generators
with the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a horizontal section plane 12 mm above the ground.
Draw its front view and sectional top view.
45. A cone of base 55 mm diameter and axis 65 mm long, rests with its base on H.P.A section plane
perpendicular to both H.P and V.P cuts the cone at a distance of 8 mm from its axis. Draw its top
view, front view and sectional side view.
46. A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 20 mm and height 40 mm rests on one of the corners of the base
in H.P. with its axis is inclined at 300 to H.P and parallel to V.P.A vertical section plane inclined at
300 to VP cuts the pyramid removing 15 mm length of the axis from apex. Draw the projections of
the pyramid and find the true shape of the section.

UNIT 4
DEVELOPMENT AND INTERPENETRATION OF SOLIDS
1. A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and height 60 mm is resting on H.P. with one of its base
edge parallel to V.P. Right half of the solid is cut by an upward plane inclined at 600 to the ground
and starting from the axis and 30 mm below the top end. The left half of the solid is cut by a plane
inclined at 300 to the H.P downwards from the axis. The two section planes are continuous. Draw the
development of the lower portion.
2. A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and axis 65 mm stands on one of its ends in H.P with two
of rectangular faces parallel to V.P. A circular hole of diameter 40 mm is drilled completely through
the prism such that the axis of the hole is perpendicular to V.P and bisects the axis of the prism.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism showing the shape of the holes formed on
it.
3. A vertical hexagonal prism of 25 mm side of base and axis 60mm has of its rectangular faces parallel
to V.P. A circular hole of 40 mm diameter is drilled through the prism such that the axis of the hole
bisects the axis of the prism at right angle and is perpendicular to V.P. Draw the development of the
lateral surface of the prism showing the true shape of the hole in it.
4. Two pipes of 40 mm diameter are joined in elbow shape. Their mean axis height are 100 mm each.
Draw the development of surfaces of the pipes.
5. A cylinder of 45 mm base diameter and 55 mm long rests with its base on H.P. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to V.P inclined at 600 to H.P and passing through a point on the axis 12 mm from its
top. Draw the sectional top view and the development of the lateral surface of the truncated cylinder.
6. A cylinder of diameter of base 60 mm altitude 80 mm stands on its base. It is cut into two halves by a
plane perpendicular to the V.P and inclined at 300 to H.P. Draw the development of the lower half.
7. A vertical cylinder of base diameter 30 mm and axis 45 mm long is sectioned such that its front view
appears as isosceles triangular of 30 mm and height 45 mm. Develop its surface.
8. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the part P of the hexagonal pyramid, two sides of the
base parallel to the V.P. As shown in figure. All dimensions are in cm.
9. A hexagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm, axis 70 mm is resting on H.P on its base. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to V.P and at 450 to H.P and passing through the midpoint of the axis of
the pyramid. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
10. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis 75 mm long has its base in V.P. It is sectioned by a vertical
section plane 10mm to the axis. Draw its projections and develop the surface of the truncated cone.
11. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 70 mm rests with its base on H.P.A section plane
perpendicular to V.P and inclined at 350 to H.P bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of
the truncated cone.
12. A vertical cone of 40 mm diameter of base and height 50 mm is cut by a cutting plane perpendicular
to V.P and inclined at 300to the H.P so as to bisect the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the
lateral surface of the truncated portion of the cone.
13. A right circular cone of base 60 mm diameter and 60 mm height stands vertically with its base on
H.P.A semicircular hole of 30 mm diameter is cut through the cone such that the axis of the hole is
parallel to H.P perpendicular to V.P and intersecting the axis of the cone 20mm above the base. The
flat surface of the hole is parallel to the H.P and perpendicular to V.P. Draw the development of the
lateral surface of the cone with the hole.
14. A cone of base diameter 60 mm and altitude 70 mm rests vertically on its base on the ground. A slot
of shape of an equilateral triangle of side 30 mm is cut through the cone so that its axis is
perpendicular to the V.P and intersects the axis of the cone at right angles. The base of the slot is at a
distances of 10 mm above the base of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
cone with the slot.
15. A solid is in the form of a square prism of side of base 30mm up to a height of 50 mm and thereafter
tapers into frustum of a square pyramid whose top surfaces is a square of 15 mm side. The total
height of the solid is 70mm. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the solid.
16. A horizontal steam boiler of 3 m diameter is surmounted by a dome of the shape of a vertical
cylinder of 1.4 m diameter. Draw the projections showing the curves of intersection. When their axes
intersect each other at right angles.

17. A cylinder of 75 mm diameter, standing on its base on H.P is completely penetrated by another
cylinder of 55 mm diameter, with their axes intersecting at right angle. Draw the projections,
showing the lines of intersection, assuming that the axis of the smaller cylinder is parallel to V.P.
18. A horizontal cylinder pipe 40mm diameter is joined with a vertical cylindrical pipe of same diameter.
The axes of the pipes are parallel to V.P. Neglecting the pipe thickness draw the projections showing
the curves of intersection, when their axes intersect each other at right angles.
19. A vertical cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 75 mm long is penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 40
mm diameter and 75 mm long such that their axes bisect each other at right angles. Draw the
intersection curve.
20. A vertical cylinder of 70 mm diameter is penetrated by another cylinder of 45 mm diameter, the axis
of which is parallel to both H.P and V.P. the two axes are 9 mm apart. Draw the projection curves of
intersection.
21. A cylinder of 50 mm diameter stands vertically with its base on H.P. It is completely penetrated by
an another cylinder of 50 mm diameter. The axis of the penetrating cylinder is parallel to V.P
inclined at 300 to H.P. and bisects the axis of the vertical cylinder. Draw the curves of intersection.
22. A vertical cylinder of 50 mm diameter is penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of same size with their
axes intersecting. Draw the curves of intersections if the axis of the horizontal cylinder is inclined at
450 to V.P.
23. A vertical cylinder of 50 mm diameter and height 100 mm, is penetrated by a horizontal square
prism, base 30 mm side and length 80 mm. The axis of square prism is parallel to the V.P and 10 mm
away from the axis of the cylinder and a cylinder and a face of the prism makes and angle of 450
with H.P. Draw the projections of solid surfaces and show the intersection curves.
24. A cube of 40 mm edge stands on one of its faces on H.P with a vertical face making 450 to V>P. A
hole of 30 mm diameter and whose axis is perpendicular to V.P and parallel to H.P is drilled
centrally through the cube such that the hole passes through the opposite vertical edges of the cube.
Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the cube with the hole.
25. A cone of base 60 mm diameter and axis 70 mm long stands vertically with its base on H.P. It is
penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 26 mm diameter. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to V.P 20
mm above and 5 mm in front of the axis of the cone. Draw the projections of solids showing the
curves of intersection.
26. A cone of base 60 mm diameter and axis 70 mm long stands vertically with its base on H.P. It is
penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 26 mm diameter. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to V.P. 20
mm above the base and 5mm in front of the axis o the cone. Draw the projection of solid showing the
curves of intersection.
27. A cone of base diameter 70 mm and height 100mm rests on the H.P. and is penetrated by a
horizontal cylinder of diameter 45 mm the axis of cylinder is 9 mm away from the axis of the cone
and at a distance 30 mm above the base of the cone. Draw projection of the solids showing the
curves of inter section between the solids.
28. A cone of base 60 mm diameter and axis 70 mm long, rests with its base on H.P. It is penetrated by a
horizontal cylinder of 36 mm diameter. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to V.P, 25 mm above the
base and 8 mm in front of the axis of the cone. Draw the curves of intersection.
29. A cone of base diameter 80 mm and height 125 mm stands with its base on the H.P. It is penetrated
by a horizontal cylinder of diameter 35 mm. If the axes of the two solids intersect at a point on the
cones axis 40 mm above the base, draw the projections of the curves of intersection.
30. A vertical cone of 80 mm diameter and axis 100mm long, is penetrated by horizontal cylinder of 60
mm diameter and 90 mm long such that, its axis is 5 mm behind the axis of the cone, at a height of
40 mm above it base. Show the lines of intersection, when the axes of both solids are parallel to V.P.
31. A square pyramid with edge of base 40 mm and height 80 mm, is resting on H.P such that, all of its
base edges are equally inclined to V.P. A horizontal cylinder of 30 diameter, meets the pyramid on
one side such that, the axes of the both the solids intersect each other at a height of 45 mm from the
base of the pyramid. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to V.P. Draw the projections of the solids,
showing the lines of intersection.

ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
1. Draw the isometric view of a cone 40 mm diameter and axis 55 mm long when its axis is horizontal.
Draw isometric scale.
2. Draw the isometric scale and show the isometric lines, non-isometric lines and isometric axes.
3. Draw the isometric view of a plane figures for the following,
i) Square lamina of side of base 40 mm.
a) When axis is vertical
b) When axis is horizontal
ii) Rectangular lamina of size 50 mm x 30 mm
iii) Circular lamina of 50 mm diameter
a) Off-set method
b) Four centre method.
4. Draw an isometric view of a square prism with base side 40 mm and axis length 65 mm, when axis is
horizontal.
5. Draw an isometric view of a cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 65 mm.
6. A pentagonal prism of base 40 mm and axis 70 mm long has a central triangular hole of side 30 mm
cut through one of the rectangular faces. Draw the isometric view of the prism.
7. Draw the isometric projection of a frustum of hexagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm the side of top
face 15 mm of height 50 mm.
8. A frustum of a cone has its top and bottom diameter 35 mm and 50 mm respectively and altitude 53
mm. It rests on the top face of frustum of a square pyramid. The sides of the top and bottom faces of
the pyramid are 58 mm and 70 mm respectively. The height is 22 mm. draw the isometric view.
9. The outside dimensions of a box made of 5 mm thick wooden planks are 80 x 60 x 50 mm. The
depth of the lid on outside is 10mm. Draw the isometric view of the box with the lid open.
10. A sphere of diameter 40 mm rests centrally on the top of a square frustum, base 60 mm top 40 mm
and height 75mm. Draw the isometric view of the combination of solids.
11. Draw the isometric projections of a square prism side of base 60 mm, height 50 mm 76 surmounted
by a square pyramid whose base coincides with the top of the prism and whose height is 60 mm.
12. A hemisphere of 40 mm diameter is nailed on the top surface of a frustum of a square pyramid. The
sides of the top and bottom faces of the frustum are 20 mm and 40 mm respectively and its height is
50 mm. the axes of both the solids coincide. Draw the isometric projection.
13. Draw the isometric projection of a square prism, side of base 60 mm, height 50 mm surmounted by a
square pyramid, whose base coincides with the top of the prism and whose height is 60 mm.
14. A cylinder of base diameter 30 mm, axis 60 mm is resting centrally on slab of 60 mm square and
thickness 20 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of the solids.
15. Draw the isometric of a frustum of hexagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm, the side of top face 15
mm of height 50 mm.
16. Draw isometric projection arrangement shown in figure below, Elevation of combined blocks.
Bottom piece = square block 70 mm base side and height 30 mm
Top piece = Sphere of diameter 60 mm.

Transformation of Projections
1. Draw the following views of the object given in figure. All dimensions are in mm.
a) Front view
b) Top view and
c) Both side views
2. Draw the following views of the dove tail bracket given in figure. All dimensions are in mm.
a) Front view
b) Top view and
c) Side view
3. Draw the following views of the flange given in figure. All dimensions are in mm.
a) Front view
b) Top view and
c) Side view
4. Draw the following views of the flange given in figure. All dimensions are in mm.
a) Front view
b) Top view and
c) Side view
5. Draw the elevation, plan and side view of the picture shown in the figure.
6. Draw the elevation, plan and side view of the picture shown in the figure.
7. Draw the elevation, plan and side view of the picture shown in the figure.
8. Draw the front view, top view for the picture shown in figure below in first angle projection.
9. Draw the front view, top view for the picture shown in figure below in first angle projection.
10. Convert the orthogonal projections shown in figure below into an isometric view of the actual
picture.
11. Draw the elevation, plan and side view of the picture shown in the figure.
12. Consider the picture shown in figure below and draw the front view, top view and side view in
first angle projection.
13. Convert the isometric view of the picture shown in figure below into orthogonal projection of all
three views.
14. Convert the isometric view of the picture shown in figure below into orthogonal projection of all
three views.
15. Consider the picture shown in figure below and draw the front view, top view and side view in
first angle projection.
16. Draw the front view, top view for the picture shown in figure below in first angle projection.
17. Draw the front view, top view for the picture shown in figure below in first angle projection.
18. Convert the isometric view of the picture shown in figure into orthogonal projection of all three
views.
19. Convert the isometric view of the picture shown in figure into orthogonal projection of all three
views.
20. Draw the following views of the dove tail stop given in figure. All dimensions are in mm.
a) Front view
b) Top view and
c) Side view
21. Draw the following views of the object given in figure. All dimensions are in mm.
a) Front view
b) Top view and
c) Both side views
22. Draw the following views of the V- block with circular rod given in figure. All dimensions are in
mm.
a) Front view
b) Top view and
c) Both side views

23. Draw the isometric view of the object whose orthographic projections are given in figure. All
dimensions are in mm.
24. Draw the isometric view of the object whose orthographic projections are given in figure6. All
dimensions are in mm.
25. Draw the isometric view of the object whose orthographic projections are given in figure. All
dimensions are in mm.
26. The orthogonal views of the pictures as shown in figure below. Convert them into isometric
view.
27. The orthogonal view of objects are given below. Draw its isometric view.
28. For the given orthographic projections, draw the isometric view shown in the figure below.
29. Convert the orthogonal projections shown in figure below into an isometric view of the actual
picture.
30. The orthogonal views of the picture are shown in the figure. Convert them into isometric view.
31. Draw the isometric view for the given orthogonal views as shown in the figure below.
32. Draw the isometric view for the given orthogonal views as shown in the figure below.
33. Draw the isometric view of the object whose orthographic projections are given in figure6. All
dimensions are in mm.
34. Draw the isometric view of the object whose orthographic projections are given in figure6. All
dimensions are in mm.
35. Draw the isometric view of the object whose orthographic projections are given in figure6. All
dimensions are in mm.

Perspective Projections
1. Draw the perspective view of a point P situated 10mm behind the PP and 15 mm above the ground
plane. The station point is 25 mm in front of the PP, 20 mm above the ground plane. It lies in a
central plane 12mm to the right of the point.
2. Draw perspective view of a straight line CD, 36 mm long, lying on the ground plane, with end C in
the picture plane, and inclined at 300 to the PP. The station point is 48 mm in front of the picture
plane, 36 mm above the ground plane, and lies in a plane 12 mm to the right of the end C.
3. A straight line CD, 45 mm long is parallel to and 12 mm above the ground. It is inclined at 300 to the
picture plane and its end C 25 mm behind the picture plane. The station point is 60 mm in front of
the picture plane, 48 mm above the ground plane, and is contained by a central plane passing through
the midpoint of the given line CD. Draw its perspective view.
4. A straight line AB, 40 mm long, which is parallel to the picture plane and 20 mm behind it inclined
at 450 to the ground plane. End A is 10 mm behind the ground plane. Central plane is 10mm left of
A. The station point is 25 mm in front of picture plane, 35 mm above the ground plane and lies in
central plane. Draw the perspective view.
5. A square plane of 35 mm sides stands vertically with one of its edges on the ground and inclined at
450 to picture plane. The vertical edge nearest to picture plane is 20 mm behind it. The station point
is 30 mm in front of picture plane, 40 mm above the ground and lies in a central plane which passes
through the central of the plane. Draw the perspective view of the plane.
6. A hexagonal plane of 30 mm side lies on the ground plane. One of its corners is touching the picture
plane and an edge is perpendicular to picture plane. The station point is 30 mm in front of the picture
plane, 60 mm above the ground plane and lies in a central plane which passes through the centre of
lamina. Draw the perspective view.
7. A circular lamina of 45 mm diameter lies on the ground plane and touches the picture plane. The
center plane passes through the center of the circle. The station point is 70 mm in front of picture
plane and 60 mm above the ground plane. Draw the perspective view.
8. Draw the perspective view of a horizontal circular lamina of 50 mm diameter resting on the ground.
The center of the plane is 35 mm behind PP, the station point is in the central plane, passing through
the center of the circular plane and 80 mm in front of the PP and 60 mm above the ground.

9. A rectangular lamina of sides 50 mm x 25 mm stands vertically with one of its longer edges on the
ground and inclined at 450 to PP. The vertical edge nearest to PP is 20 mm behind it. The station
point is 30 mm in front of the PP, 45 mm above the ground and lies in a central plane, which passes
through the centre of the lamina. Draw the perspective view.
10.

SCALES:
PLAIN SCALES:
1. Construct a plain scale to show metres and decimeters, when 3 centimeters are equal to 2
metres and long enough to measure up to 5 metres. (ECE june10set1)
2. Construct a plain scale to show kilometers and hectometers when 25 centimetres are equal to 1
kilometre and long enough to measure up to 6 kilometres. Find R.F. and indicate, a distance of 5
kilometres and 6 hectometre of the scale. (ECE june2010set2)
3. Draw a scale of 10 centimeters = 3 decameters to show decameters and meters. Show the
lengths of 33 meters and 11 meters on it.
4. A study of map reading showed that a distance of 5km on the field. Construct a plain scale to
read to single kilometer. Mark on it a distance of 69 kilometers. What is the representative
fraction?
5. Draw a plain scale of 1cm = 5 metres and show on it 3.6 metres.
6. Construct a scale of 1:4 to show centimeters and long enough to measure up to 6 decimeters
and show on it a length of 4.5 decimeter.
7. A rectangular plot of 25 square kilometers is represented as a certain map by a similar
rectangular area of 1 square centimeter. Find the R.F. Draw a plain scale to show kilometers.
Indicate a distance of 45 km on it.
DIAGONAL SCALES:
8. A small length of 1 mm is to be enlarged to 20 times and a diagonal scale is to be constructed
to represent this such that the LC is 0.01 mm. Construct this scale and mark on it a distance of
0.73 mm and 0.29 mm. What is the RF of this scale? (R09mech june2010set2)
9. A line of length 100 mm is divided into 10 equal parts and each part represents a main scale
division. With the help of a diagonal scale obtain a LC of 0.2 mm and mark on it a length of:
a) 41.6 mm
b) 53.8 mm and
c) 67.4 mm
(R09mech june2010set3)
10. Construct a diagonal scale to read meters, decimeters and centimeter and long enough to
measure upto 5 metres when one metre is represented by 3 centimeter. Find R.F. and indicate on
the scale, a distance of 4 metres, 7 decimeters and 6 centimeters. (ECE june2010set4)
11. Construct a diagonal scale to read up to 1/100 of kilometers having given the value of R.F. =
1/50,000 and to measure up to 8 kilometers. Indicate on the scale, a distance of 6.76 kilometers.
(RO9CSE2010SET2)
12. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. = 1/50,000 to show single metres and long enough to
measure up to 500 metres. On the scale, indicate a distance of 467 metres. (RO9CSE2010SET3)
13. Draw a diagonal scale of 1:2.5 showing centimeters and millimeters and long enough to
measure up to 20 centimeters. Show a distance of 13.4 cm on it. (RO9CSE2010SET4)
14. Construct a diagonal scale of RF =1/6250 to read up to 1 kilometer and to readmetres on it.
Show a length of 653 metres on it.
15. A rectangular plot of land area 0.45 hectare is represented on a map by a similar rectangle of
5 sq.cm. Calculate the R.F. of the scale of the map. Also draw a diagonal scale to read upto
maximum of single km from the map. The map should be long enough to measure upto 500
meters. Show on it 459 m.
16. On a map, the distance between two points is 4cm. The real distance between them is 20 km.
Draw a diagonal scale of this map to read kilometers and hectameters, and to measure upto 25km.
Show a distance of 17.6 km on this scale.

PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
1. Draw the projections of the following points on the same ground line, keeping the
projectors 20mm apart.
(a) Point C in the VP and 40mm above HP.
(b) Point D 25mm below the HP and 25mm behind the VP.
(c) Point E 15mm above the HP and 50mm behind the VP.
(d) Point F 40mm below the HP and 25mm infront of the VP.
(June.08, EEE, Set:4) (Sept.08, IT , Set:1&2&3)

2. Draw the projectors of the following points in different quadrants.

(i)
point A, 25mm infront of VP and 30mm above HP
(ii)
Point B 22mm behind VP and 28mm above HP.
(iii)
Point C, 28mm behind V.P.and 30mm below H.P
(iv)
Point D, 40mm infront of V.P. and 25mm below H.P
3. A point P is 15mm above the HP and 20mm infront of the VP. Another point Q is
25mm behind the VP and 40mm below the HP. Draw the projections of P and Q
keeping the distance between their projectors equal to 90mm. Draw the straight
lines joining
(i)
their top views and
(ii)
their front views.
4. A point 30mm above xy line is the plan view of two points P and Q, the elevation
of P is 45mm above the HP while that of point Q is 35mm below the HP. Draw
the projections of the points and state their position with reference to the
principal planes and the quadrant in which they lie. (June.08, EEE, Set:3) (Sept.08, ECE, Set:2)
5. A point P is 20mm below HP and lies in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance
from xy is 40mm. Draw its projections. (June.08, CSE, Set:2)
6. Two points A and B are in the HP. The point A is 30mm infront of VP, while B is
behind the VP. The distance between their projectors is 75mm and the line joining
their top views makes an angle of 450 with xy. Find the distance of the point B
from the VP. (June.08, EEE, Set:1&2) (Sept.08, ECE, Set:1) (Sept.08, ECE, Set:3) (Sept.08, ECE, Set:4)
7. A point P is 25mm in front of VP and 40mm above the HP. Another point Q is 40
mm infront of the VP and 25mm above the HP. A distance measured between the
projectors is 40mm.Draw the projections and find the distance between P and Q.
(Sept.08, CSE, Set:1) (Sept.08, CSE, Set:2 & 3)

Assignment:
8. Two points A and B are on HP, the point A is 30mm infront of the VP, while B is
45mm behind the VP. The line joining their top views makes an angle of 450 with
XY. Find the horizontal distance between the two points.
9. Find the distance between two points A and B when B is 40mm infront of VP,
and 25mm above HP. The point A is 25mm behind the VP and 40mm below HP.
The distance between the projectors measured along XY line being 40mm. (Sept.08,
CSE, Set:4)

LINES in SIMPLE POSITION

1. Draw the projections of a 70mm long straight line, in the following positions
(a) Paralle to and 40mm infront of the VP and in the HP.

(b) Perpendicular to the HP, 20mm infront of the VP and its one end 15mm above the HP.
(c) perpendicular to the HP, in the VP and its one end in the HP.
(d) inclined at 450 to the VP, in the HP. And its one end in the VP. (Sept.08, IT, Set:4)
2. (a) A line AB is 30mm long and inclined at 300 to VP and parallel to HP. The end A of the line is
15mm above HP and 20mm infront of VP. Draw the projections. (Sept.08, IT, Set:1)
(b) A line GH 45mm long is in HP and inclined to VP. The end G is 15mm infront of VP. The length
of the front view is 35mm. Draw the projections of the line. Determine its inclinations with VP.
(June.08, ECE, Set:3) (Sept.08, IT, Set:1)

(c) A line measuring 80mm long has one of its ends 60mm above HP and 20mm infront of VP. The
other end is 15mm above HP and infront of VP. The front view of the line is 60mm long. Draw
the top view. (June.08, ECE, Set:1)
(d) A line AB is 75mm long. A is 50mm infront of VP and 15mm above HP. B is 15mm in front of
VP and is above HP. The top view of AB is 50mm long. Draw and measure the front view. Find
the true inclinations.
(e) A line AB 40mm long is parallel to VP and inclined at 350 to HP. The end A is 15mm above HP
and 20mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its traces.
(f) A line MN is 50mm long is parallel to VP and inclined at 450 to HP. The end M is 20mm above
HP and 15mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its traces. (June.08, ECE, Set:2)
3.
A 100 mm long line is parallel to and 40mm above the H.P. Its two ends are 25 mm and 50 mm
infront of V.P respectively. Draw its projections and find its inclinations with the VP.
4.
A 90 mm long line is parallel to and 25 mm in front of the V.P. Its one end is in the H.P. while
the other is 50 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections and find its inclination with the H.P.
5.
The top view of a 75 mm long line measures 55 mm. The line is in the V.P. Its one end being 25
mm above the H.P. Draw its projections.
6.
The front view of a line, inclined at 300 to the V.P. is 65 mm long. Draw the projections of the
line, when it is parallel to and 40 mm above the H.P. Its one end being 30 mm in front of the
V.P.
7.
A vertical line AB, 75 mm long, has its end A is in the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P. A
line AC, 100mm long, is in the H.P. and parallel to the V.P. Draw the projections of the line
joining B and C, and determine its inclination with the H.P.
8.
Two pegs fixed on a wall are 4.5 meters apart. The distance between the pegs measured parallel
to the floor is 3.6 meters. If one peg is 1.5 meters above the floor, find the height of the second
peg and the inclination of the line joining the two pegs, with the floor.
9.
The front view of a 7.5cm long line measuring 5.5cm. The line is parallel to the HP and one of its
ends is in the VP and 2.5 cm above the HP. Draw the projections of the line and determine its
inclination with VP. (Sept.08, ECE, Set:3)
10.
A line EF is 40mm long in the VP and inclined to HP. The top view measures 30mm. The end E
is 10mm above the HP. Draw the projections of the line. Determine its inclination with the HP.
(Sept.08, IT, Set:2)

11.

A line 80mm long has one of its ends 60mm above the HP and 20mm infront of the VP. The
other end is 15mm above the HP and infront of the VP. The front view of line is 60mm long.
Draw the top view. (Sept.08, IT, Set:2

12.

A line CD of 100mm length is inclined 300 to HP and 450 to VP. The point A is 15mm above HP
and 20mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the line. (June.08, ECE, Set:4)
A room measures 8m long, 5m wide and 4m high. An electric bulb hangs in the center of the
ceiling and 1m below it. A thin straight wire connects the bulb to switch kept in one of a corner
of the room and 1.25m above the floor. Draw the projections of the wire, also determine its true
length and slope with the floor. (June.08, CSE, Set:3)

LINES INCLINED TO BOTH THE PLANES

12.

13.

Perspective views:
1. A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 60 mm long, lies with one of its rectangular faces on
the ground plane such that a pentagonal face is touching the picture plane. The station point is 20 mm in
front of the picture plane, 55 mm
above the ground plane and lies in a central plane which is at 80mm to the right
of the center of the prism. Draw the perspective view.
2. A square pyramid of side of base 40 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with its base on the ground plane
such that all the edges of the base are equally inclined to the PP. One of the corners of the base is touching
the PP. The station point is 60 mm in front of the PP, 80 mm above the ground plane and lies in a central
plane which passes through the axis of the pyramid. Draw the perspective view.
3. A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 60 mm long, lies with one of its rectangular faces on
the ground plane such that a pentagonal face is touching the picture plane. The station point is 20 mm in
front of the picture plane, 55 mm
above the ground plane and lies in a central plane which is at 80mm to the right
of the center of the prism. Draw the perspective view.
4. A hexagonal plane of 25 mm stands vertically on the ground plane and inclined at 40 to the picture
plane. The corner nearest to picture plane is 15 mm behind it. The station point is 35 mm in front of the
picture plane, 45 mm above the ground plane and lies in central plane which passes through the centre of
the plane. Draw the perspective view of the plane.
5. A frustum of hexagonal pyramid, base 40mm , top 20 mm side and height 50 mm rests with its base is
touching the PP. The station point is 40 mm infront of PP, 75 mm above the GP and lies in a central plane
which passes through the centre of the frustum. Draw the perspective view.
6. A rectangular prism, sides of base 50 mm x 30 mm and height 55 mm, rests with its base on the ground
plane. A vertical edge is in the picture plane and one of the longer edges of its base is inclined at 45 to PP
and behind it. The station point is 50 mm in front of PP, 75 mm above the ground plane and lies in central
plane which passes through the centre of the prism. Draw the perspective view.
7. A model of steps has three steps of 10 mm tread and 10mm rise. The length of
The steps is 60 mm. The model is placed with the vertical edge of the first step
touching the PP and its longer edge inclined at 300 to PP. The station point is 70 mm in front of PP, 55
mm above the ground plane and lies in a central plane which is at 30 mm to the right of the vertical edge
touching the PP. Draw the perspective view.
8. Draw the perspective view of a horizontal circular lamina of 50 mm diameter resting on the ground. The
center of the plane is 35 mm behind PP, the station point is in the central plane, passing through the center
of the circular plane and 80 mm in front of the PP and 60 mm above the ground.

Intersections of Solids:
1.

A cylinder of 75 mm diameter, standing on its base on H.P, is completely penetrated by another

cylinder of 55 mm diameter, with their axes intersecting at right angle. Draw the projections, showing
the lines of intersection, assuming that the axis of the smaller cylinder is parallel to V.P.
2.
A cone of base 60 mm diameter and axis 70 mm long stands vertically with its base on H.P. It is
penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 26 mm diameter. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to V.P., 20
mm above the base and 5 mm in front of the axis of the cone. Draw the projections of solids showing
the curves of intersection.

3.

A cone of base 60 mm diameter and axis 70 mm long stands vertically with its base on H.P. It is
completely penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 30 mm diameter such that both the axes intersect
each other at right angles. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to V.P. and 20 mm above the base of the
cone. Draw the projections of solids showing the curves of intersection.

4.

A square pyramid with edge of base 40 mm and height 80 mm, is resting on H.P such that, all of its
base edges are equally inclined to V.P. A horizontal cylinder of 30 diameter, meets the pyramid on
one side such that, the axes of both the solids intersect each other at a height of 45 mm from the
base of the pyramid. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to V.P. Draw the projections of the solids,
showing the lines of intersection.

5.

A horizontal steam boiler of 3m diameter is surmounted by a dome of the shape of a vertical

cylinder of 1.4m diameter. Draw the projections showing the curves of intersection, when their axes
intersect each other at right angles.

6.

A vertical cylinder of 60 mm diameter is penetrated by another cylinder of 40mm diameter the axis
of which is parallel to both HP and VP. The two axes are 9 mm apart. Draw the projection showing
curves of intersection.

SECTIONS OF SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES:

1. A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and height 52 mm, stands with its base on H.P. and an
edge of base is parallel to V.P. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P., inclined at 40 to H.P. and
passes through a point on the axis, 32 mm above the base. Draw the sectional Top view and
Develop the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
2. A Cone of base 50 mm diameter and 60 mm height rests with its base on H.P. It is cut by a
sectional plane perpendicular to V.P., parallel to one of the generators and passing through a point
on the axis at a distance of 22 mm from the apex. Draw the sectional Top view and Develop the
lateral surface of the remaining portion of the cone.
3. A Cone of base 54 mm diameter and height 72 mm rests with its base on H.P. A section plane
perpendicular to H.P. and inclined at 25 to V.P. cuts the cone at a distance of 13.5 mm from the
axis. Draw the sectional front view and Develop the lateral surface of the remaining portion of the
cone.
4. The vertical section of a right circular cone through the axis is an isoceless triangle of 50 mm base
and 60 mm height. A fly sits on extreme left end of the base and walks around the surface of the
cone and returns to the starting point. Find geometrically the length of the shortest path the fly can
take. Show the path in front and top views.
5.
6.