P-CPICH Power and Antenna Tilt Optimization in UMTS Networks

Iana Siomina
Linkoping University
Department of Science and Technology
SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
iansi@itn.liu.se

Abstract
Pilot power optimization in UMTS networks is a crucial
engineering issue which has received an increasing interest during the last several years. In previous works, it has
been shown that the optimization approach to assigning the
P-CPICH power levels facilitates coverage control and improves signicantly radio resource utilization in UMTS networks. Combined with optimization of radio base station
antenna tilts, this becomes a powerful tool that allows us
to signicantly reduce the total interference level in the network and to improve the network capacity in a very efcient way. The paper addresses the pilot power and antenna tilt optimization problem and presents an efcient algorithm that optimizes the antenna downtilt setting in the
network such that the total P-CPICH power is minimized.
A case study has been done for a network scenario based
on real data for the city of Lisbon. The numerical results
demonstrate that the optimized antenna tilting can give a
reduction of up to 50 % in the optimal pilot power levels.

1 Introduction
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a xed rate
downlink physical channel that carries a pre-dened
bit/symbol sequence. The function of the CPICH is to
aid the channel estimation at the terminal for the dedicated channel and to provide the channel estimation reference for common channels. Normally, each cell has only
one CPICH, Primary CPICH (P-CPICH), and it is used
for broadcasting the pilot signal over the entire cell. In
some cases, a cell may have also one or several Secondary
CPICHs (S-CPICHs), for example, for serving dedicated
hot-spot areas.
The measurements of P-CPICH are used in the cell
search and handover procedures. The mobile terminals scan
for the CPICH signals continuosly and measure the Carrierto-Interference Ratio (CIR) of all pilot signals they can detect. In order to keep a mobile referenced to a cell, the CIR

at the mobile terminal must exceed a minimum threshold at

all times. If a mobile terminal is unable to clearly receive
one dominant CPICH signal, due to interference or coverage problems, the result is likely to be dropped calls, failed
initiations, poor voice quality and/or poor data throughput.
Pilot power control in UMTS networks is a crucial engineering issue which has received an increasing interest
during the last several years. In UMTS networks, adjusting the P-CPICH power levels allows us to control the cell
sizes and the number of connected users to a cell, and to balance the trafc among the neighboring cells, which in turn
makes it possible to regulate the network load. The more
power is spent for pilot signalling, the less power is left to
serve the user trafc. Excessive pilot power can easily take
too large proportion of the total available transmit power,
so that not enough power is left for trafc channels. Due to
the interference-limited nature of UMTS networks, the pilot power control becomes an even more challenging task.
The pilot power control has been previously studied in, for
example, [7, 9, 10, 11].
Radio base station antenna height, azimuth, and tilt are
the important conguration parameters that have a strong
impact on network coverage and system capacity and thus,
must be carefully planned in the topology planning phase.
The antenna conguration can be also changed in the network operation and optimization phase, but these changes
require additional site visits which is expansive and therefore least desirable. Moreover, their effects on signal propagation are difcult to model and it is very expansive to
obtain them from real measurements. From this perspective, antenna tilting is the easiest and the most practical way
of changing the antenna conguration in order to improve
network performance.
Antenna tilt is used to denote the angle of the main beam
of an antenna below the horizontal plane. The primary goal
of antenna downtilting in an UMTS network is to reduce
the other-cell interference in a cell in order to increase the
relative strength of signals from the home cell. The interference reduction increases network capacity and improves
the network performance. However, if antennas are down-

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tilted too excessively, the coverage may suffer. Moreover,

the way the antenna downtilted, i.e., in a mechanical way or
in an electrical manner, has different effects on interference
and network performance [2, 5, 6].
When using mechanical tilt, the antenna is mounted with
adjustable brackets in a way that the tilt can be adjusted on
site. Electrical tilt means an in-built tilt that lowers the vertical beam in all horizontal directions. Electrical tilt can be
combined with additional mechanical tilt. The procedure of
electrical downtilting has been signicantly simplied by
introducing remote electrical tilt controllers that allow also
to avoid additional costly site visits by technical personnel.
Therefore, optimization of antenna downtilt has become a
relatively easy and inexpensive way of optimizing the network performance. Combined with P-CPICH optimization,
it can give signicant capacity enhancement in UMTS networks and allow efcient coverage control. Thus, CPICH
power and antenna downtilt optimization can be used as a
powerful tool in network performance optimization.
In the current paper, the author presents an efcient algorithm based on local search that nds an antenna tilt setting
in the network that minimizes the uniform P-CPICH power
level. The work is an extension of the research presented
in [9, 10]. The optimization of pilot power and antenna
conguration are also the important parts of the network
optimization problem in [1]. Two algorithms for adjusting
CPICH power and antenna tilts for maximizing network capacity were presented in [3, 4].
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In
Section 2, the system model is presented. A brief description of the algorithm is given Section 3. In Section 4, we
present a simple lower bound estimation approach. A numerical study is presented in Section 5. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 6.

2 System Model
Consider a UMTS network with p cells, and let I denote
the set of cells, i.e., I = {1> = = = > p}. The service area is
represented by a grid of bins with a certain resolution, and
the same signal propagation conditions across every bin are
assumed. The total number of bins is denoted by q, and the
set of all bins is denoted by J = {1> = = = > q}.
For each antenna, we dene a set of all possible antenna tilt congurations. We denote this set by K =
{1> = = = > N} and assume that the range of possible down
tilts is the same for all antennas. To describe the current
network conguration, we use a set of binary variables,
(n)
Y = {yl > l 5 I> n 5 K}, dened as follows,

1 if antenna in cell l uses conguration n,

(n)
(1)
yl =
0 otherwise.
Note that for each cell, there can be chosen only one antenna
P
(n)
tilt conguration, i.e., n5K yl = 1> ;l 5 I.

(n)

(n)

 1) to denote the
We use jlm (0  jlm
power gain between base station l that uses the n-th antenna tilt conguration and bin m. For simplicity, we
group the power gain values by antenna tilt and dene
a set of N matrices, one for each antenna tilt value,
(n)
J(n) = {jlm > l 5 I> m 5 J }> n 5 K.
W rw
Let Sl
be the total transmission power in cell l and
let SlFS LFK denote the amount of power allocated to the
(n)
P-CPICH signal in this cell. Thus, SlFS LFK jlm is the
power of the received pilot signal from cell l in bin m if antenna in cell l uses conguration n. Using binary variables
dened by (1), the received pilot signal from cell l in bin m
is thus
X
(n) (n)
SlFS LFK jlm yl =
(2)
n5K

The strength of a pilot signal is measured by its CIR

dened as the received chip energy relative to the total received power spectral density. We assume that a pilot signal
can be detected if and only if the CIR is not less than a given
threshold 0 . For cell l and bin m, the CIR requirement is
therefore
X
(n) (n)
SlFS LFK jlm yl
n5K

XX

(n) (n)

SoW rw jom yo

+ m

 0 >

(3)

o5I n5K

where m is the thermal noise power at a mobile terminal

located in bin m.
Given a tilt setting for all antennas in the network, i.e.,
network conguration Y is known, it can be derived from
(3), that, if cell l covers bin m, then the pilot power SlFS LFK
must be at least Slm (Y ) dened as follows,
XX
(n) (n)
SoW rw jom yo + m
Slm (Y ) = 0

o5I n5K

(4)

(n) (n)

jlm yl

n5K

In this paper, we assume the worst-case interference scenario when all base stations transmit at their maximum
transmit power level, i.e., SlW rw = S pd{ > ;l 5 I. With this
assumption, (4) reads
3
X X (n) (n) 4
jom yo
E
F
o5I n5K
E
F
o6=l
F
pd{ E
Slm (Y ) = 0 S
E1 + X (n) (n) F +
E
F
jlm yl
C
D
n5K

+ 0 X

m
(n) (n)

jlm yl

= (5)

n5K

To provide a service in some bin m, the bin needs to be

covered by at least one cell. Thus, for a given conguration Y , the minimum P-CPICH power needed to provide

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the service coverage in bin m is

min Slm (Y ) =
l5I

n. The described algorithm is presented below in pseudo

code.
(6)

Uniform pilot power is the most popular strategy used

by operators in assigning the P-CPICH transmit power levels. By this strategy, all cells use the same P-CPICH power.
Considering that the total amount of pilot power in this case
is p S FS LFK , where S FS LFK is the P-CPICH power
level of each of the cells in the network, the pilot power optimization problem which aims to minimize the total pilot
power reduces to minimization of the uniform pilot power
level S FS LFK subject to a coverage constraint.
It has been shown in [9, 10] that for a given network conguration Y , the minimum uniform pilot power level that
guarantees full coverage of the service area can be found as
follows,
S FS LFK = max min Slm (Y ) =
m5J l5I

(7)

In [9], the authors presented also a simple algorithm that

nds the optimal uniform pilot power for a given minimum
required coverage degree.
In this paper, we address the problem of optimizing the
antenna tilt conguration in the network (Y ) in such a way
that the uniform pilot power level (S FS LFK ) is minimized
and a given service coverage degree is guaranteed. From
(5), we observe that minimizing the uniform pilot power
in the network implies minimizing the maximum other-toown-cell interference ratio in the network in the downlink
direction and isolating the cells.

algorithm W lowRswlpl}dwlrq;
// INPUT:
//
p = number of cells
//
q = number of bins
//
N = number of possible tilt configurations
//
J(n) = power gain matrix for the n-th
//
configuration, n = {1> = = = > N}
// OUTPUT:
//
S FS LFK = uniform pilot power level
//
Y = antenna tilt setting in the network
begin
lm := J(1) for all l = {1> = = = > p}> m = {1> = = = > q};
J
lm

S FS LFK = i lqgRswX qli S lorwS rz(J);

(1)
yl := 1 for all l = {1> = = = > p};
(u)
yl := 0 for all l = {1> = = = > p}> u = {2> = = = > N};
for n := 2 to N
for l := 1 to p
begin
// Change antenna tilt in cell l
lm for all m = {1> = = = > q};
jm = J
(n)

Jlm = Jlm for all m = {1> = = = > q};

// Find the optimal uniform pilot power

s = i lqgRswXqli S lorwS rz(J);

if s ? S FS LFK then
begin
// Save the current configuration
S FS LFK = s;
(n)
yl := 1;
(u)
yl := 0 for all u = {1> = = = > N}\n;
begin
else
// Reject the last change
lm = jm for all m = {1> = = = > q};
J
end;

3 A Heuristic Algorithm
To optimize the uniform pilot power level in the network
by adjusting the antenna tilts, there has been designed an
iterative heuristic algorithm based on local search. In each
iteration, the algorithm examines the current antenna tilt setting in the network and calculates the optimal uniform pilot
power level. (For a given conguration, the optimal uniform pilot power solution for full coverage can be found by
(7).) If the current setting gives a lower uniform pilot power
level as compared to the best among those found in previous
iterations, the result and the current conguration are saved
as the best solution. The algorithm iterates over the number
of all possible tilt congurations and changes the antenna
tilts in the network on a cell-by-cell basis.
This approach allows us to handle huge data sets in a
very efcient way. Instead of keeping in RAM all J(n) matrices, we can calculate them in advance and then during
the optimization process we load only the one we need, i.e.,
for the current n. Thus, we have to keep in RAM only two
matrices, the one formed according the best current conguration and the one with power gain values for the current

end;

4 A Lower Bound Estimation

In this section, we present a very simple approach that

allows us to compute a lower bound on the optimal uniform
pilot power level within a few seconds even for very large
networks.
From (5), we observe that for each bin m we can always
nd the best conguration from the bin perspective. This
conguration minimizes the other-to-own-cell interference
ratio, i.e., the second component in brackets in (5), giving
the following equation for the minimum pilot power in cell

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l needed to cover bin m,

3
Slm

= 0 S

pd{

E
E
E
E1 +
E
C

X
o5I
o6=l

(n)

min jom +
n5K

m

S pd{

F
F
F
F=
F
D

(n)

max jlm
n5K

(8)

Thus, for a given system model, independently on the

chosen antenna tilt setting in the network, the optimum uniform pilot power needed to provide full coverage cannot be
lower than maxm5J minl5I Slm . For partial coverage, the
maximum shall be taken over a subset of bins, i.e., we can
exclude those bins that require the highest pilot power.
Figure 1. Isotropic path loss prediction (best
server map), [dB].

5 A Case Study
In this section, we investigate the impact of different antenna tilt settings on the total amount of pilot power and
present computational results obtained for a test network
originating from a planning scenario for the city of Lisbon.
The planning scenario was provided by the M OMENTUM
project group [8]. Table 1 and Table 2 display some network characteristics and the parameter setting used in our
computational experiments, respectively.
Table 1. Network statistics.
Number of sites
Number of cells (p)
Number of bins (q)
Bin size
Area size

60
164
52000
20 m 20 m
4200 m 5000 m

Table 2. Parameter setting.

Maximum downlink transmit power (S pd{ )
Maximum P-CPICH power (pd{ )
Thermal noise power (m )
Minimum P-CPICH CIR (0 )
Electrical tilt range
Mechanical tilt range

20 W
3W
1.55e-14 W
0.01
[0 > 6 ]
[0 > 6 ]

Table 3. Antenna characteristics.

Frequency
Antenna gain
Polarization
Half-power beam width
Adjustable electrical downtilt range

2110 MHz
18.5 dBi
+45
65

[0 > 6 ]

We assume that antennas installed at each site in the network are of the same type (Kathrein antenna, type 742265).
Table 3 presents some antenna characteristics. For each antenna in the network, the azimuth is assumed to be given.
Our goal is to adjust antenna tilts such that the total amount
of pilot power in the network is minimized.

Figure 2. Path loss prediction (best server

map) for the optimized electrical tilting solution for 99% coverage, [dB].
First, we study the effect of electrical tilting (assuming
mechanical antenna tilts xed at zero) as it is the cheapest, but more complicated tilting method from the computational stand point and therefore, is more interesting from the
practical point of view. However, the presented approach
can be also used for mechanical downtilting and the combination of mechanical and electrical downtilting.
To be able to obtain the attenuation values for specic
network congurations, the attenuation has been decomposed into three components [1], the antenna gain, the directional loss, and the master path loss predictions computed for an isotropic antenna. The antenna gain value
is known from antenna characteristics (18.5 dBi). The
isotropic predictions are given. To calculate the directional
losses for some value of antenna tilt from the given range,
we use an interpolation technique applied to the corresponding antenna vertical and horizontal diagrams (available from
the antenna producer) and the topological information over

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the entire service area [1]. The nal attenuation is calculated as a sum of three values (the antenna gain value is
taken with the minus sign).
Figure 1 demonstrates the best server map for isotropic
predictions. For every bin, the color represents the smallest
loss value, in dB, among all the cells. Figure 2 shows the
attenuation predictions for the network congured according the found solution for 99 % coverage when the electrical
tilts can vary within a given range and the mechanical tilts
are xed at zero.
Table 4 presents the computational results obtained under the full coverage requirement. In the rst scenario none
of antennas in the network is titled. In the next six scenarios all antennas have the same electrical downtilt. In the last
scenario, we use the optimized antenna tilt setting obtained
by the algorithm presented in Section 3. For each scenario,
we present P-CPICH power level, the total amount of pilot power in the network, the percentage of bins covered
by more than one cell, and the average number of covering
cells per bin. We observe that the last scenario yields a substantial improvement over all previous scenarios. Note also
that using the same electrical downtilt for all antennas in the
network may give a worse result than that for the non-tilted
network due to the increased attenuation along the cell borders. The lower bound on the optimal uniform pilot power
for full coverage computed by the approach presented in
Section 4 is 0.5251 W.
Table 4. Uniform pilot power solutions for full
coverage (zero mechanical tilts).
El.
tilt
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Opt

P-CPICH power, [W]

Total
Per cell
309.94
1.8899
338.38
2.0633
325.83
1.9868
325.62
1.9855
322.97
1.9693
308.53
1.8813
309.09
1.8847
158.53
0.9666

Overlapping
[%]
72.67
75.72
72.74
68.82
65.06
60.16
57.36
34.29

Covering
cells per bin
2.08
2.18
2.09
2.01
1.93
1.82
1.79
1.36

Table 5 demonstrates the uniform pilot power solutions

obtained under the 99 % coverage requirement for the same
seven scenarios. The lower bound computed for this coverage requirement is 0.3764 W. (Note, the optimized tilt
setting in the last scenario is different from that presented
in Table 4.) The last scenario gives pilot power saving of
up to 37 % of the optimal level for non-tilted network. The
statistics on the other-to-own-cell interference ratios for all
seven scenarios for both types of solutions is presented in
Table 6. Figures 3 and 4 show histograms of the optimized
electrical tilts in the solutions with the full and the 99 %
coverage requirement, respectively.
Further, we studied the effect of optimizing the mechanical antenna tilt on the optimal uniform pilot power as-

Table 5. Uniform pilot power solutions for 99%

coverage (zero mechanical tilts).
El.
tilt
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Opt

P-CPICH power, [W]

Total
Per cell
165.50
1.0092
154.08
0.9395
141.33
0.8679
130.48
0.7956
132.82
0.8099
133.66
0.8150
136.25
0.8308
103.50
0.63112

Overlapping
[%]
39.66
36.04
32.03
26.88
26.80
24.28
24.17
13.30

Covering
cells per bin
1.41
1.36
1.32
1.27
1.26
1.24
1.24
1.12

Table 6. Statistics for the other-to-own-cell interference ratios for the full and 99% coverage
solutions (zero mechanical tilts).
El.
tilt
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Opt

100% coverage
Mean Max
Std. dev.
1.05
8.45
0.90
0.98
9.32
0.83
0.87
8.93
0.76
0.74
8.92
0.69
0.68
8.84
0.68
0.62
8.41
0.67
0.61
8.42
0.69
0.59
3.83
0.62

Mean
1.01
0.95
0.84
0.72
0.65
0.59
0.58
0.55

99% coverage
Max Std. dev.
4.04
0.81
3.69
0.75
3.31
0.70
2.98
0.63
3.05
0.62
3.07
0.61
3.15
0.62
2.15
0.49

suming the electrical tilts xed at zero. In this case, the

lower bounds for full and 99-percent coverage are 0.7310 W
and 0.4265 W, respectively. The results are summarized in
Table 7 which show the optimal uniform pilot power, the
overlapping percentage, and the average other-to-own-cell
interference ratio. The results show that in the studied test
network, changes in electrical antenna tilts have a stronger
effect on the total interference reduction in the network and
the optimal uniform pilot power than those in mechanical
antenna tilts. Nevertheless, the use of mechanical downtilting can give a further improvement if it used in addition to
electrical antenna tilt whose range, dened by antenna type,
is usually more limited.

Table 7. Uniform pilot power solutions for full

and 99% coverage (zero electrical tilts).
Mech.
tilt
1
2
3
4
5
6
Opt

Pilot
[W]
2.12
2.09
2.05
1.97
1.89
1.95
1.02

100% coverage
Overl. Mean l
[%]
76.73
1.01
75.38
0.94
72.88
0.85
69.37
0.78
64.86
0.71
62.58
0.68
37.89
0.67

Pilot
[W]
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.85
0.68

99% coverage
Overl. Mean l
[%]
36.79
0.97
34.84
0.91
31.40
0.82
29.77
0.75
27.60
0.68
27.35
0.64
18.28
0.63

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7 Acknowledgments

120

The author wishes to thank Di Yuan at the Department

of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, Sweden,
and Fredrik Gunnarsson at Ericsson Research, Linkoping,
Sweden, for the technical discussions. The group of the
MOMENTUM project is also acknowledged for providing
the test data for Lisbon [8]. This work is nanced by
CENIIT (Center for Industrial Information Technology),
Linkoping Institute of Technology, Sweden.

NUMBER OF CELLS

100

80

60

40

20

2
3
4
ELECTRICAL TILT, o[ ]

Figure 3. A histogram of the optimized electrical tilts in the full coverage solution.
120

NUMBER OF CELLS

100

80

60

40

20

2
3
4
ELECTRICAL TILT, o[ ]

Figure 4. A histogram of the optimized electrical tilts in the solution with 99% coverage.

6 Conclusions and Future Research

We have studied the problem of minimizing the
P-CPICH power in UMTS networks by adjusting antenna
downtilts subject to a coverage constraint. Our study shows
that solutions with optimized antenna tilts signicantly outperform those without tilting or the ones with uniform antenna tilt setting. The reduction in the optimal uniform
CPICH power is also a sign that the downlink interference
is reduced, which means that the capacity is potentially increased.
We observed that in the studied test network, the effect of
electrical tilt on interference reduction is greater than that of
mechanical tilt. Although in this paper we studied the electrical and mechanical tilting separately, the results suggest
that mechanical tilt can be used in addition to electrical tilting, e.g., when a further increase of the electrical antenna
tilt is impossible.
We have considered the case when all cells use the same
amount of pilot power, but the work is planned to be extended to a more general case with adaptive pilot power,
i.e., when each cell can be assigned own pilot power level.
This topic is to be addressed in forthcoming research.

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