DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (331102)

PRACTICAL: 05

STUDY OF HALF ADDER

AND FULL ADDER CIRCUIT

1.0 AIM :

 To learn about the half adder and full adder circuit.

 Designing the combinational circuit.
 Learning Difference between sequential and combinational circuits.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

 In electronics, an ADDER or SUMMER is a digital circuit that performs addition of

numbers.

 Digital system consist of basically two types of circuits:

o Combinational Logic System
o Sequential Logic System

 In a combinational circuit, the output at any time depends only on the input
values at that time.

 In the sequential circuit, the output at any time depends on the present input
values as well as the past output values.

 The basic building blocks of arithmetic units such as half adders and full adders
are the combinational circuits.

 In modern computers adders reside in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) where other
operations are performed.

 Although adders can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as

Binary-coded decimal or excess-3, the most common adders operate on binary
numbers.

3.0 HALF ADDER :

 A half adder can add two bits. It has two inputs, generally labelled A and B, and
two outputs, the sum S and carry C.

20 | P a g e
SOHIL VOHRA (LECTURER - SHRI K.J. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, BHARUCH (C.E. DEPTT))
 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (331102)

 S is the two-bit XOR of A and

B, and C is the AND of A and B.
Essentially the output of a half
adder is the sum of two one-bit
numbers, with C being the
most significant of these two
outputs.

 A half adder is a logical circuit

that performs an addition
operation on two one-bit binary
numbers. The half adder
outputs a sum of the two
inputs and a carry value.

 The drawback of this circuit is that in case of a multibit addition, it cannot include
a carry.

4.0 FULL ADDER :

 A Half adder has only two inputs and there is no provision to add a carry coming
from the lower order bits when multibit operation is performed.

 For this purpose, a full adder is

designed.

 A full adder is a combinational

circuit that performs the arithmetic sum if
three input bits and produces a sum and a
carry.

 A full adder can be constructed

from two half adders by connecting A and
B to the input of one half adder,
connecting the sum from that to an input
to the second adder, connecting Ci to the
other input and OR th e two carry
outputs.

 Equivalently, S could be made

the three-bit XOR of x, y, and z, and Co
could be made the three-bit majority
function of x, y, and z.

21 | P a g e
SOHIL VOHRA (LECTURER - SHRI K.J. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, BHARUCH (C.E. DEPTT))
 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (331102)

5.0 EXERCISE

5.1 What is the need of arithmetic circuits?

Ans :

5.2 Is it possible to construct the half adder using only NAND gate? Why?
Ans :

5.3 Is it possible to construct the full adder using only NOR gate?
Ans :

5.4 What is the difference between half adder and full adder?
Ans :

5.5 What are combinational circuits?

Ans :

5.6 What are sequential circuit?

Ans :

5.7 Give difference between sequential circuits and combinational circuits?

Ans :

22 | P a g e
SOHIL VOHRA (LECTURER - SHRI K.J. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, BHARUCH (C.E. DEPTT))
 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (331102)

5.8 Is half adder a sequential circuit? Give reasons for your answer.
Ans :

6.0 ASSIGNMENTS
6.1 What is the full adder? Explain with diagram.
6.2 What is the half adder? Explain with diagram.
6.3 How can we construct full adder circuit using half adder?
6.4 Design a half adder using only NOR gate. Explain the functioning of the
circuit and show that the output is that of the half adder circuit.
6.5 Design a full adder using only NAND gate. Explain the functioning of the
circuit and show that the output is that of the full adder circuit.
6.6 Explain the function of OR and AND gates using the diodes.

Grades for Exercise: .................................................

Grades for Assignment: .................................................

Signature of Lab Co-ordinators: .................................................

23 | P a g e
SOHIL VOHRA (LECTURER - SHRI K.J. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, BHARUCH (C.E. DEPTT))