Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

Internship Report
17th Jan, 2011 11th Feb, 2011
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
Electronics Engineering Department
Muhammad Ziaullah Hussain
Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology,
Karachi.
1

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise unto Almighty Allah, the lord of all worlds, who endowed me with the ability to
complete successfully this period as internee, though I did not conceal myself capable to
do so.
It is the indulgence to acknowledge my deep gratitude to Sir Syed University of
Engineering and Technology, who took great interest in providing me this internship in
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority in Electronics Engineering Depot, JIAP, Karachi.
I am highly obliged for the kindness of OIC Mr. Jawaid Shams and for great cooperation
provided by staff of the Electronics Engineering Depot. I am extremely thankful for the
cooperation and help provided by Mr. Muzaffer, Mr. Iftikhar, Mr. Saeed, Mr.Jafry, Mr.
Shamim, Mr. Tahir, Mr. Majid and Mr Junaid in their sections Nav. Aids., VHF/UHF, GE,
Telecom, HF and RCWS respectively.
Last but not least, I am also thankful to all those personnels who always have sincere
feelings and guided me at their best.
Muhammad Ziaullah Hussain

Table of Contents
2

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................ 3
Overview of
EED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....... 3
1. Nav. Aids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............. ... 4
Terminal
Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .4
Components of
(ILS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 4 Localizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......................4
Glide Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4
TDME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Marker
Beacons . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........... 5
En-route
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..........5
NDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
VOR. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Comparision between D- VOR & CVOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DME .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2. VHF/UHF Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................ 7
3.General
Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 9 Digital Voice Logging System
(DVLS) . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 PA
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Telecom
Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 10
5. HF Department: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.Radar Central Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .11
Diff. between Primary & Secondary RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14
List of Test Equipments/Benches available in
RCWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14 Specification of model
of Radars in Karachi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Introduction:
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is a Public sector autonomous body working under the
Federal Government of Pakistan through the Ministry of Defence. It was established on
7th December, 1982 as an autonomous body.
The CAA not only serves as a regulatory body on behalf of the Government of Pakistan,
its functions include provision of services such as facilitation, air space management, Air
Traffic Control and Fire Fighting Services. The Authority is also responsible for the
planning, development and maintenance of all civil aviation infrastructures in the country.
For the fulfillment of its function as a regulatory body, the CAA ensures conformity to the
standards laid down by the International civil aviation organization (ICAO), regard to
flight safety, aircraft maintenance and medical fitness of pilots, air traffic controllers and
engineers. It is also responsible for negotiating of air services agreements with other
countries.

Overview of EED:
CAA provides communication, navigation and surviliance through its stations all over
Pakistan.Electronics Engineering Depot is the service and maintenance depot of Civil
Aviation Authority, it's work is to facilitate the CAA stations all over Pakistan with its
service of maintenance and repairing of the Electronics Equipment.
The Basic working of the EED is to install the equipment or supervise the installation
incase of installation/upgrading is done by contractor and test the latest equipment that
have been brought from abroad for Civil Aviation Authority and also to repair the
equipments at different stations, either by going there or bringing the equipment to the
EED,Karachi.

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

In EED, there are various departments that deal with different types of equipments.

Nav. Aids

RADAR
Central
Workshop

VHF/UHF
Section

EED
HF
Section

GEN.
Elect.

Telecom
Section

Nav. Aids:
Navigational Aids department deals with the equipments of navigation and aiding that
compromises of Terminal Navigation and En-route Navigation.

Terminal Navigation:
Terminal Navigation is provided through Instrument Landing System(ILS). ILS is the
precise control system which helps and guides the pilot during landing of the aircraft.

Components of ILS

Musical instrument landing process (ILS) is really a ground-based device technique process
that gives accuracy assistance to a airplane approaching and landing using a runway, using a
mixture of stereo alerts. These kind of informations are generally:

Guidance facts: this localizer and move incline.

Range facts: this outside marker (CM) plus the midsection marker (MM) beacons.

Visual facts: (high-intensity illumination arrays allow some sort of safe and sound
landing) PAPI technique lighting, landing and centerline lighting, runway lighting.
Localizer :

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

The localizer signal provides information to guide the aircraft to the centerline of the
runway
The localizer antenna is located at the far end of the runway.
The approach course of the localizer is called the front course.
The course line in the opposite direction to the front course is called the back course.
The localizer signal normally usable 18 NM from the field.
The Morse code Identification of the localizer consists of a three-letter.
Principle of Operation of Localizer: The localizer antenna selection is often based past

the actual starting end from the runway in addition to usually consists of numerous sets
connected with directional antennas. A couple of alerts are usually transported using one
beyond forty ILS routes involving the carrier consistency variety 108. 10 MHz in addition to
111. ninety five MHz (with the actual 100 kHz number often odd). An example may be
modulated in ninety Hz, the other in one humdred and fifty Hz in addition to they are
transported coming from individual however co-located antennas. Just about every the actual
quit from the runway centerline, the other for the suitable. antenna transfers a new slim
gleam, just one somewhat to the left from the runway centerline, the other for the suitable.
TDME:

Fatal Mileage Testing Tools (TDME) provides each info regarding range via effect along
point. Fatal DME, termed as some sort of
TDME with navigational stock chart, is really
a DME in which was created to give a 0
studying on the patience point on the runway,
whatever the actual physical location on the equipment. It really is typically regarding Glide
Slope.
Marker Beacons:
Marker beacons are widely-used to help notify the preliminary through sound recording in
addition to visible cues. It increases the range coming from patience place for the extensive
heart type of the runway, with a unique hieght. ILS incorporate a
few marker beacons: intrinsic, midsection in
addition to external. This intrinsic marker is needed
simply for Category II functions. This marker
beacons can be found from specified intervals for
the extensive heart series. Just about all marker
beacons run using any consistency regarding
seventy five MHz
En-route Navigation:
NDB:
A non-directional (radio) beacon (NDB) is a radio transmitter.
In Pakistan NDB operates at 190 525 Khz.
Models of NDBs. used by CAA are:
Aerocom 5401, 5034
Nautel ND-500, ND-2000
Southren Avionics SS - 1000

VOR:

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

VOR, quick with regard to VHF omnidirectional radio range, is usually a sort of radio
direction-finding program with regard to airplane. Some sort of VOR floor place broadcasts
the VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, style (if equipped), and also
direction-finding signal. The actual identifier is usually morse rule. The actual style signal is
frequently place name, in-flight documented advisories, as well as reside trip program
broadcasts. The actual direction-finding signal allows this airborne acquiring products to
ascertain the magnetic displaying in the place for the airplane (direction in the VOR place in
relation to this Earth's magnetic Northern in the time installation). VOR channels with areas
of magnetic compass unreliability are generally focused regarding True Northern. That line of
position is referred to as this "radial" in the VOR. The actual intersection connected with a
couple of radials from various VOR channels over a chart offers the position from the
airplane.
Comparision between D- VOR & C-VOR:
Doppler VOR beacons tend to be inherently a lot more accurate than Regular VORs
because they're a lot more immune in order to glare coming from slopes as well as
structures. The particular varied transmission, inside a DVOR, may be the 30Hz FM
transmission. Within a CVOR it is the 30Hz WAS transmission. If your WAS transmission
at a CVOR beacon, bounces away a creating or perhaps mountain, the particular jet
might find a period that appears to be in the period centre in the major transmission and
the reflected transmission, and also this period centre may transfer because the beam
swivels. Within a DVOR beacon, the particular varied transmission may, in case reflected,
seem to be 2 FM alerts associated with unequal talents and various levels. 2 times each
30Hz cycle, the particular instantaneous deviation in the 2 alerts stands out as the
identical, and the period locked cycle could possibly get (briefly) baffled. For the reason
that 2 instantaneous deviations float apart all over again, the particular period locked
cycle will track the particular transmission with the very best power, that ought to always
be in which due to line-of-sight transmission. This kind of depends on the particular
bandwidth in the productivity in the period comparator from the jet. Therefore a number
of glare can cause minor troubles, but they're usually with regards to a good get
associated with specifications a lot less than inside a CVOR beacon..

Models of VOR used by CAA are:

C-VOR: Wilcox 585B

D-VOR: Thomson-CSF 512-C, 512-D

VHF/UHF Section:
7

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

This section deals with all the equipments of

VHF/UHF used for the communication
between Air traffic Control to the plane or in
other words ground to air communication.
The maintenance of all the VHF/UHF
equipments from all over Pakistan comes
under this department. There are various
types of antenna used in Communication of
VHF/UHF, like whip antenna, long wire antenna, umbrella antenna, half and full dipole
antenna, VHF
extended antenna etc.
Whereas, the general range of Frequencies used in CAA is from 118MHZ to 136 MHz.
Frequencies used by Civil Aviation Authority for different kind of Purposes are:
COMMUNICATORS

MAIN(MHz)

STANDBY (MHZ)

Tower controller

118.3

118.8

Ground controller

121.6

118.4

Surface frequency

121.8

123.0

Approach frequency

125.5

121.3

Radar frequency

123.3

127.3

VHF extended range

128.3

133.2

VHF emergency frequency

121.5

VHF extended:
For the range greater than 50nm VHF Extended is used. The satellites used for this
purpose are PAKSAT and ThaiCOM. VHF Extended system is installed in Karachi, Quetta,
Pasni, Rojhan, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Laram Killa, Karimabad and some other places.
They are remotely operated and controlled via satellite network from Area Control Center
(ACC) Karachi, to enable control of all air traffic in country.
Latest VHF/UHF Equipments used by CAA are:

JOTRON TR-810

Multi purpose VHF/AM Transceiver

10W output power

Detachable front panel
Automatic muting facility
Output for voice-recording
Frequency range: 118-137 MHz
DC voltage range from 10 to 28V
25kHz/8.33kHz channel separation(selectable)
Front or rear connection for microphone input
A bright and clear graphical display for easy readout
Fast recall of 3 present channels via dedicated buttons
Built-in loudspeaker with possibilities for an external loudspeaker

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

Rohde & Schwarz

FM W/T
Motorola GP2000

99 Channels
Front Panel Programming
12.5125 kHz Channel Spacing
Nuisance Channel Delete
Channel Alias
Coded Squelch. Adjustable Squelch Level
3 Scan Lists (each with priority channel)
Selective Call
Receive-only Channel
Time-Out Timer (from 0 to 10 minutes)

AM W/T
Standard

Vertex

Automatic Noise Limiter

Ambient Temperature monitor
PC Programmable

GEN. Elect. :
General Electronics deals with the equipment that is
used in general and cannot be categorized under
any of the other department.

Digital Voice Logging System (DVLS)

Public Address System

Digital Voice Logging System (DVLS):

Formely VLS was used for recording all types of conversations, works
on the analog principle of magnetic tape recording. The VLS tape can
record a days recording and has to be replaced the other day. The
system is being replaced by the DVLS. It isthe most important and
major equipment with which GE deals. This is the Latest machine use
for the recording all types of conversation. recording stuff is reserved
for 30 days in DVD-RAM . The model of DVLS used byCAA is Marathon
Evolution.

Telecom Section:
This specific portion has been basically for the installation of as well as
correcting intercom program. Now intercom is usually changed through PBX.
non-public side alternate (PBX) is often a telephone alternate that will serve a
unique runs for many corporations or even for the public. PBXs create
connections among the inside telephones of an exclusive organization
usually a businessand furthermore joins them to the population traded
telephone circle (PSTN) by way of start wrinkles. Simply because they

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

combine telephones, fax devices, modems, plus much more, the term "extension" is employed
for you to consider just about any conclude level around the side. enterprise or even office, as
opposed to the one that a typical provider or even telephone company.

HF Section:
HF section deals with the equipment of direct communication in Long Range, providing
maintenance repairing and upgrading of HF communication equipments, for four
purposes:
Ground to Air Domestic
Ground to Ground Domestic
Ground to Air International
Ground to Ground International
Presently HF RT is used as standby for ground to air communication, incase of Extended
VHF failure. It is also used for communication with the FIRs of Lahore, Kabul, Bombay
and Delhi
HFRT(day)
10018 Khz
5658 Khz
HFRT(night)

3467 Khz

5658 Khz

HF SSB is used for ground to ground communication between CAA stations throughout
the country.
Latest HF Equipment used by CAA is:

HF Transceiver Codan NGT ASR

Codan NGT ASR HF SSB 1.6-30MHz 100W

Emergency selcall
Smart monitoring
Voice Encryption for communication security (COMSEC)
Fax, data, email and internet using 9001 (fax and data) model
Message call up to 90 characters
GPS call (with a GPS receiver)
Status call for remote testing of parameters
Multiple control interfaces
Remote control via a leased line
or digital radio link..
GPS location and tracking
Telephone Interconnect
High power HF SSB systems (500 W & 1 kW)
Mobile automatic tuning whip HF antenna
Morse key

Radar Central Workshop:

RCWS was Established in 1996 at ACC JIAP. Workshop shifted from JIAP to EED on 3rd
January 2005. RCWS EED is responsible for the repair and maintenance of all Pakistan
CAA Radars unserviceable PCBs, Modules, Units of following Equipments:
TA-10 K (Primary Radar)
RSM-870 (Secondary Radar)
AIRCAT-500 + AIRCAT-200 Systems
SIMCAT-1000 (Radar Simulator CATI)

10

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

TXM-4200 (RICS System) Phase-II

TXM-3142 Phase-I
Regulators Merlin Gerin
These are installed in Karachi and Lahore Flight
information Regions (FIR) and Training Center CATI
Hydrabad. Controling arrangement of Radars is
following:
Southern region (controlled in Karachi):This
region covers the most and the critical areas of
Pakistan, which includes sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan
while touching the northern area overlapping.
Karachi is control center is located at Jinnah International airport and is one of two air
traffic control centers in Pakistan. The primary responsibility is the separation of over
flights and the expedited sequencing of arrivals and departure along STARs (standard
terminal arrival routes) and DPs (standard instrument departure) for all of southern
Pakistan including some portion of Arabian Sea.
Northern region (controlled in Lahore):This covers the most northern parts of
Pakistan covering the range of mountains region till Peshawar. Lahore area control centre
is located at Allama Iqbal International airport. The primary responsibility is same as
above of for all of northern Pakistan.

11

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

12

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

Difference between Primary and Secondary RADAR:

Primary Radar provides continuous surveillance of air traffic disposition. Precise
knowledge of the positions of aircraft would permit a reduction in the normal procedural
separation standards, which in turn promised considerable increases in the efficiency of

13

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

the airways system. A primary radar can detect and report the position of anything that
reflects its transmitted radio signals. While secondary radar is with (IFF) system, relies
on "transponder." The transponder
is a radio receiver and transmitter
which receives on one frequency
(1030 MHz) and transmits on
another (1090 MHz). The target
aircraft's transponder replies to
signals
from
an
interrogator
(usually, but not necessarily, a
ground station co-located with a
primary radar) by transmitting a coded reply signal containing the requested information.

Specification of model of Radars in Karachi:

PSR Model: TA-10K
(Terminal Approach 10 cm Waveguide Klystron (Final Output Stage Power Amplifier))
(Frequency Band 2700 MHz to 2900 MHz)
Range (In Diversity Mode)

= 98 NM at height of 30,000 feet

(When Both Channels are operational)

Peak Power (Per Transmitting Pulse)

= 1.5 M Watts (maximum)

Peak Power (Per Transmitting Pulse)

= 1.25 M Watts (Operational)

Average Power (Output)

= 4 Kilo- Watts

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF1)

= 666 Hz (Operational)

Pulse Repetition Time (PRT1) Interval

= 1.5 milliseconds (Operational)

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF2)

= 333 Hz (Option)

Pulse Repetition Time (PRT2) Interval

= 3 milliseconds (Option)

Operating Frequency Range

= From 2700 MHz to 2900 MHz

Pulse Width

= 1.7 Microseconds

Antenna Rotation Speed (High)

= 10 RPM

Antenna Rotation Speed (Low)

= 5 RPM

Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)

< 02

Range Resolution

= 60 Meters (400 Nanoseconds )

Azimuth Resolution

= 1.4 Degrees

Minimum Target Area to detect

= 2 Square Meters (Minimum Radar

Cross-Sectional Area)

SSR Model: RSM-870

(Radar Secondary Mono Pulse)

Range (One Way)

= 200 NM

(1 NM = 1852 Meters)
14

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

Interrogation Frequency

= 1030 MHz

Reply from Transponder

Equipment)

= 1090 MHz (This is not part of SSR

Power Consumption (Transmitter Equip.)

= 600 Watts

Pulse Width

= 0.8 Microseconds

Capacity

= 300 Aircrafts (Processing)

Operating band

= L Band

Transmitter output Power (High)

= 1.5 K Watts

SSR Modes (Available)

(Altitude)

= Alpha (Identity) & Charlie

List of Test Equipments/Benches available in RCWS:

1. AFIT-1500 In Circuit digital IC Tester (Excluding RAM & EPROM ICs) up to 24 Pins
Digital / TTL ICs only.
2. Tracker Huntron=5100DS (Hardware change Cold Tester)
3. Micro-System Trouble Shooter.
4. Frequency Counter
5. Power Meter.
6. Synthesizer / Level Generator.
7. VHF Switch.
8. Relay Actuator
9. System Power Supply of Hewlett Packard.
10. Combinational System
(Unserviceable)

S-645

Programmable

Fault

Finder

of

Schlumberger.

11. Curve Tracer. Tektronix-571

12. EPROM Programmer Unisite
13. TEST BENCH OF RICS TXM-4200 SYSTEM
14. Chip Master Compact (Digital IC Tester)
15. Linear Master Compact (Analogue ICs Tester)
16. Component Analyzer (Up to 3-Pins Components Tester)

15

Internship Report

CAA PAKISTAN

17. Relative Humidity & Temperature Tester.

18. ROBIN Microwave Leakage Tester.
19. BK Precision Auto Ranging Capacitance Meter, Model 830A
20. BK Precision Inductance Meter, Model # 875B
21. Fluke Scope Meter, Model # 199C
22. Fluke Multimeters, Model # 187
23. Toolkit Xcelite TC-100ST
24. Soldering Station Weller
25. Huntron Pro-Track-I Model 20
26. DATAMAN Universal EPROM Programmer
27. De-Soldering Station Weller .
28. Huntron Scanner-I (part of Tracker)
29. Agilent Digital Colour LCD Oscilloscope
30. 6-GHz Spectrum Analyzer Model FSL6
31. Battery Load Tester (200A)
32. ERSA Infra-Red Rework Station IR/PL-550A

16