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1.
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................3
2.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.....................................................................4
3.
CALIBRATION
3.2.
3.4.
ELASTIC COLLISION
OF A
FORCE SENSOR..............................................................................4
ON AN
TWO
MAGNETS...............................................................5
4.
REFERENCES.........................................................................................10
5.
ANNEX.................................................................................................. 10
5.1.
LIST OF FIGURES
YFIG. 1:........................... MEASURED
5
FIG. 2: SET-UP
FIG. 3: LOG-LOG
FIG. 4: SET-UP
GRAPH OF
F(S)
OVER R.................................................................................8
FIG. 5: RECORDED
LIST OF TABLES
YTABLE 1. MEASURED
TABLE 2. MEASURED
1.
INTRODUCTION
The aim of these experiments was to analyse the validity of the 1/r2 law for magnetic forces and the
change of momentum in elastic collisions. For this purpose, the experiment was divided in three parts.
First a force sensor was calibrated using a set of weights of known mass and measuring an output
voltage for each weight to calculate a calibration curve. Then, in the second part of the experiment,
the force sensor was used to measure the attraction force between two magnets. The attractive force
was calculated at different distances r to analyse the validity of the distance law for this force.
The third part of the experiment was devoted to analysing the relationship between the impulse of a
force and the change in linear momentum using a sled on an air cushion track.
2.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The experiments described herein were performed following the procedures included in the script of
the introductory laboratory course physics.
3.
The calibration factor for a bending rod force sensor (U-OL) was calculated. The force sensor has a
known measuring range between 0 and 5 N. The force sensor output was connected to a signal
amplifier (U OL, with the damping switch OFF), which was connected to a power supply and an
oscilloscope was used to measure the output voltage Um of the signal amplifier. Then, using a
weighting platform, series of known masses m having a weight G where systematically measured with
the force sensor and the corresponding voltages Um were recorded.
G=mg
(eq. 1)
Table 1 shows the measured values for voltage Um for the 10 different masses m, the calculated error
for the voltage measurements, and the calculated weight G according to the value of each mass. The
error associated with the voltage measurements was obtained from the amplitude of the deviation of
signal reading from the mean reading of the oscilloscope, this was measure using the measurement
bars of the oscilloscope.
Table 1.
Measured and calculated data used for calibrating the force sensor.
m/g
49.3
99.48
149.07
199.25
300.73
400.5
501.1
Um/mV
285
372
412
433
635
848
1050
U/mV
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
G/N
0.4838
0.9762
1.4629
1.9553
2.9512
3.9302
4.9174
Following this, G was plotted against the voltage output Um, a regression line was calculated for the
plotted values and a calibration curve was obtained.
1.2
1
0.8
Um/V
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
G/N
Figure 1 shows an almost linear relation between U and G, which is given by the following equation:
U=171.8 G+167
(Eq. 2)
The y-intercept of this calibration line is an adjustment factor resulting from the voltage signal
generated by the force sensor when no external loads are applied to it. During the experiment it was
observed that when no external loads were applied to the force sensor, a voltage signal U 0 of 199 mV
was constantly generated. The difference of 32 mV between the calculated value and the
experimentally observed value may be an indicator of an uncertainty in the measurements. It is
important to mention that the fourth measurement does not comply with the linear behaviour that the
sensor is supposed to have. One cause of this error may be the unstable readings of voltage in the
oscilloscope.
F g (s )=
U sb
a
(eq. 3)
Then, the weight G of the first magnet was subtracted from the force Fg(s) to find the forces F(s)
caused by magnetic attraction were obtained.
F ( s )=F G ( s )G
(eq. 4)
Then, the deflection d(F) of the bending rod of the force sensor was calculated with equation 5, where
a1 and a2 values are 0.4129 and -3.96E-4 respectively.
d ( F )=a1 F +a2 F
(eq. 5)
Using the calculated deflection d(F), the real distance r between both magnets at a scale position s on
the adjustable table was calculated using equation 6. The results are shown in table 2.
r=sd
Table 2.
U/mV
8.74
22.4
27.2
26.9
28.8
32.5
32.2
35.6
40.1
43.8
49.1
58.8
65.1
79.1
101
135
337
(eq. 6)
s/mm
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
FG/N
0.0509
0.13
0.158
0.157
0.168
0.189
0.187
0.207
0.233
0.255
0.286
0.342
0.379
0.46
0.588
0.786
1.962
Fs /N
0.008
0.087
0.115
0.113
0.124
0.146
0.144
0.164
0.19
0.212
0.242
0.299
0.336
0.417
0.545
0.742
1.918
d(F)/mm
0.021
0.054
0.065
0.065
0.069
0.078
0.077
0.086
0.096
0.105
1.18E-01
1.41E-01
1.56E-01
1.90E-01
2.43E-01
3.24E-01
8.08E-01
r/mm
9.98
9.45
8.93
8.44
7.93
7.42
6.92
6.41
5.9
5.39
4.882
4.3587
3.8436
3.31
2.7574
2.1758
1.1916
F(s) was log-log plotted over r, with a regression line with the fixed slope -2 drawn into the diagram,
as shown in figure 3.
In this experiment an air cushion track, according to figure 4, is used to determine the relationship
between the impulse of force and the change in momentum. The force sensor was fixed on mounting
H and sled k1 was placed on the track L k, which is nearly frictionless due to the air. The sled was
manually accelerated towards the force sensor, during its motion it passes the light barrier Ls twice
which is connected to the CH2 of the oscilloscope. The sensor is connected to the amplifier and to
CH1 of the oscilloscope. Afterwards the signals are recorded on one screen and the momentum is
finally determined. For that the mass of the sled and the width of the screen on the sled are measured.
p=m d (
1
1
+ ' )
t LS t LS
| | | |
error p=
md
md
'
t ls+
t ls
2
2
t ls
t ' ls
(eq. 7)
(eq. 8)
The change of momentum was also determined with the values recorded on the oscilloscope. To do
so, the mean value of all measurements before and after the collision was taken. This was subtracted
from all measured values during the collision. This mean value was found to be 0.00299V. Then the
sum of the measurements during the collision was taken over all values, which is 77.74V. This values
was then converted to a force by using the calibration curve of the force sensor calculated in section
3.1, giving a force of 451.5N. Afterwards, the resulting force was multiplied by
t=100.05
Sec
/2500 = 2E-4. The resulting change in momentum
t , which is
is given by
equation
(eq. 9)
If we compare both results we see that there is a small difference between the theoretical and the
experimental values. Small losses in friction and possible errors in calibration of the sensor may
account for the small difference between the values. Overall the values are close enough to say that
the system is conservative.