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System
Presented by
Mr. H Jayakumar
Ex- Joint Director CPRI
OBJECT OF EARTHING
Prime Object of Earthing is to Provide
a Zero Potential Surface in and
around and under the area where the
electrical equipment is installed.
Earthing is essential at every stage of
electricity generation, transmission
and utilization
IMPORTANCE OF EARTHING
Personal Safety
Protection of Equipment :
Prevent or at least minimize damage to
equipment as a result of heavy fault current
and lightning thus improve the reliability of
equipment
Protection of System : Improve the reliability
of power supply.
STANDARDS FOLLOWED
IS: 3043 : 1966, 1987 reaffirmed 2006 Code of Practice for
Earthing.
Indian Electricity rules 1956 ( as ammended up to 2000)
IS: 2309 1989 ( reaffirmed 2005 )Protection of Buildings and
allied Structures against lightning Code of Practice.
Manual on Earthing of AC Power Systems : CBIP Publication
No.302 : 2007
BS: 7430 : 1991, Code of Practice for Earthing.( formerly CP
1013: 1966) British Standard Institution London 1992
IEEE :80 : 2000( Revision of IEEE Std 80: 1986) Guide for
Safety in AC Substation Grounding
IEEE :142 :2007(Revision of IEEE Std 142 :1991) Grounding of
Industrial and Commercial Power System.
IEEE 1100 : 2005 (Revision of IEEE Std 1100 : 1999) Powering
and Grounding Electronic Equipment
TYPE OF EARTHING
1. Plate Earthing
Rg =
ohms
100
4l
Rg =
log e
2l
d
ohms
TYPE OF EARTHING
3.
Strip Earthing
100
2l 2
Rg =
log e
2l
wt
ohms
4.
5.
Mat Earthing
Rg =
4r
ohms
TYPE OF EARTHING
R = Station ground
resistance in ohms
r = is the radius of a circle having the same area or that occupied by grid in meters
L = Total buried length of conductors in meters
= Resistivity of the soil (assumed uniform) in ohm-m
A = Area of both sides of the plates in m
L = Length of the rod or pipe (in cm)
d = diameter of rod or pipe (in cm)
l = length of the strip (in cm)
w = depth of burial of the electrode in cm
t = width (in the case of strip) or twice the diameter (for round conductor) in cm
Make
Megger
Fluke
Chauvin Arnoux
Kew (Kyoritsu)
Model
DET 2/2 UK
1623 & 1625 USA / UK
6460, 6462 & 6470 FRANCE / UK
4106 JAPAN
ANALOG METER
DIGITAL METER
5% of full scale and shall be effective 2% of reading in entire range hence
above 25% of full scale. At 25% of very accurate and high resolution
reading absolute error is 20%. Not
accurate and low resolution
Voltage
Frequency
Do not indicate
Open circuit
Do not indicate
= 2 AR
-M
= C ( C+d) * R / d
-M
CASE STUDY
= 2 AR -M
A= Distance between adjacent electrode (M),
R = Earth tester reading
SL.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
Meters
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4.33
2.60
2.35
1.986
1.652
1.462
1.305
Ohm-Meters
54.412
49.009 min
59.062
62.392
62.279
64.301
65.593 max
Average 59.579
130% of Ave = 1.3 x 59.579 = 77.453
70% of Ave = 0.7 x 59.579 = 41.705
Minimum & Maximum value lies within 41.705 and
77.453
The Soil is Homogeneous.
5.59
7.04
7.64
8.06
8.34
8.69
4.46
5.00
5.43
5.77
6.10
6.40
18.54(61.8%of30)
8.78
6.47
14.92
16.12
16.68
17.09
17.19
17.37
17.40
21
24
27
9.00
10.08
11.14
6.73
7.02
7.84
17.60
17.93
18.56
30m
30m
30m
Ave. Of
8.06+8.34+8.78
+
9.00= 8.545
Ave. Of 5.43+5.77+
6.10+6.40+
6.73+7.02
=6.242
Average of
17.09+17.19+17.37
+17.60=17.46
8.545
6.242
17.46
3
6(20% R1)
9
12(40%R2)
15
18(60%R3)
8.78
(R3-R2)
(R2-R1)
8.69-8.06
8.06-7.04
0.69
1.02
0.6765
6.47
(R3-R2)
(R2-R1)
6.40-5.77
5.77-5.00
0.63
0.77
0.8102
0.6013
0.5785
Remote electrode
(RE)30m =
60.13% of RE(30)
57.85% of RE(30)
Value =
18.039m
8.69
17.355m
6.40
Analysis of Result
Fall of Potential
E.B Curdts
Slope Method
8.545
8.780
8.690
Slope Method =
6.242
6.470
6.400
17.40
(R3-R2)
(R2-R1)
17.37-17.09
17.09-16.12
0.28
0.97
0.28
-
17.46
17.40
-
1.16
1.29
1.36
1.68
1.80
1.92
2.00
2.16
Amp / Sq-m
11 Nos.
Calculation of No.of Pipes required:
For Example:
The total surface area of a 3 mtr long 80 mm dia = x 0.08 x 3 sq.m
= 0.754 sq.m
Fault current = 6 kilo amperes
Duration of Fault = 1 sec.
Soil Resisitivity = 100 ohm - m
Current density = 7.57 X 10 Amp / Sq-m
t
= 7.57 X 10 = 757 Amp /Sq-m
100X1
One Pipe will carry 757 X 0.754 = 570.778 Amperes
To carry 6 kilo amperes No.of plates required = 6000 / 570.8 = 10.5 =
11 nos.