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PET305 Production
What is the role of production engineers ?
Roles of Production
Engineering
Petroleum production engineers to monitor production operations.
They design equipment and processes to achieve the maximum
profitable recovery of oil and gas.
They develop and use various enhanced recovery methods.
These include injecting water, chemicals, gases, or steam into an oil
reservoir to force out more of the oil, or fracturing to connect a
larger area of a reservoir to a single well.
Production engineers focus on production challenges, identifying,
testing, and implementing methods for improving oil and gas
production.
They might focus on economics, helping a team determine the
optimum number of wells appropriate for a given operation.
To production
equipment
Pressure gauge
Tee
Master valve
Casing valve
Tubing head
Casing head
Tubing
Packer
Casing
Perforations
Wing valve
Choke
assembly
Main parts
of
Wellhead
assembly
Dual
master
valves
Tubing hanger
Tubing
head
Casing
head
Braden
head
Casing
strings
Tubing
Wellhead components
Wing valve
Controls
production
line
To production
equipment
Master valve
Stops fluid flow,
shutting in well
Casing valve
Wellhead components
Pressure gauges
Choke
To production
equipment
Tee
Production
Flowing Wells
Pwf > oil column Pressure
Production Tubing
The Well Head
Casing Heads, Tubing Head, Christmas Tree
Production
Wing valve
Choke
assembly
Dual
master
valves
Production Tubing
Steel Pipe run with
Production Packer
Tubing hanger
Tubing Head,
Christmas Tree
Production choke
valve
Tubing
head
Casing
head
Braden
head
Casing
strings
Tubing
10
11
Production considerations
Initial Production
Perforation
TCP (tubing / casing pressure)
Wireline Perforation
Down Hole Pressure & Flow
12
Production
Factors Affecting Production
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Porosity & Permeability
Rock/Fluid Properties (Sw. Pc; wettability etc)
Production Design Criteria
Production History
13
Production
Factors Affecting Production cntd,
Skin
Wellbore Damage Positive
Acidizing Negative
Productivity Index (PI) , STB/Day/PSI
14
Production
Acidizing
Negative S
15
16
Formation damage
17
Artificial Lift
Non- Flowing Wells
Pwf < Hydrocarbon Column Pressure
19
20
Artificial Lift
Gas Lift
Gas Lift Assembly
Annular Tubing Pressure
Differential
Create Artificial Flowing Well
Injection Gas Recirculate
6 STB/Day 80,000 STB/day
21
Gas Lift
22
Artificial Lift
Submersible Pumps
Attached to Tubing
Electric/Hydraulic
Continuous/Intermittent
Frequent Maintenance Issues
23
Intake
Equalizer
Motor
plus
24
25
HVAC
supply
440-660v
440-660v
Transformer
10005000v
10005000v
Junction
box
Wellhead
26
Well
Reservoir
Surface
equipment
Production
Pressure losses outflow
Example on pressure heads
A well with total depth of 10,000 ft. and 4600 psi
reservoir pressure (initial)
Well Gas cut flowing oil= 5 lb/gal
Production
Pressure losses
outflow
Now, What can be done to improve the out flow rate?
Production
Pressure losses
outflow
Now, What can be done to improve the out flow rate?
Production
Potential energy pressure drop
Pressure losses
outflow
For example
If oil density is 53 lb/ft3. for a well of 1000 ft vertical depth then
DP = 0.433 x (53/62.4) x 1000 = 367.7 psi
Production
Pressure friction losses
outflow
Production
For laminar flow
Pressure losses
outflow
Production
Pressure losses friction in tubing
outflow
Production
Pressure losses friction in tubing
outflow
f = 0.0063
Production
Pressure losses friction in tubing
u in ft/s
outflow
D in ft
Density lb/ft3
L in ft
f = 0.0063
Surface Production
Facilities
Separators
Production Process
Schematic
Gas
Prod.
from
Wells
Separation &
Treatment
Oil
Water
Contaminants
41
Foam
emulsion
salt content
scale
corrosion
paraffin wax
sand content
liquid carry over
Separation - sizing
Two-phase separator
Three phase separator
spherical separator