WE4.

T06: Geology and Solid Earth V, Wednesday, July 27, 16:00 - 16:20 , #1725

Mineral index maps

of the southern Namibia
using HyMap and ASTER data
Shoko Oshigami1*, Tatsumi Uezato1, Yasushi Yamaguchi1,
Yessy Arvelyna2, Atsushi Momose2, Yuu Kawakami2,
Taro Yajima2, Shuichi Miyatake2, Anna Nguno3
1Nagoya

University
2Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation
3Geological Survey of Namibia, Ministry of Mines and Energy

Introductions
Objectives
An development of rock and mineral identification method using
hyper-spectral sensor data
Extraction of hydrothermally-altered minerals and pegmatite in
southern Namibia

Hydrothermally-altered minerals (alunite, dickite, kaolinite,

pyrophyllite)
having diagnostic absorption features in shortwave infrared
(SWIR) regions

Pegmatite
rich in mica group minerals (muscovite, lepidolite) and quartz
Mica group also has diagnostic absorption features in the SWIR
regions

Data
HyMap reflectance data

ASTER surface
emissivity (2B04) data

32 bands in the SWIR

regions: band 95 (1.95
mm) band 126 (2.48 mm)

2 bands in thermal
infrared (TIR) regions:
band 12 (8.9-9.3 mm),
band 13 (10.3-11.0 mm)

Reference spectra

The USGS Digital

Spectral Library

Sensor

HyMap
(SWIR)

Area

Southern Cuprite
Namibia

Spatial
resolution
(m)
Spectral
resolution
(nm)

ASTER
(TIR)

3.5

~16

90

~700

Data processing flows

HyMap reflectance data

USGS reference spectra

Continuum removal

Modified Spectral Angle Mapper

(MSAM)

Color composite map of mineral indices

Continuum-removal MSAM method

ASTER surface
emissivity data

band 13/ band 12

[Ninomiya and Fu, 2002]

SiO2 content index map

Modified Spectral Angle

Mapper (MSAM)

SAM measures the degree of

similarity between reference (T1)
and image spectra (T2) by
calculating the angle between these
spectra (q), treating them as vectors
in n-dimension [Kruse et al., 1993]

Instead of T1 and T2, MSAM uses

the difference vectors (T1, T2)
which are derived by subtracting the
average image vector (Tfl) from T1
or T2 [Kodama et al., 2010].

MSAM has an advantage over SAM

because it is insensitive to the grain
size [Kodama et al., 2010].

Basic concept of SAM and MSAM

methods [Fig. 5 in Kodama et al.,
2010].

Continuum removal
Continuum-removal spectrum

Continuum means a convex

background of the reflectance
spectra

Removing of continuum is
effective for mineral identifications
[e.g., Green and Graig, 1985;
Yamaguchi and Lyon, 1986]
continuum

The ratio of original reflectance

spectrum to the continuum is
defined as a continuum-removal
spectrum.

We applied MSAM to continuumremoval HyMap spectra using

continuum-removal reference
spectra.

USGS reference spectrum of

alunite and its continuum,
continuum-removal spectrum.

Validation
Test site
Cuprite, Nevada, USA

Method
Comparing our mineral index
maps with the reference map

Reference map
Mineral map derived by using
AVIRIS data and Tricorder
software tool
[Clark and Swayze, 1996]

Test minerals
Alunite, calcite, chlorite, dickite,
kaolinite, montmorillonite, highand low-Al muscovite,
pyrophyllite

Color composite maps of

Alunite : Calcite : Chlorite

Continuum removal + MSAM

MSAM

Background: HyMap band 5 (0.4982 mm) image

Color composite maps of

Dickite : Kaolinite : Montmorillonite

Continuum removal + MSAM

MSAM

Background: HyMap band 5 (0.4982 mm) image

Color composite maps of

Low- : High-Al muscovite :
Pyrophyllite

Continuum removal + MSAM

MSAM

Background: HyMap band 5 (0.4982 mm) image

Threshold of each index

Index

Threshold

Alunite

0.6

Calcite

0.6

Chlorite

0.6

Dickite

0.8

Kaolinite

0.7

Lepidolite

0.7

Montmorillonite

0.7

High-Al Muscovite

0.7

Low-Al Muscovite

0.7

Pyrophyllite

0.7

Lepidolite
Determined by examining the
features in the reflectance
spectra of extracted image
pixels corresponding to each
threshold value

Others
Determined by comparing with
the reference mineral map of
Cuprite [Clark and Swayze,
1996]

Assumption

Threshold values of mineral

indices determined in Cuprite
region are also applicable to
southern Namibia region.

Study area
Porphyry copper
deposits
Hydrothermal
alteration

Pegmatite-type
deposits

Pegmatite-type
deposits

Mosaic image of ASTER Level 1B data (band 1).

[Groenewald et al., 1997; Becker et al., 1999]

Color composite map of

mineral indices: Haib
Mineral index map
Alunite was not extracted
in the whole study area
although its existence has
been expected in Haib

Field survey (black arrow)

Silicified and oxidized rock

X-ray analysis of rock

sample (black arrow)
1km
Dickite : Kaolinite : Pyrophyllite
Background: HyMap band 5 (0.4982 mm) image

Pyrophyllite > kaoline

(Dickite was not included on
the list of x-ray analysis)

Color composite map of

mineral indices: Tantalite Valley
Mineral index map
low-Al muscovite areas
highest SiO2 content
high-Al muscovite areas
slightly higher SiO2 content

Field survey
Pegmatite (black arrows)
Silicified rock with quartz dykes
(white arrow)

X-ray analysis of rock sample

1km
Lepidolite : low-Al Muscovite : high-Al Muscovite
Background: SiO2 content index map

Sericite (black arrows)

No data (white arrow)

HyMap spectra of
(1) Hydrothermally-altered minerals
2.17 mm

2.21 mm

2.33 mm
2.37 mm
2.17 mm
2.33 mm

Dickite
2.21 mm
2.33 mm
Pyrophyllite
Bold lines: HyMap spectra
Thin lines: reference spectra
Dotted lines: continuum-removal spectra
Kaolinite

HyMap spectra of
(2) Mica group minerals
2.19 mm

2.21 mm

2.34 mm

2.34 mm

Lepidolite
2.23 mm
2.21 mm

2.36 mm
Muscovite (high-Al)
Bold lines: HyMap spectra
Thin lines: reference spectra
Dotted lines: continuum-removal spectra

Muscovite (Low-Al)

Summary

We developed continuum-removal MSAM method using HyMap

reflectance data in the SWIR regions to extract minerals related to
hydrothermal alteration and pegmatite.

Accuracy of this approach was confirmed by comparing our mineral index

maps to a previously published mineral map of Cuprite.

The continuum-removal MSAM method successfully identified

hydrothermally-altered and mica group minerals in southern Namibia, and
the results are consistent with those of x-ray analyses and field survey.

The spectral pattern of the extracted pixels is mostly consistent with each
reference spectrum.

Combination of SiO2-content index from ASTER data and high-Al muscovite

index from HyMap data seems to be help for searching pegmatite.

This work is a part of mineral exploration renovating program conducted by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals
National Corporation (JOGMEC) and is fully funded by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry,
Japan.

Continuum removal
The way of continuum
determination
1. Calculating slopes of the lines
through band 95 and all other
bands (96 to 126). The band
with largest slope in a
positive direction is defined
as band A.

95

2. Calculating slopes of the lines

through band A and the
subsequent bands (A+1 to
126). The band with positively
largest slope is defined as
band B.
3. Repeating this calculation
and connecting the bands 95,
A, B, , 126 derives
continuum.

126

USGS reference spectrum of

alunite and its continuum,
continuum-removal spectra.

SiO2 content index

SiO2 content is possibly one indicator of pegmatite.
In silicate rocks, absorption peak in thermal infrared (TIR) emissivity
spectra moves to longer wavelength as the rock type changes from
felsic to ultramafic [Walter and Salisbury, 1989].
The emissivity in ASTER band 12 (8.9-9.3 mm) is lower than in band
13 (10.3-11.0 mm) for felsic rocks, and higher for ultramafic rocks.

Using this spectral feature, SiO2 content index is defined as follows;

SiO2 content index = (ASTER) band 13/ band 12
[Ninomiya and Fu, 2002]

Color composite map of mineral

indices: Sandfontain-Ramansdrif
Location
Western part of SandfontainRamansdrif area close to Haib
area

Mineral index map

Low-Al muscovite areas
highest SiO2 content
Lepidolite, high-Al muscovite
areas
slightly higher SiO2 content

1km

Lepidolite : Low-Al muscovite : High-Al muscovite

Background: SiO2 content index map

No field survey, no rock

sample

Color composite map of mineral

indices: Sandfontain-Ramansdrif
Mica group minerals
are coexistent with
hydrothermallyaltered minerals.

1km
Dickite : Kaolinite : Pyrophyllite
Background: HyMap band 5 (0.4982 mm) image