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22
1. In a woody plant such as a tree, which parts have cells that live only briefly
and die quickly? Which parts have cells that live for several years?
Answer: Gland cells, bark, and leaf cells live briefly and die quickly. Growing
points at the tips of roots live for several years
2. Some cells never stop dividing. Give two examples of cells like this.
Answer: Cells at the growing points of tips of roots and shoots.
3. Interphase is also called the resting phase of the cell cycle. Why was it given
that name?
Answer: The researchers assumed that between division cells were resting, so
the growth phase was called the resting phase, or interphase.
4. What are the main activities of a cell while it is in G 1 phase?
Answer: The cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in
preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. G1 phase ends when the
cell moves into the S phase of interphase.
5. What is the main activity of the S Phase of the cell cycle? What does S
stand for?
Answer: The main activity is when the genes in the nucleus are replicated. S
stands for synthesis.
6. Table 4-2 gives the number of chromosomes in a haploid set of chromosomes.
What is the lowest number in the table?
Answer: -2
What is the highest number?
Answer: -24
Most cells in plants are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, so the number
per nucleus should be doubled.
How many chromosomes are present in each diploid potato nucleus?
Answer: -48
If a potato plant has 1 million cells, each with one diploid nucleus, how many
chromosomes are present in the entire plant?
Answer: -2 million chromosomes.
7. How many chromatids does a chromosome have before S phase of the cell
cycle? (B) How many does it have after S phase?
Answer: Before S phase, each chromosome has one chromatid and one copy of
each gene.
Answer: After replication in S phase, each chromosome has two chromatids and
two copies of each gene.
8. Examine Table 4-1.
How many hours does the cell cycle last in the root tips of corn and in onion?
Answer: -9.9 and 17.5 hours.
Which plant has cells that divide more quickly?
Answer: -Daucus Carota (carrot)
How many cell cycles could corn and onion roots undergo in 4 weeks (the cell
cycles in Table 4-1 are given in hours, not days)?
Answer: Carrot: 89.6 cell cycles
Answer: Corn: 67.87 cell cycles
If after a cell divides both daughter cells could divide and then their daughter
cells could divide, how many corn cells and how many onion cells would be
present at the end of 4 weeks if you started with just one cell of each?
Answer: Carrot: 716.8 cells
Answer: Corn: 543.03 cells
9. What are the four phases of the cell cycle? What is the principal activity in the
cell during each phase? Can any phase be eliminated or bypassed?
Answer: Prophase compressing of chromatins into coiled chromosomes,
disappearance of the nuclear wall, moving of organelles at the side and
development
of
spindle
fibers,
made
of
tubulin
proteins.
Metaphase the thickened chromosomes align at the middle at what is called
the metaphase plate in a horizontal fashion. The spindle fibers are attached to
the kinetochores at this point, each chromosome being attracted to two spindle
fibers.
Anaphase spindle fibers pull the chromosome apart, breaking them into two.
The chromosomes migrate to the two ends of the cell at what are called the
spindle poles.
Telophase in the most comprehendible sense, telophase is the reverse of
prophase: a.) Chromosomes become thinner again turning into two spindle
fibers. b.) The nuclear walls reappear. The organelles move normally around the
cytoplasm of the new cell wall. d.) Spindle fibers disappear.
No it cant be eliminated or bypassed.
10. Why is mitosis called duplication division and meiosis called reduction
division? What is reduced and what is duplicated: chromosomes, number of
chromosomes, or number of sets of chromosomes?
-Mitosis is called duplication division because the nuclear genes are first copied;
then one set of genes is separated from the other, and each is packed into its
own nucleus. Each daughter nucleus is basically a duplicate of the original
mother nucleus and a twin of the other.
-Meiosis is called reduction division because because it results in the reduction
of the chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
-Chromosomes are duplicated and reduced.
11. What does it mean when chromosomes are said to condense during
prophase of mitosis? How long are chromosomes after condensation is
complete? How big is a typical dividing cell in a root or shoot? If a chromosome
were still 20 micrometre long after condensation, would it be possible for
division to pull half of it to one end of the cell and the other half to the other
end?
Answer: It means to undergo a change in the way the histones associate.
Chromosome condensation continues until chromosomes are only 2 to 5
micrometre long.
Long chromosomes may tangle somewhat, but microtubules exert sufficient pull
to untangle them and drag them to the ends of the spindle. Because the spindle
is shaped like a football, as chromosomes on each side get closer to the end,
they are pulled together into a compact space.
12. What is the name of the set of microtubules that pull chromosomes apart?
What is the name of the attachment point between microtubules and
chromosomes? What is the name of the ends of the cells where chromosomes
are pulled?
Answer: Spindle Fibers
Kinetochore
Poles
13. What is a metaphase? What is duplicated at the end of the metaphase?
When this is duplicated, chromatids become free of each other. How many
chromatids are there per chromosome in prophase? How many chromatids per
chromosome after metaphase?
Answer: Metaphase the thickened chromosomes align at the middle at what is
called the metaphase plate in a horizontal fashion. The spindle fibers are
attached to the kinetochores at this point, each chromosome being attracted to
two spindle fibers.
The number of chromosomes is doubled, but the size of each chromosome is
halved.
In prophase of mitosis, the chromosomes condense to facilitate easy separation
into the daughter cells. Here there are still 2 chromatids per chromosome.
The number of chromosomes is doubled.
14. Imagine a nucleus that has 10 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does
it have before prophase begins? How many chromosomes does each daughter
nucleus have after telophase has been completed? How many chromatids are
present in the other mother nucleus before prophase begins? How many
chromatids are present in each daughter nucleus after telophase has been
completed? How many chromatids are present if you add together all
chromatids in both daughter nuclei after telophase has been completed?
Answer: 10 chromosomes
20 chromosomes
20 chromatids
20 chromatids
40 chromatids
15. What are the 4 phases of mitosis, and what is the principal activity in the
nucleus during each phase?
Answer: Prophase compressing of chromatins into coiled chromosomes,
disappearance of the nuclear wall, moving of organelles at the side and
development of spindle fibers, made of tubulin proteins.
Metaphase the thickened chromosomes align at the middle at what is called
the metaphase plate in a horizontal fashion. The spindle fibers are attached to
the kinetochores at this point, each chromosome being attracted to two spindle
fibers.
Anaphase spindle fibers pull the chromosome apart, breaking them into two.
The chromosomes migrate to the two ends of the cell at what are called the
spindle poles.
Telophase in the most comprehendible sense, telophase is the reverse of
prophase: a.) Chromosomes become thinner again turning into two spindle
fibers. b.) The nuclear walls reappear. The organelles move normally around the
cytoplasm of the new cell wall. d.) Spindle fibers disappear.
16. Draw a single. Imaginary chromosome as it would appear just as mitosis is
ending. Now describe what happens to it during interphase and then during
mitosis. Be especially careful to consider how many chromatids and how many
copies of each gene it has at its stage.
17. How does cytokinesis occur in plants? Which organelle produces vesicles that
fuse to form the cell plate? What membrane is transformed into new plasma
membrane?
Answer: Cytokinesis in plants involves formation of a phragmoplast, a set of short
microtubules aligned parallel to the spindle microtubules. Phragmoplast
microtubules trap dictyosome vesicles that then fuse the cell plate. Cell plate.
18. Many people consider algae to be plants even though algae do not have roots,
stems, and leaves, but in many algae, cell division is different from that in true
plants. Do most algae have a phragmoplast? What is the name of the structure they
use?