S-Kt

MICROSCOPEmodeI
INSTRUCTIO
NS

NIPPONKOGAKUK.K.
I CONTENTS
1 . NOMENCLATURE
2. A T T A C H I N G T H E L E N S E S .......6
(1) Mountingthe Objectives. . 6
(2) Mountingthe Eyepieces ... l
(3) Mountingthe Condenser .. 7
3. I L L U M I N A T I O N .... 8
( 1 ) C o n d e n s el rri s D i a p h r a g m
.. g
(z L i g h t S o u r c e . . . g
( 3 Condenser FocusingKnob . ; g
(4 Brightness Adjustment q
( 5 Preparation and Adjustmentfor Observation f6
(6 Observation
1 7 Photomicrography
(8) Filters
(9) llluminationfor Very Low Magnifications p
( 1 0 ) R e p l a c i nt gh e B u l b . . n
4. F O C U S T N G . . ... 13
( 1 ) F o c u sni nOsi u s i r e n i . . . . . . . . . . . ....13
(21 EyepieceAdjustment ....13
(3) CoarseFocusing .......1a t f
(41 PresetDevice ...14
(5) FineFocusing ........14
( 6 ) O i ll m m e r s i o n .....i........15
(Vl ExchangingStages . ..1b
5. MOVTNG T H E S P E C T M EONN T H E S T A G E . . . . . 16
( 1 ) R e c t a n g u lM a re c h a n i cS a tl a g e" R " . . . 16
l 2 l C i r c u l aGr l i d i n gS t a g e" C " . . . . 17
6. PHOTOMICROGRAPHY ....18
7. COMBINATIONS. ...19
(1) lnterchangeableEyepieceTubes ......20
(21 lnterchangeableStages ........20
8. O B J E C T I V EESY, E P I E C ECSO, N D E N S E R S ......21
(1) Objectives ......2i
(21 Eyepieces . ....29
(3) Combinations of Objectives and Eyepieces . . 23
( 4 ) C o n d e n s e r. s. .....25
(5) llluminationSystem .....25
9. CAUTIONS I N H A N D L I N GA N D M A I N T E N A N C E -27
 I. NOMENCTATURE(]YIODEL
SBR.I{I)

E y e pi e c e

R e v o l v i n gn o s e p i e c e

Objective

S t a g el o c k s c r e w

F i l t e r h o l d e r f o r 3 3 m m d i a m e t e rf i l t e r

C o n d e n s e rf o c u s i n g k n o b
( r a n g e2 B m m )

F i e l d d i a p h r a g m c e n t e r i n gs c r e w

Fieldlens

V o l t m e t e rw i n d o w

F i e l dd i a p h r a g mr i n g

L a m p h o u s i n gs o c k e t

V o l t a g e c h a n g e - o v e rk e y
 D i o p t e r a d j u s t i n gr r n g

I n t e r p u p i l l a r y d i s t a n c ea d j u s t i n g k n o b
(54-74mm)

F r r c n i c e ct i l h c c l a m n S c r e w

S l i d eh o l d e r

C o n d e n s e rc l a m P

Lock screwfor the condenser

d i a p hr a g m e c c e n t e r i n gl e v e r

C o n d e n s e rd i a p hr a g m e c c e n t e rni g
l e v e rf o r o b l i q u e i l l u m i n a t i o n

C o n d e n s e irr i sd i a p h r a g mr i n g
Knob for longitudinaltravel of stage

K n o b f o r l a t e r a lt r a v e l o f s t a g e

C o a r s ef o c u s t e n s i o n a d j u s t i n g r i n g

C o a r s ef o c u s k n o b ( r a n g e3 8 m m )

F inefocusknob
o n e r o t a t i o n0 . 2 m m , r a n g e3 8 m m )
fi=
B r i g h t n e s as d j u s t i n gd i a l

Main switch

C o a r s ef o c u s P r e s e tl e v e r

Cord connector

5
 2. ATTAC]IINO
THTLENSTS
Before attaching the objective and the
eyepiece to the microscope,clean the
o u t e r l e n s s u r f a c e s .E v e n a l i g h t f i n g e r
mark may often interfere with image
contrast.

(1) Mountingthe Objectives

Take special care when handling the
o b j e c t i v e sB
. e f o r e a t t a c h i n gt h e o b j e c t i v e s
to the nosepiece revolver, lower the
microscope stage sufficiently. Securing
each objective with the fingers of one
h a n d , s c r e w i t i n t o e a c h n o s e p i e c eh o l e Fis.3
with those of the other hand (Fig. 3)
M i c r o s c o p em o d e l S - K t h a s o n t h e u p p e r
s rr rf a c e o f t h e n o s e n i e c e r e v o l v e r f o u r
@ , @ ) ,O a n d O ( F i g .4 ) l t
s p o t si n d i c a t e d
is advisable to mount the objectives
below the indication spot in order from
l o w t o h i g h p o w e r sa s b e l o w :
example
@ .... 4xobjective
@ ....10Xobjective
o ....40Xobjective
@.. . ...looxobjective
When rotating the revolver, hold the F i g '4
outer milled rim with your thumb and
first finger. Do not push the objective
b a r r e l s b e c a u s ea l i g n m e n t o f t h e o b j e c -
t i v e sm a V b e d i s t u r b e d
(2) Mountingthe Eyepieces
F o r m o u n t i n g ,s i m p l y p u t t h e e y e p i e c e
into the eyepiecetube. lt is recommend-
ed that the eyepiecebe left in placeeven
when not in use in order to preventthe
entranceof dust into the eyepiecetube.
Or insertthe eyepiececap in placeof the
removedeyepiece.The inclinedeyepiece
t u b e ,t r i n o c u l a rb, i n o c u l a g
r r monocular,
can be rotatedafter looseningthe clamp
screw, for conveniencein viewingfrom
anv desireddirectionwithout movingthe
microscopestand. By further releasing Fis. 5
the clamp screw (Fig. 5) the eyepiece
tube can be removedand replacedwith
anothertype.

(3) Mountingthe Gondenser

To mount the condenser,loosenthe lock
screw. and insert the condenserfrom
beneaththe condenserholderas far as it
w i l l g o . T h e n , t i g h t e nt h e l o c k s c r e w .I n
this caselocatethe diaphragmeccentering
leverand its screwat a convenientposi-
t i o n s o a s t o f a c i l i t a t et h e i r m a n i p u l a t i o n
with one hand (Fig. 6). The correct Fis.6
d i s t a n c ef o r r e t a i n i n gi m m e r s i o no i l b e -
tween the lower surfaceof the slideand
the too of condenseris obtainedwhen
the condenseris raisedto the upperlimit
by turningthe condenser focusknob.
 3. ITTlJ]t|I]{ATION
Resolutioa n n d i m a g ec o n t r a sat r eg r e a t l y
a f f e c t e db y t h e i l l u m i n a t i o nm e t h o d .
(1) Condenser
lris Diaphragm
Stop down the condenseriris diaphragm
a n d s l i d e i t i n a r a d i a l d i r e c t i o nf r o m
center to edge. The more the iris dia-
phragm is off-center,the higherthe con-
trast and resolution.Detailsof the object
a r ed i s t i n g u i s h ebdy i n c r e a s eadn d u n s y m -
m e t r i c a ls h a d o w sa t t h e b o u n d a r i e (sF i g .
7,a,bl.
W h e n t h e i r i sd i a p h r a g mi s p o s i t i o n e ds o
a s t o l e t t h e l i g h t b u n d l ee n t e rt h e o b j e c t
at an angle of inc.idenceequal to the
apertureangleof the objective,the reso-
l u t i o n r e a c h etsh e m a x i m u ma n d t w i c ea s
m u c h a s t h e r e s o l u t i o nb y c e n t r a li l l u m i -
natron.
lf the diaphragmis further decentered to
s u c h a n e x t e n t a s t o p r e v e n tt h e l i g h t
b u n d l e e n t e r i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e ,o b l i q u e
d a r k f i e l d i l l u m i n a t i o nw i l l b e o b t a i n e d
( F i g .7 , c ) . l f t h e i r i sd i a p h r a g m
i so p e n e d
(a) Central illumination (b) Oblique illumination
Fig.7
w i d e , i m a g e sb y i l l u m i n a t i o na t v a r i o u s
a n g l ea s r eo b t a i n e dA. n i l l u m i n a t i o nangle
unfavorablefor the object may be in-
c lu d e d .
I n c e n t r a li l l u m i n a t i o nm a x i m u mr e s o l u -
t i o n i s o b t a i n e dw h e n t h e o p e n i n go f t h e
iris diaphragmjust correspondsto the
a p e r t u r ea n g l eo f t h e o b j e c t i v e .I n t h i s
caseexcessive outer raysas usedfor dark
f i e l d i l l u m i n a t i o na r e c u t o f f a n d f l a r e i s
m i n i m i z e dl.f t h e o p e n i n gi s m a d es m a l l -
e r , c o n t r a s t i s e n h a n c e da, l t h o u g ht h e
resolution is lowered. But if the iris
diaphragm is large enough to cover
60-700/0of the objective aperture,the
decreaseof resolutionwill not be pro-
nounceo.
lf the diaphragmis stoppeddown to the
m i n i m u m f o r a d m i t t i n go n l y v e r y s m a l l
l i g h t b u n d l e s ,t h e e f f e c t so f d i f f r a c t i o n ,
reflection, refraction, etc., may be ex-
aggeratedso that fringes may be seenat
t h e i m a g ee d g e sw h i c h m a y l i k e l y i n d u c e
m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i oonf t h e i m a g e ,b u t i t
(c) Dark field illumination
may be effective for specialoccasions parent phase specimens,etc. However,
( e . 9 .d e f i n i t i o no f t h e g e n e r asl t r u c t u r eo f w i t h t h i si l l u m i n a t i o n a ,s h a r pv a r i a t i o inn
u n s t a i n esdp e c i m e n.s ) c o n t r a s ta n d r e s o l u t i o nm a y a p p e a r ;i t
may be necessary to changethe direction
(2) LightSource o f i l l u m i n a t i o nb, y t u r n i n gt h e i r i sd i a -
A s a l r e a d yd i s c u s s e dt h, e i r i s d i a p h r a g m p h r a g m .
p l a y sa n i m p o r t a n tr o l e i n i l l u m i n a t i o n The condenseraperturemay be decenter-
f o r m i c r o s c o p y .I n p r i n c i p l e ,t h e d i a - e d i n a n y d i r e c t i o nb y r o t a t i n ga n da t t h e
p h r a g ms h o u l d b e s o a d j u s t e dt h a t t h e s a m et i m e r a d i a l l ys l i d i n gt h e d i a p h r a g m .
n u m e r i c a la p e r t u r eo f t h e c o n d e n s e irs T h i s m a n i p u l a t i ocna n b e d o n e b y o n l y
equalto that of the objectivebeingused, using one hand, the thumb and first
and the middle
i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n m a x i m u mr e s o l u t i o n . f i n g e r f o r d e c e n t e r i n g
f i n g e r f o r o p e n i n g o r c l o s i n gt h e d i a -
l n p r a c t i c e ,h o w e v e r ,k e e p i n go u t s t r a y
p h r a g m (.S e eF i g . 8 )
l i g h t w h l c h w o u l d r e d u c ei m a g ec o n t r a s t
b y c l o s i n gt h e a p e r t u r eo f t h e c o n d e n s e r
down to 60-700/o of that of the objective
(3) Condenser FocusingKnob
will bring about g o o d r e s u l t si n m o s t C o n d e n s e f
r o c u s i n gi s a c c o m p l i s h ebdy
c a s e sT. h e c o i n c i d e n c oe f c o n d e n s edri a - t u r n i n g t h e c o n d e n s ef or c u s i n gk n o b .
p h r a g ma p e r t u r ew i t h t h e a p e r t u r e( e x i t T h i s m a n i p u l a t i o isnecessam
n r ya i n l yf o r
p u p i l ) o f t h e o b j e c t i v ec a nb e a s c e r t a i n e d K o e h l e t
r y p e i l l u m i n a t i o o
n r darkfield
by l o o k i n g d o w n t h e m i c r o s c o p e
t u b e o b s e r v a t i o n T. h e c o n d e n s e is usually
r
a f t e r r e m o v i n gt h e e y e p i e c ea n d c l o s i n g p l a c e d at t h e u p p e rl i m i t a n d n e e dn o t b e
t h e d i a p h r a g ms l o w l y . A n e x p e r i e n c e d lowered.
u s e r , h o w e v e r ,m a y d i s p e n s ew i t h t h i s
p r o c e d u r ea, n d o b t a i nt h e s a m er e s u l tb y (4) Brightness Adjustment
a d j u s t i n gt h e d i a p h r a g mo p e n i n gu n t i l T h e c o n v e n t i o n aml e t h o do f a d i u s t i n tgh e
satisfactorydistinctnessof the imageis b r i g h t n e s so f t h e m i c r o s c o p el a m p h a s
obtai ned. been by a rheostat or transformer,
l f h i g h r e s o l u t i o na n d ,a t t h e s a m et i m e , w h e r e b y t h e v o l t a g e o r a m P e r a g ei s
h i g hc o n t r a sat r ed e s i r a b l eo,b l i q u ei l l u m i - c n a n g e o .
n a t i o nm a y b e e f f e c t i v eT. h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y E i t h e r m e t h o d , h o w e v e r , i s d i s a d v a n -
s u i t e df o r l i g h t l ys t a i n e ds p e c i m e n tsr,a n s - tageousin that the former producesheat
and the latter, due to its large size,
p r e s e n td s i f f i c u l t y i n m o u n t i n gi t i n t h e
microscope base.
M o d e r n ,a d v a n c e ds e m i - c o n d u c t ot er c h -
n o l o g yh a s p r o v i d e da f a c i l i t yf o r c h a n g -
i n g t h e f l o w t i m e o f e l e c t r i cm e a n s A .
s o - c a l l etdh y r i s t o ro f e x t r e m e l ys m a l ls i z e
h a s b e e nd e v e l o p e d t o e n a b l er e g u l a t i o n
o f t h e b r i g h t n e sosf t h e l a m p ,T h e M i c r o -
s c o p eM o d e l S - K t h a s a d o p t e dt h i s t y p e
o f l i g h t a d j u s t e rb u i l t i n t h e m i c r o s c o p e
F i g .I
Dase.
T u r n t h e b r i g h t n e sasdj u s t i n gw h e e la t t h e
s i d eo f t h e b a s ea, n d t h e g r e e na r e ai n t h e
v o l t m e t e rw i n d o w w i l l i n d i c a t et h e v o l t -
a g e ,i n c r e a s i nags t h e w h e e l i s t u r n e di n
t h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e a r r o wb e l o wi t .

(5) Preparation and Adjustment for

Observation
O Attachingthe Lamp Cord
A s s h o w n i n F i g . 9 , i n s e r tt h e c o r d
c o n n e c t o r ,f a c i n gt h e n o t c h u p w a r d , Fis.9
a n d f a s t e ni t b y a c l o c k w i s et u r n o f
t h e o u t s i d el o c kr i n g .
@ Attachingthe Lamp Socket
T h e l a m p s o c k e t i s a t t a c h e da s f o l -
lows:
Insert the socket, fitting the key
g r o o v ea c c o r d i n gt o t h e m a r k i n S( F i S .
1 0 ) . T u r n i t c l o c k w i saen d p u s hi t i n
S i n c et h e s o c k e tw i l l a u t o m a t i c a l lbye
positioned b y f r i c t i o n ,t h e r ei s n o n e e d
f o r f u r t h e ra dj u s t m e n t .
D o n o t i n s e r t t h e s o c k e tf u l l v , b u t
l e a v ea c l e a r a n c eo f a b o u t 2 m m t o Fig.10
a t t a i nt h e b r i g h t e si lt l u m i n a t i o n .
O Centeringthe RadiantField
Diaphragm
U s i n g t h e 4 0 X o b j e c t i v e ,b r i n g t h e
s p e c i m e ni n t o s h a r pf o c u s .F u l l y c l o s e
t h e r a d i a n tf i e l d d i a p h r a g mM . o v et h e
c o n d e n s e rl e n s v e r t i c a l l y , u n t i l a
sharply focused image of the dia-
p h r a g mi s o b t a i n e do n t h e s p e c i m e n
s u r f a c e .T h e n , m o v e t h e d i a p h r a g m
i m a g et o t h e c e n t e rb y m a n i p u l a t i n g
t h e t w o c e n t e r i n sgc r e w s( F i g .1 1 ) .
W h e n s w i t c h i n gt o o t h e r o b j e c t i v e s , F i g . 1 1
t h e d i a p h r a g mi m a g e m a y s l i g h t l y
d e v i a t e f r o m t h e c e n t e r e dp o s i t i o n .
p r o d u c i n gh, o w e v e r n , o objectionable
r e s u l t sf o r r o u t i n eo b s e r v a t i o n .

10
(6) Observation
The microscopepermitsobservation with
uniformly bright illumination ranging
from the 4X objective up to the oil-
immersion100X objective,with no need
of changing t h e i l l u m i n a t i o ns y s t e m .F o r
interference or phase-contrastobserva-
t i o n , t u r n t h e b r i g h t n e s as d j d s t i n gd i a l
( F i g .1 2 ) t o g e ta b r i g h t e ri m a g e
Note that this microscope cannotbe used
for interference phase-contrastobserva- Rri,rhtnocc :rlirrciino rl i:l

t i o n w i t h t h e 1 0 0 X o i l - i m m e r s i o nb,e -
causeof insufficientbrightness. Fis. 12
It can be usedwith the 40X objectivefor
up to a total magnif ication of 400X,
w h e n t h e i l l u m i n a t i o nl s a d i u s t e df o r
m a x i m u mb r i g h t n e s s .

(7) Photomicrography
C o m p a r e dw i t h t h e N i k o n S - K e M i c r o -
scope,the ModelS-Kt will providephoto-
graphsof somewhatlowercontrast.
In monochromatic photography,good
contrastcan be obtainedby the useof a
green(monochrombtic) f i lter.
I n c o l o r p h o t o m i c r o g r a p hay s. s h o w ni n Fis. 13
F i g . 1 3 , t h e d i a l o f t h e b u i l t - i nl i g h t
adjuster at the side of the microscope
base is to be set with the voltmeter in
P H O T Op o s i t i o n( n e a r7 . 5 V ) , w h e r et h e
greenareafills the window.
U s e N i k o n F i l t e r C B i 6 5 o r W r a t t e n5 8 .

(8) Filters
F i l t e r s3 3 m m i n d i a m e t e a
r r e u s e di n t h e
filter holder beneaththe condenserlens,
and 45mm diameter f ilters above the
illumination fieldlens.
(9) llluminationfor Very Low
Magnifications
As shown in Fig. 14, use a low power
condenserlens.Lower the stageto secure
a s h a r p l yf o c u s e di m a g ei n a u n i f o r m l y
i lIu mi n a t e dv i e w fi e l d .
I n p h o t o m i c r o g r a p h y f, o r u n l f o r m l y
/ Low power condenser ens
b r i g h ti l l u m i n a t i o w
n l t h v e r yl o w m a g n i f i -
cations,it is necessary to move the bulb
b a c ka n df o r t h .
J\
(10) Replacing
the Bulb
Fig. 14
First, reversethe attachingprocedureto
removethe socket, and then, when the
l a m p b u l b i s c o o l ,t u r n i t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n
opposite to the arrow mark on the
s o c k e t .I n s e r t h e n e w b u l b ( 6 V 1 5 W ) ,a s
s h o w ni n F i g . 1 5 ,f i t t i n gt h e n o t c ho n t h e
b r i m o f t h e b u l b t o t h e w h i t ec i r c l ef o u n d
on the foot of the arrow, and rotate the
lamp socketin the directionof the arrow
t o i n s t a|l.

F i s .1 5

12
 4. t0cljstilG
(1) Focusing
Adjustment
The model S-Kt is providedwith coaxial,
coarse and fine focus knobs, both of
which are loCatednear the base.Clock-
wise rotation of eitherof the focus knobs
by the operator lowers the microscope
stageand viceversa(Fig. 16, a, b).

(2) EyepieceAdjustment
W h e n u s i n g a b i n o c u l a ro r t r i n o c u l a r
eyepiecetube for observation, the adjust-
ment of the user's eye-sight(diopter)
discrepancybetween the right and left Fig. 16, a

eyesis necessary. This is done by rotating

the adjustingring on the lefthand eye-
piecetube.
After focusing with the right eye by
raisingor loweringthe microscopestage,
turn the adjustingring left or right to
obtain a sharpimagewith your left eye as
w e l l . T h e n , r e g u l a t et h e i n t e r p u p i l l a r y
d i s t a n c eo f t h e b i n o c u l a tr u b e b y s l i d i n g
the eyepiecesleft or right by meansof
t h e k n o b ( F i g .1 7 ) ,u n t i l t h e v i e w f i e l dos f
both eyepiecesmerge. lt will be advan-
Fig. 16, b
tageousto memorizethe attaineddiopter
a n d i n t e r p u p i l l a r yd i s t a n c er e a d i n g sf o r
future use.
The red dot engravedon the interpupil-
lary distancescaleindicatesthe position
where the mechanicaltube length be-
comes exactly 160mm.The HK (high
eyepointtype) eyepieces havean eyecup
o n t o p , t h e e x t e n s i o no f w h i c h w i l l g i v e
proper eye-to-lensdistance. For those
who wear eyeglasses, the eyecupshould
be slipped on to protect the spectacle
tenses.
Fig.17
(3) CoarseFocusing a n d g l a s ss l i d e .
The coarseadjustmentmay be easedor
tightenedby meansof the coarsefocus (5) FineFocusing
ring.
t e n s i o na d j u s t i n g M a n i p u l a t i o on f t h e f i n e f o c u sk n o b ( F i g .
lf the rotationof the coarsefocusknob is 18) is necessary:
s t i n rgi n gc o u n t e r -
t o o l o o s et,u r n t h e a d j u 'tension a . T o o b t a i nt h e s h a r p e si m t age.
clockwise. Too much may be b. To transferthe focus from center to
adjustedby turning clockwise.Excessive a n e d g eo f t h e v i e w f i e l d .
r o t a t i o ni n t h e o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o ns h o u l d c. To focus upon different layersof a
beavoided. thickspecimen.
Never twist the focus knobs for this d . T o c o r r e c ta s l i g h tb l u r r i n gw h i c hm a y
adjustmentas in traditionalmicroscopes o c c u rw h e ns h i f t i n gt h e s l i d e .
whosefocus knobs,coarseand fine, are e. To measurethe thicknessof an object
l o c a t e ds e p a r a t e l(yn o t c o a x i a l )F. o c u s i n g u n d e re x a m i n a t i o n . I
{
may be performedas follows: First,raise The microscopeis so designedthat one
the microscope s t a g eu n t i l t h e d i s t a n c e revolutionof the f ine focusknob raisesor
betweenthe specimenand the objective l o w e r st h e m i c r o s c o pset a g e0 . 2 m m .T h i s
becomeslessthan the workingdistanceof permits direct readingon the left-hand
theobjective t o b e u s e d( S e et a b l e o np . 2 1 k n o b s c a l e ,l o o k i n g f r o m t h e f r o n t , t o
a n d p . 2 2 1, t h e n l o o k i n g t h r o u g h t h e 0.002mm (2ttm\. The completerangeof
eyepiece, lower the stage until the f i n e m o t i o n i s 3 8 m m ; t h e s a m ea st h a t o f
s p e c i m e nt o b e e x a m i n e d i s c l e a r l Y c o a r s em o t i o n .
visible.
4 X , 1 0 X , 4 0 X a n d 1 0 0 X - o b j e c t i vaerse
parfocal,and are approximatelyin focus
when revolved into position one after
another. The use of the fine focus
k n o b o n l y i s r e q u i r e df o r c r i t i c a lf o c u s -
Ing.

(4) PresetDevice
The right-handfocus knob has a preset
l e v e ro n i t s d r u m ( F i g .1 8 ) .
When the lever is fastenedby turning I
clockwise (as indicated by the arrow)
until it stops, the coarsefocus knobs
cannot be turned to move the stage F i s .1 8
l
closer to the objective. This preset is
utilized for quick refocusingafter the
stage has been lowered and defocused
f o r c h a n g i n ga s p e c i m e no r a p p l y i n g
immersionoil. The presetdevice,when
locked, preventsdamagingthe objective

14
 (6) Oil lmmersion repeatingslight movementsof the nose-
W h e nu s i n gt h e 1 0 0 Xo b j e c t i v et ,h e a p p l i - piece or by addinga certainquantity of
c a t i o n o f i m m e r s i o no i l i n t h e m i n u t e immersioo n i l o r b v m e a n so f a n e e d l e .
s p a c e( 0 . 1 - 0 . 1 6 m m )b e t w e e nt h e o b j e c - Unremoved hardened oil may often
tive and the cover glassis necessary to impair the image.Therefore,immediately
attain the specifiednumericalaperture. after finishing the work, remove the
F o r c r i t i c a lw o r k i m m e r s i o on i l s h o u l db e r e m a i n i n go i l f r o m t h e l e n s u s i n ga s o f t
placed between the top lens of the cotton cloth moistenedwith xylol. Never
condenserand the slide as well as be- use alcohol or immersethe front of the
tween the objectiveand the cover glass. objectivein xylol.
Oil immersionobservationis performed Be careful not to use immersionoil that
a s f o l l o w s : F i r s t , u s i n ga 1 0 X o r 4 0 X hasbeenagedand thickened.
objective(dry system),focus the speci- The refractiveindex of the immersionoil
menand centerit in the viewfield.Set the s h o u l db e 1 . 5 1 5 .
presetlever by turning clockwise.Lower
the microscopestage and revolve the
(7) Exchanging
Stages
'100X Lower the stageby meansof the coarse
nosepiece revolverto the objective.
After a p p l y i n ga d r o p o f i m m e r s i o no i l focus knob and unlock the stage lock
onto the coverglass,raisethe stageto the screw.The stagecan then be removed.
preset limit. Then focus by looking
throughthe eyepieceand raisingthe stage
c a r e f u l l yb y m a n i p u l a t i n tgh e f i n e f o c u s
k n o b . T h e o i l i m m e r s i o n1 0 0 X o b j e c t i v e
is designedto attain its criticalfocus by
about 1/3 forward rotation of the fine
focus knob, that is, by bringingthe stage
about 0.08mm closer to the objective
f r o m t h e p a r f o c apl o s i t i o nA. i r b u b b l e si n
t h e i m m e r s i o no i l , w h i c h m a y s o m e t i m e s
s p o i lt h e m i c r o s c o piem a g ea n d a r ev i s i b l e
w h e n l o o k i n g i n t o t h e m i c r o s c o p teu b e
without the eyepiece,can be removedby

15
 5. |||Ot|ING
THESPECIMEN
ONT||ESTAGE
(1) Rectangular
Mechanical
Stage
ttRrt

This stageenablesf ine crosswise travelof

t h e s l i d e i n a r a n g eo f 5 0 m m x 7 5 m m .
a l l o w i n g r e a d i n go f t h e m o v e m e n tt o
O . i m m b y t h e u s e o f t h e v e r n i e rp r o -
vided.
F o r s e c u r i n gt h e s l i d ei n p o s i t i o no n t h e
s t a g eo, p e nt h e s l i d eh o l d e r .
Each direction travel is performed by
rotationof two coaxialknobslocatedone
Fig. 19
above the other on the vertical rod
p r o t r u d i n gb e l o wo n t h e l e f t s i d ev i e w e d
f r o m t h e f r o n t , t h e u p p e rk n o bb e i n gf o r
l o n g i t u d i n aal n d t h e l o w e ro n ef o r l a t e r a l
t r a v e lo f t h e s l i d eo n t h e s t a g e( F i g . 1 9 ) .
In fluorescence microscopyor when using
oil immersionobjectives, wherethe clear-
ancebetweenthe condenser and the slide
a l s os h o u l db e o i l - i m m e r s e tdh. i c k e n e do i l
m a y c a u s ei r r e g u l atrr a v e o l f t h es l i d e .
I n t h i s c a s e ,r e m o v i n gt h e c i r c u l a ro p e n - Slide holder lock screr"ry
ing plate at the center of the stageor F i g . 2 O
f a s t e n i n gt h e s l i d eh o l d e rl o c k s c r e ww i l l
be helpfulfor a positivetravelof the slide
(Fig. 20). Also, the useof the stagewith
spiralgroovesis recommended.
By looseningthe stagelock screwon the
edgeof the stage,the stagecan be rotated
horizontally for conveniencein observa-
tion from the oppositeside of the micro-
s c o p e( F i g . 2 1 ) ,w h e r et h e e y e p i e c teu b e
is rotated 180'. This rotationof the stage
may often be of use in photomicro-
graphy,when the pictureformat is chang- Fis.21
ed from vertical to horizontal or vice
versa. lt is recommendedthat the slide
a d a p t e ro n t h e s t a g e( F i g . 2 1 )b e u s e df o r
s u f f i c i e n tl o n g i t u d i n atlr a v e lo f t h e s l i d e
in suchreversed position.

16
(2) CircularGlidingStage"C"
T h e c i r c u l a rg l i d i n gs t a g e( F i g .2 2 ) g l i d e s
and rotatessmoothlyand preciselyin any
d e s i r e dd i r e c t i o nw i t h i n a c i r c l ei S m m i n
d i a m e t e rs i m p l y b y p u s h i n gt h e r i m o f
the stagewith onesf ingers.
T o l o c k t h e g l i d i n gs t a g ei n p o s i t i o np. r e s s
it downwardand turn the rim of the stage
counterclockwise. Fasteningof the glid-
ing stage is necessarywhen using an
attachablemechanicalstage (Fig. 23),
Fis.22
w h i c h i s a v a i l a b loen o r d e r .A l s oa v a i l a b l e
is the centerablecircular rotating stage
type G, which permits measurement of
the rotating angle of specimenwith its
g r a d u a t ecdi r c u l a sr c a l e( F i g .2 4 ) .

Fig. 23

Fig.24
 6. P1|OTOillICROGRAP]|Y
The Microscope M o d e lS - K t , i n c o r p o r a t - lmportantpointsin photomicro-
i n g K o e h l e rt y p e i l l u m i n a t i o nw i t h t h e graphy:
l i g h t s o u r c eb u i l t i n t h e m i c r o s c o pbea s e ,
e n a b l e sc o n v e n i e nat n d e x c e l l e n p 1 . A v o i d e x t r a n e o u sl i g h t c o m i n g f r o m
t hoto-
theoutside.
micrographb y y a d d i t i o n a l l ym o u n t i n ga
Set up the microscopein a placefree
camera connected to the microscope
f r o m v i b r a t i o n .U s ea v i b r a t i o n - p r o o f
eyepiece with a photomicrograph ic plate under the microscope,if pos-
adapter.
sible.
T h e r e f o r e ,w h e n t a k i n g p h o t o g r a p h o sf
2. Carefullyadjust the illuminationfield
t h e m i c r o s c o p i icm a g eo n 3 5 m m f i l m , i t
a n d a p e r t u r ed i a p h r a g mfso r K o e h l e r
i s r e c o m m e n d et d h a t t h e N i k o nM i c r o f l e x
t y p ei l l u m i n a t i o n .
Model EFM (with built-in exposure
3. Photo-sensitive film, has no accom-
meter), AFM (with built-in exposure
m o d a t i o nf a c i l i t y s u c ha s t h e h u m a n
meter permitting automatic exposure
eye. Therefore,in photomicrography,
s e t t i n g )o r P F M ( m a n u a le x p o s u r es e t -
it is necessaryto adjust the accom-
t i n g ) a n d t h e Ni k o n F o r Ni k k o r m a t
m o d a t i o no f t h e f i n d e r t o t h e e v e t o
c a m e r ao r N i k o n D a r k B o x M - 3 5 Sb e
seethe cross-hairs in the finder sharply
useo.
The importanceof photographicrecord- at all times. In other words, focus
precisely so that the image of the
i n g i n m o d e r n mi c r o s c o p yb e i n g a
p r i m a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o nt,h e M i c r o s c o p e specimenand of the cross-hairsare
Model S-Kt is rigidly constructedto s i m u l t a n e o u s l ys h a r p , e x c e p t w h e n
accepta heavy photographicattachment u s i n gt h e g r o u n dg l a s s c r e e nF. o r h i g h
on top of the microscopetube with no m a g n i f i c a t i o n sw i t h o i l - i m m e r s i o n ,
possibility of being affected by the e t c . , t h e p h o t o g r a p h isct a n d ,a s c i t e d
w e i g h t o r b y v i b r a t i o nd u e t o s h u t t e r a b o v e i,s s p e c i a l l rye c o m m e n d e d .
operation. For details on photomicrographic
F o r p h o t o m i c r o g r a p h yt h, e u s e o f t h e methods, refer to the Instructionsfor
t r i n o c u l a re y e p i e c et u b e o r t h e p h o t o - U s i n gt h e N i k o n M i c r o f l e xE F M ,A F M o r
graphic vertical eyepiecetube is neces- P F Ma n d o t h e rm a n u a l s .
s a r y , f o r d i r e c t l y m o u n t i n gt h e p h o t o -
graphicattachment.However,the useof
the photographicstand which supports
the cameraindependentlyand transfers
lessshuttervibrationt,t the microscopeis
preferable.
I t i s c o n v e n i e nw t , h e no b s e r v i nag m o v i n g
s p e c i m e nt h r o u g ht h e b i n o c u l a tr u b e ,t o
u s et h e t r i n o c u l a tru b e ,i n w h i c ht h e l i g h t
is separated by the half-reflecting internal
prismsand is transmittedto the eyepiece
tube and the camera.

18
 1. CO]||BINATIO}IS
T h e N i k o n M i c r o s c o p eM o d e l S - K t i s
a v a i l a b l ei n v a r i o u sc o m b i n a t i o n sw i t h
different objectives, eyepieces, con-
densers,eyepiecetubes,and stages.For
M o d e lS m i c r o s c o p set a n dw i t h K o e h l e r
t y p e b u i l t - i nb a s ei l l u m i n a t o rB. i n o c u l a r
eyepiecetube "8" and Bectangular
m e c h a n i c as lt a g e" R "

s m
e x a m p l e , M o d e l S B R - K t c o n s i s t so f

s
Trinocular (45")
R e c t a n g ul a r
M e c h a ni c a l

rinocular

rf
(30o)

C i r c ul a r
G l i di n g
o
t I
/-
-.
I
.,-._

rti'Fr

$
aduated,
Rotatable

with
Vertical Photo @ ( 3 o o )

Fig.25
0
19
(1) Interchangeable
Eyepiece
Tubes
a "U" Trinocular
M a g n i f i c a t i ofna c t o r 1 X . H a sp r o v i s i o n f o r d i o p t e rc o m p e n s a t i oann d i n t e r p u p i l l a r y
d i s t a n c ea d j u s t m e nftr o m 5 4 m m t o 7 4 m m . O b s e r v a t i obni n o c u l a r si n c l i n e d4 5 o ,
p h o t o t u b e u p r i g h t , 3 6 0 o r o t a t a b l e .W i t h b u i l t - i n s l i d i n g p r i s m s y s t e m ,l i g h t
transmissioncan be switched three ways to permit photomicrographythrough
v e r t i c a lt u b e w h i l e v i e w i n gt h r o u g h b i n o c u l a rt u b e ; i 0 0 % o f l i g h t d i r e c t e dt o
observationbinocularsby switchinglight path or total light directedto vertical
p h o t o t u b e f o r p h o t o m i c r o g r a p hm y ,i c r o - p r o j e c t i oonr c l o s e d - c i r c uTi t. V . p i c k u p .
. "F" Trinocular
M a g n i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r 1 . 2 5 X . 2 - w a y s l i d i n g p r i s m ; l O O o /o f l i g h t d i r e c t e dt o
observationbinocularsor total light directedto verticalphoto tube for photomicro-
graphy.Inclined30o from horizontaland rotatable360o.Hasprovisionfor diopter
compensation I n. t e r p u p i l l a rdyi s t a n c a
e d j u s t m e nf tr o m 5 4 m mt o 7 4 r n m .
. "8" Binocular
M a g n iifc a t i o nf a c t o r 1 X . I n c l i n e d4 5 o a n d r o t a t a b l e 3 6 0 o .H a sp r o v i s i o nf o r d i o p t e r
compensation I n. t e r p u p i l l a rdyi s t a n c a
e d j u s t m e nf tr o m 5 4 m mt o 7 4 m m .
. "Y" Binocular
M a g n i f i c a t i ofna c t o r i . 2 5 X . I n c l i n e d3 0 o f r o m h o r i z o n t aal n d r o t a t a b l e3 6 0 o .H a s
p r o v i s i o nf o r d i o p t e rc o m p e n s a t i o n a d j u s t m e nf tr o m 5 4 m m
I n. t e r p u p i l l a rdyi s t a n c e
to 74mm.
. "A" InclinedMonocularwith VerticalPhotoTube
M a g n i f i c a t i ofna c t o r 1 X . O b s e r v a t i om n o n o c u l a irn c l i n e d3 0 " f r o m h o r i z o n t a la, n d
p h o t ot u b e u p r i g h t 3 , 6 0 " r o t a t a b l ew, i t h b u i l t - i n 2, w a y s l i d i n gp r i s m .
lnclinedMonocular
M a g n i f i c a t i ofna c t o r1 X . I n c l i n e d4 5 o a n d r o t a t a b l e 360o
(2) lnterchangeable
Stages
o "R" Rectangular Medranical
S t a g es u r f a c e1 3 0 m m x 1 4 0 m m . H a s l o w - p o s i t i o n ecdo a x i a lX a n d Y m o t i o n
controls which provide exceptionallyfine, smooth cross travel within rangeof
5 0 m m x 7 5 m m .S c a l e gs r a d u a t etdo 0 . 1 m mo n v e r n i e r .
. "C" CircularGliding
Stagesurface140mm in diameter.Providedwith stageclips. Acceptsattachable
m e c h a n i c aslt a g ea v a i l a b l oe n o r d e r .M o v e ss m o o t h l yi n a n y d i r e c t i o nw i t h i n c i r c l e
d i a m e t e ro f 1 8 m m i n s t r a i g h ta n d / o r r o t a t i n gm o t i o n . C a n b e c l a m p e di n a n y
d e s i r e dp o s i t i o n .
. "G" Graduated,CircularRotatable
S t a g es u r f a c e1 4 0 m m i n d i a m e t e r .3 6 0 o r o t a t a b l e G . o n i o m e t e dr i v i d e di n t o 1 o
. e n t e r a b lset a g ep r o v i d e dw i t h c l a m p i n g
i n c r e m e n t as n d r e a d st o 6 ' w i t h v e r n i e r C
s c r e wS . u p p l i e dw i t h s t a g ec l i p s .
. "P" SguarePlain
Stagesurface i30mm x 130mm. Providedwith stageclips. Acceptsattachable
mechanical stageavailableon order.
20
 8 . OBJTCTIt|ES,
EYEPIECES,
CONDENSERS
(1) Objectives
o For biologicaland medicaluse
( F o r g e n e r aol b s e r v a t i o n )
Table 1

I ndividual Numerical
Type Length Distance i
Magnif ication Aperture

4X 0.10 28.3 9.50

Dry 14.8 7.10
, Dw 2OX
Achromat , Dry S40X
N o c o v e r g l a s st y p e
Dry
Spring-loaded
Oil-immsrsion Spring-loaded

oil.immersion 100x 1. 2 5 1. g 0.16 W i t h i r i sd i a p h r a g m

for
dark-field
Dry Plan l.2X O.O3 35.8 2g.l
Dry Plan 2X 0.05 42.3 35.6
Dry Plan 3X 0.08 37.7 28.6
Dry Plan 4X - l . i s '18.2
0 . 1O 2g.5
Plan Dry -' Ptan rox 15.6 7.o
Achromat prun 2OX O.4O 7.5 1.6 Spring-loaded
[Orv
!otv_=_ llql 1!l_ 0.65 4.o _ 0.24_ qrr1o-loaded
p 't ? N o c o v e r g l a s st y p e ,
r t rrvy
D Ptlrann N
NCC44n0) X
( n .A6q5
0 ? .R
3 8 1.3 Sor.s:i"#"j
Oif-immersion Plan 100X 1.30 1.6 O.12 Spring-loaded
Fluorite Oif-immersion Fl 7OX 1.25 2.5 0.16 Sorinq,loaded
D:t l { P l u l ' 1a0o0rX _ !.75 9' l j _ 0 r 4 5 _ _Sprins-loaded
Oil-immersion F/ Plan 1.30 .6 O.12 Spring-loaded
Apo 40X 0.80 4.3 0.19 Spring-loaded
Apochromat t ^.:- '100X
ult-rmmersron Apo 1.40 1.7 0.10 S p r i n gl o a d e d
( F o r s p e c i aol b s e r v a t i o n ) Table 2
' lworfing
Individual ^,..-^-,^^, Focal
'ifiijjii' I
Type Magnification
t-,""et1'Distanc-e Remarks
' tmm, tmm,
F o r t i s s u ec u l t u r e o b s e r v a t i o n ,
LWD4OX 0.60 4.O 2.O
spring-loaded
0 - W a t e r - i m m e r s i o no b j e c t i v e
WlOX o.22 16.0 2.O Spring-loaded
Achromat
0 - W a t e r - i m m e r s i o no b j e c t i v e ,
W2OX 0.33 7.7
l
2.O Spring-loaded
^ 1A W a t e r - i m m e r s i o no b j e c t i v e ,
W40X 0.65 4.4
S p r i n q - lo a d e d

The obiectives are designed to give the above magnifying powers with the best def inition, when used
with a microscope whose tube length is 'l6Omm.
Basides the magniJying power, the numerical aperture or angular aperture of the light cone admitted
into the objective is also an important consideration, as it largely determines the resolution or def ining
power, depth of focus and the brightness of the microscope image.
All the above obiectives are parfocal within the fine focusing range.
F o r A O x o b j e c t i v e s , a c o v e r g l a s s ( O . 17 m m t h i c k ) m u s t b e u s e d . I n c a s e t h e c o v e r g l a s s i s u n u s a b l e , u s e
an NC 40x objective.

21
( For phase-contrast ion)
observat Table3
Focal
lndividual Numsrical
Typo Lsngth Rsmarks
Ma0nification Aperturc (mm)
ory DLLlOX 0.30 15.9 6.4
Drv eMiox o.30 15.9 6.4
Dry DLLF1oX 0.30 15.9 6.4 For f luorescence
microscoov
Dry DLL2oX 0.40 8.2 4.5
Dry BM20X o.40 4.2
Dry DLL4OX 0.65 I 43 0.54 Sprins-loaded
i
Ach.omat Dry DM40X -0. 0.65 4.3 0.54 Spring-loaded
Dru q,,r+ox
Dry
L$ff+0" 0.60 , ^^ For tissueculture observation
Spring-loaded
Oil-immsrsion DLL100X 1.25 1.8 0.16 Spring-loaded
OilnnmKis onrrbox 1.25 1.8 0.16 Spring-loaded
o sv roox 1.25 1.8 O.16 Sprlng-loaded
For f luorescence microscopy
DMF100X 1.25-0.8 1.8 U Ib
sqmclqqgq
Dry D L L4OX 0.65 4.0 o.24 Spri ng'loaded
bw DIV40X 0.65 4.O o.24
BM40X 0.65 4.O i O.24 Sprjng-loaded

Oil-immersion DMlOoX 1:30 1€ - O.12 . 9!r'ng-loud"d_

BM100X 1.30 1.6 O.12 Spring-loaded
DLL4oX 0.80 4.3 0.19 Sprlng-loaded
DM40X 0.80 4.3 0.19 Spring'loaded

Apochromat
Oil-immersion
Oil-immersion ;
Oil-immersion BMlooi T -.4L t.z o.to -sprins-roaded
o For polarizingmicroscope Table 4

Typ6

^
P lox 0.25 14.8 7l
Achromat P 20X 0.40 7.5 5.7
(For dia$opic illumination)
P 40x 0,65 _ 3.3 9.s1 :elas:!9qgd
Oil-immsrsion P10OX 1.25 1.8 0.16 Spring-loaded
D,y PM 5X 0.1O 25.O 15.0
Dry_ PM IlI _ O.25 14.8 _ 7.1
Achromat Dry PM 2OX 7.5 5:7
( For epi$opic illuminationl ,OAO -
Dry r "" 4OX
PM -: 0.65 4.3 0.52 Sprlng-loaded
t,-,-,-
Oil.immsrsion PM100X l.?9 l.q _ 016 _9et!asj!qq"d
o For metallurgical
use
Type

M 5X 0.' 10 25.0 15
M 10X O.25 M.A 7.1
Achromat M 20X 0.40 7.5 5.1
M 40X 0.65 | 4.3 O.52 Spri ng-loaded
Oil-immersion M1 0 0 x 1. 2 5 T| 0.16 Spri ng'loaded
Pt".'v tox OZs 15.6 f ?3
Plan Achromat Dry P l a nM 4 O X 0.65 3.8 1.30 Sp'i"gf""d"d
Oil.immersion P l a nM 1 0 0 X 1.30 1.6 O.12 Spring'loaded

22
(2) Eyepieces Table 6
Type T- noiu-iar"r Focal Field
Bemarks
Length Number
H 5 X 50mm 2 1. O
Huygenian HlOX 25mm 12.O
H15X 16.7mm 8.0
Wide-fisld W F .O
I X 25mm 18.0
-Iislg9e9, "!19ry9$4qq_ 50mm 21.0 W i t h a d j u s t a b l ee y e p i e c ec o l l a r
31.3mm 18.6 -l W i t h a d j u s t a b l ee y e p i e c ec o l l a r
High €yepoint, compensating
wide-field !r!<w10x 25mm r e-o W i t h a d j u s t a b l ee y e p i e c ec o l a r
HK W 1 5 X 16.7mm 14.Q W i t h a d i u s t a b l ee y e p i e c ec o l l a r

Diopteradiustablehigh eyepoint, W i t h5 X , 1 0 X ,1 5 x p i c r u r e
DH KW10X framespluscross-l
compensating,wide-field Bi 25mm 18.0 inesfor
frami no and focus
12.5mm 8.0
For measurement
25mm 14.0
w i t h t h e g r a d u a t i o no f 1 0 / 1 0 0 m m
F o r m e a s u r e m e n t .V e r n i e r t y p e
Filar micrometsr
eyspiece model 2
10x 12.O s c a l ee n a b l e sd i r e c t r e a d i n g .
M i ni m u m 0.01mm
The field number indicates the effective visual field o{ view for a particular eyepiece, which, divided
by the power of the obiective used, gives the diameter of the obiect covered in mm (real f ield).
All eyepieces are parfocal within the fine focusing range.
High eyepoint eyepieces enable easier observation, especially for spectacle wearers

(3) Combinations and Eyepieces

of Objectives
T o t a l m a g n i f y i n gp o w e r o b t a i n e db y t h e c o m b i n a t i o ni s t h e p r o d u c t o f i n d i v i d u a l
o b j e c t i v ep o w e rm u l t i p l i e db y i n d i v i d u ael y e p i e c pe o w e r .A s e l e c t i o on f t h e c o m b i n a t i o n
can be madeso asto get the highestresolutionof the image(resolving power),the largest
e x t e n to f o b j e c ta r e a( r e a fl i e l d )w h i c hc a nb e o b s e r v ew d i t h o u t m o v i n gt h e s t a g eo r s l i d e ,
o r t h e g r e a t e stth i c k n e s o s f o b j e c t ( d e p t ho f f o c u s )w h i c hc a nb e d i s t i n c t l ys e e nw i t h o u t
r a i s i n go r l o w e r i n gt h e m i c r o s c o pset a g ed, e p e n d i nugp o nt h e p u r p o s eo f t h e m i c r o s c o p e .
S h o w nb e l o wa r e t h e r e s u l t sc o m p i l e df r o m t h e d i f f e r e n tc o m b i n a t i o nosf o b i e c t i v easn d
eyepreces:
Table 7
Resoltrtron or Real Field of Viil
M i n i m u r r Resolved (mml
Total Working Depth ot
Obiective Eyepiece Magnifying Distance Huygenian
Focus
Power (mm) I n oblecl I n image eyepoint (pm)
(pml (mm) Eyepiece
Eyepiece
5X 20x 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 11 5.25 5.25 100
4X 10x 40x 9.5 2.7-5.5 o . 11- O . 2 2 4.5 3 6 4
15X 60x 0.16-0.32 3.5 2 5 2
5X 50x 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 11 2.1 to
10x 10x 100x t.t t.t-z-z o.11-O.22 1. 8 10
15X 150X 0 . 17 - 0 . 3 3 1. 4 0.8 8
5X 100x o.o7-o.14 1.06 1.06 6
20x 10x 200x 5.7 0 . 6 9 - 1. 3 8 o . 1 4 - O . 2 4 0.9 0.6 4
15X 300x o.21-O.42 o.7 o.4 3
5X 200x 0 . 0 8 - 0 . 17 o.52 o.52 1.8
40x 10x 400x 0.54 0.42-0.84 0 . 17 - 0 . 3 4 6 n F 0.30 1.2
15X r 6O0X 0.25-0.50 0.35 o.20 i.0

100x 10x 1000x 0.16 0.22-O.44 o.22-O.44 0.18 o.12 0.44

15X 1500x 0.33-0.66 Q.14 0.08 I 0.38

23
The working distanceis the clearancebetweenthe uppersurfaceof the coverglass
and the lowestedgeof the objectivewhen criticallyfocused.Note that, as shownin
T a b l e7 , t h e w o r k i n gd i s t a n c e b e c o m evse r ys m a l lf o r h i g hp o w e ro b j e c t i v e s .
T h e r e s o l u t i o no f m i n i m u mr e s o l v e d i s t a n c e( t h e l i m i t o f r e s o l v i n p g o w e r )i s t h e
m i n i m u m d i s t a n c eb e t w e e n o b j e c t p o i n t s d i s c e r n i b l ea s s e p a r a t eu n d e r t h e
m i c r o s c o piel l u m i n a t e b d y l i g h to f w a v el e n g t h5 5 0 m p m .
T h e s h o r t e rt h e w a v e l e n g t h ,t h e h i g h e rt h e r e s o l v i n pg o w e r ,t h a t i s , t h e s m a l l e s t
r e s o l v e d i s t a n c eI.n t h e t a b l e ,t h e s m a l l e vr a l u e si n d i c a t et h e r e s o l u t i o no b t a i n e d
b y o b l i q u ea n d t h e l a r g e vr a l u e sb y c e n t r a li l l u m i n a t i o n( .s e e" l l l u m i n a t i o n "o n
p.8)
T h e m i n i m u mr e s o l v eddi s t a n c e i n t h e i m a g ei s t h e v a l u ei n t h e o b j e c tm u l t i p l i e db y
t h e t o t a l m a g n i f i c a t i oonf t h e m i c r o s c o p el f. t h e r e s o l v i npgo w e ro f t h e m i c r o s c o p e
i s i m p o r t a n tc, h o o s et h e e y e p i e cfeo r w h i c ht h e i m a g er e s o l u t i o fna l l sw i t h i n t h a t o f
t h e n a k e de y e 0 . 1 5 - 0 . 3 m m ( w h e nt h e o b j e c ti s s e e nf r o m a d i s t a n c e o f 2 5 c m ) ;t h e
g e n e r a l l ya c c e p t e dc r i t e r i o nf o r t h e u p p e r l i m i t o f t h e t o t a l m a g n i f i c a t i oonf a
m i c r o s c o p ies a b o u t 5 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 X o f t h e n u m e r i c aal p e r t u r eo f t h e o b j e c t i v ei n u s e .
N o t e t h a t i n p h o t o m i c r o g r a p hi ty i s u s e l e stso r a i s et h e m a g n i f i c a t i obne y o n dt h e
r e s o l v i n gp o w e r o f t h e e m u l s i o n( u s u a l l ya b o u t 0 . 0 5 m m ) .H o w e v e r ,s i n c et h e
r e s o l u t i o no f t h e e m u l s i o ni s h i g h e rt h a nt h a t o f t h e n a k e de y e ,p h o t o g r a p hcsa nb e
takenat a lower magnification and thereafterenlarged.
R e a lf i e l d o f v i e w ( i n m m ) r e p r e s e n ttsh e e x t e n to f t h e o b j e c tt h a t c o m e su n d e r
o b s e r v a t i o nF.o r h i g h e rm a g n iifc a t i o ni t b e c o m eesx t r e m e l ys m a l l .
C o n s e q u e n t l yi t, i s a d v i s a b l teo c e n t e ro n t h e o b j e c tp o i n t t o b e e x a m i n e df i r s t
u n d e rl o w e rm a g n i f i c a t i oann dt h e n r e v o l v et h e n o s e p i e ct eo a h i g h e rm a g n i f i c a t i o n .
Depth of focus represents the thicknessor heightof the objectin pm sharplyseen
when observedthrough the microscope.In photomicrography the depth of focus
becomessmallerthan the figure shown in the previoustable. Therefore,careful
attentionmust be paid to focusingwhen takingmicroscopepictures.
B y c l o s i n gt h e c o n d e n s edri a p h r a g mt h , e d e p t ho f f i e l d c a nb e m a d el a r g e trh a nt h e
v a l u es h o w ni n t h e t a b l e .
W h e nf o c u si s o n t h e c e n t e ro f t h e f i e l d ,t h e c i r c u m f e r e n cwei l l u s u a l l yb e b l u r r e d ,
because a c u r v a t u r eo f t h e i m a g ep l a n e i s u n a v o i d a b lien t h e m i c r o s c o p ee,x c e p t
when usinga flat field objective.In orderto get sharpedgeimages,it is necessary to
adjustthe fine focusknob and shift the focusfrom the centerto the periphery.

24
(4) Condensers
These condensersare not only capableof concentratingthe light-beamfor better
i l l u m i n a t i o no f t h e i m a g e f i e l d , b u t a l s o g r e a t l y i n f l u e n c et h e r e s o l u t i o no f t h e
microscopeimage,imagecontrastand depth of focus. For more criticalobservation and
photomicrography, the useof an achromator achromatic-aplanat condenserprovided with
a n o b l i q u ei l l u m i n a t i o n
d e v i c ea n da f i l t e r h o l d e ri s s p e c i a l l rye c o m m e n d e d .
Table 8
Type Numericsl Aporturs Remarks
F o r c e n t r a il l l u m i n a t i o n
1.30 ( w i t h o u to b l i q u ei l l u m i n a t i o n
slider)
Abbe
F o r c e n t r a al n d o b l i q u ei l l u m i n a t i o n
1.30 (with obliqueilluminationslider)
Aplanat 1.40 For increased i | | umi nation (f I uorescence m icroscopv )
Achromat 1.25 For critical microscopy
Achromatic-aplanat 1.40 For best image quality
With turret-mountedannulardiaphragmsfor phase.
PhaseTurret 1.30
contrastmicroscopV
Workingdistance10 - 2Omm.With turret-mounted
L,W.D.Turret 0.70 annulardiaphragmsfor phase-contrast and phase-
interferencemicroscopy.
W o r k i n gd i s t a n c e3 0 - 6 0 m m . W i t ht u r r e t - m o u n t eadn n u l a r
ExternalL.W.D,Turret 0.40 diaphragms for phase{ontrastmicroscopy-
For dark-field microscopy. Supplied in centerable mount.
With outer diameter 36.8mm. To be used with objectives
I O X t o 1 0 0 X . l d e a l l v s u i t e d f o r f l u o r e s c e n c ew o r k . 1 0 0 X
UniversalDark-Field 1.20-1.40
objective used should have built-in adjustable iris diaphragm
orfunnel stop. Thickness of slide glassused should be less
than 1.2mm.
r a c r o - o b j e c t i v e s , e1..92.X , 2 X a n d3 X P l a n
F o r l o w - p o w em
Low-Power o.32 Achromats.

(5) llluminationSystem
A s s h o w ni n F i g . 2 6 ,t h e l i g h te m i t t e df r o m t h e l a m pi s c o l l e c t e d b y t h e c o l l e c t o lre n sa n d
t r a n s m i t t e da s a p a r a l l ebl u n d l et o t h e m i r r o r .A f i n e d i f f u s i n gf i l t e r ,s e r v i n g t o m a k et h e
i l l u m i n a t i o nu n i f o r m ,p r o v i d e st h e e n t i r ev i e w f i e l dw i t h e v e n l i g h t . T h e l i g h t b u n d l e ,
collected by the illumination f i e l d l e n so n t o t h e f r o n t f o c a lp l a n eo f t h e c o n d e n s ecr ,o v e r s
t h e o p e n i n go f t h e c o n d e n s ei r i sd i a p h r a g m .
T h e i l l u m i n a t i o nf i e l d d i a p h r a g mi s i m a g e db y t h e i l l u m i n a t i o nf i e l d l e n sa n d c o n d e n s e r
l e n so n t o t h e s p e c i m e pn l a n e .
T h u s ,t h e i l l u m i n a t i o ns y s t e mo f t h e m i c r o s c o pm e o d e lS - K t f u l f i l l sa l l t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r K o e h l e rt y p e i l l u m i n a t i o no v e ra w i d e r a n g es o a s t o o f f e r u n i f o r m i m a g eb r i g h t n e s s
for the 4X objectiveas well asto coverthe apertureangleof the highestpowerobjective.

25
Fig.26
 AND
I1{1|Al{DtIl{G
9. CAt|TIOl{S MAINTENANCE
Avoid touching the lenssurfaceswith fingersor any rough material.For
dusting,usea soft camelhair brushand then wipe the lenssurfaceslightly
with a well-washed soft cotton cloth. Wet the cloth with xylol, but never
alcoholor etherfor wipingoff fingermarksor grease.
The microscopestand surfacesshould be dusted in the sameway and may
b e s l i g h t l yo i l e d ,
Tensionof the coarsefocus knobsshouldbe adjusted,in this type (S-Kt)
of microscope,by meansof the adjustingring, not by twistingthe knobs.
Dismantlingof the internaloptical partsand the microscope body should
not be attempted, becauseit may interferewith the performanceof the
instrument. lt should be done only by an expert or the original
manufacturer.
Do not apply greaseof an unspecifiedtype to the slidingsurfacesof the
coarsefocusingadjustmentor the glidingstage.lf necessary, contactyour
dealeror the manufacturer.
Avoid any forcible manipulationof the moving parts. At all times, the
instrumentshould be handledcarefullye.g.for carryingthe microscope,
hold thet base with one hand and the arm with the other. For
transportation,pack the body tube, rectangularor circular stageand
lenses-objectives, eyepieces and condenser-ina separate container.
Protectthe microscopefrom dust and store in a dry place.When not in
use,it shouldbe coveredwith the vinyl coveror kept in the cabinetwhich
is availableon order. When storing it in the cabinet,do not forget to
tightenthe lockingscrewof the eyepiecetube. Placethe supportunderthe
microscopesubstageand secureit. Fastenthe holding screwsfor the
microscooeat the cabinetbottom. lt is recommended that the objectives
and eyepieces be kept in a with
container desiccant.
Sufficient brightnesscan not be obtainedin interference-phase-contrast
observationusingthe binocularModel S-Kt at a magnification of 600x or
hi g h e r .
The Model S-Ke or L-Ke is recommended for usewith interference phase
contrast.
The circuit in the microscopeis designedto minimizethe occurenceof
electricalinterference.
Usethe microscopeat a distanceof at least1-2 metersawayfrom an AF
shortwavereceiveror a noisemay be heardin the reception.
Also, the instrumentmust be kept 2 meters or more from a electro-
encephalograph in a clinicalexaminationroom.
When taking electro-cardiograms, however,it is found by practicaltests
that thereis no needfor takingthis precaution.
 NIPPONKOGAKUK.K.
F u j i B l d g . , 2 - 3 , 3 - c h o m eM
, a r u n o u c h i ,C h i y o d a - k u T
, o k y o 1 0 0 ,J a p a n
N I P P O NK O G A K U ( U . S . A . }I N C .
623 Stewart Avenue, GardenCity, New York 11530, U.S.A.
N I K O N E U R O P EB . V .
F r e e p o r t B l d g . , S c h i p h o l - C e n t r u m ,T h e N e t h e r l a n d s
N I K O N V E R T R I E B SG . m . b . H .
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