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910-266-EN Revision D
June 2011
Warranty
The EPOCH LTC Ultrasonic Flaw Detector has been designed and manufactured as a high
quality product. Inspect materials thoroughly on receipt for evidence of external or internal
damage that may have occurred during shipment. Notify the carrier making the delivery
immediately of any damage, since the carrier is normally liable for damage in shipment.
Preserve packing materials, waybills, and other shipping documentation in order to establish
damage claims. After notifying the carrier, contact Olympus NDT so that we may assist in the
damage claims, and provide replacement equipment, if necessary.
Olympus NDT guarantees EPOCH LTC to be free from defects in materials and workmanship
for a period of one year (twelve months) from date of shipment. This warranty only covers
equipment that has been used in a proper manner as described in this instruction manual and
has not been subjected to excessive abuse, attempted unauthorized repair, or modification.
DURING THIS WARRANTY PERIOD, Olympus NDT LIABILITY IS STRICTLY
LIMITED TO REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF A DEFECTIVE UNIT AT ITS OPTION.
Olympus NDT does not warrant EPOCH LTC to be suitable of intended use, or fitness for any
particular application or purpose. Olympus NDT accepts no liability for consequential or
incidental damages including damage to property and/or personal injury. In addition to our
standard one year warranty, Olympus NDT also offers an optional two year warranty (call for
further details).
The customer will pay shipping expense to the Olympus NDT plant; Olympus NDT will pay
for the return. For EPOCH LTC not under warranty, the customer will pay shipping expenses
both ways.
In this manual, we have attempted to teach the proper operation of EPOCH LTC consistent
with accepted flaw detection techniques. We believe the procedures and examples given are
accurate. However, the information contained herein is intended solely as a teaching aid and
should not be used in any particular application without independent testing and/or verification
by the operator or the supervisor. Such independent verification of procedures becomes more
important as the criticality of the application increases.
Warranty
iii
For these reasons, we make no warranty, expressed or implied, that the techniques, examples,
or procedures described herein are consistent with industry standards nor that they will meet
the requirements of any particular application. Olympus NDT expressly disclaims all implied
warranties of merchantability and of fitness for any particular application.
Olympus NDT reserves the right to modify all products without incurring the responsibility for
modifying previously manufactured products. Olympus NDT does not assume any liability for
the results of particular installations, as these circumstances are not within our control.
THE WARRANTIES SET FORTH HEREIN ARE EXCLUSIVE AND ARE IN LIEU OF
ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WHETHER STATUTORY, EXPRESS, OR IMPLIED
(INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND WARRANTIES ARISING FROM COURSE OF DEALING
OR USAGE OR TRADE).
iv
Warranty
Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
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7. Gates .............................................................................................................. 59
7.1 Activating gate 2 .............................................................................................................
7.2 Positioning Gates 1 and 2 ................................................................................................
7.3 Gate Measurement Modes ...............................................................................................
7.4 Taking Thickness Readings .............................................................................................
7.5 Taking Echo-to-Echo Thickness Readings ......................................................................
7.6 Locating Flaws with an Angle Beam Transducer ...........................................................
7.7 Measuring Signal Amplitude ..........................................................................................
7.8 Operating in Time-of-Flight Mode ..................................................................................
7.9 Using the Zoom Feature ..................................................................................................
7.10 Gate Alarms ....................................................................................................................
7.10.1 Threshold Alarms .................................................................................................
7.10.2 Minimum-Depth Alarm ........................................................................................
7.10.3 Minimum Depth Alarm with a Single Gate .........................................................
7.10.4 Minimum-Depth Alarm with gate 2 Tracking .....................................................
7.10.5 Alarm-Condition Storage .....................................................................................
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Table of Contents
1. Preface
Product Description
Audience
Revision History
Technical Help
Product Usage
1.1
Product Description
The EPOCH LTC is a portable ultrasonic non-destructive test (NDT) instrument used to detect
flaw conditions in welds, pipes, and many other structural materials. It may be used with a
variety of ultrasonic transducers in indoor and outdoor environments. This flaw detector offers
excellent ultrasonic performance, large dynamic range, superior measurement resolution, a full
VGA resolution (640 x 480 pixels) color-liquid crystal display with transflective technology
for superior visibility, and a simplified user interface. Based on the high-performance
EPOCH XT platform, the EPOCH LTC offers many performance, durability, and operational
enhancements when compared to previous generation EPOCH Flaw Detectors. Enhancements
include:
Color liquid crystal display (LCD) with full VGA resolution and transflective technology
Digital filters: standard, broadband, and high-pass filters for application flexibility
USB on-the-go port for communication with PCs, direct printing, and USB drive storage
We suggest reading through the information completely at least once with your EPOCH LTC
in hand so that you can combine reading the descriptions and examples with the actual use of
the instrument.
The Technical Specification (920-121-EN) for the EPOCH LTC flaw detector is available
online at: http://www.olympusndt.com/data/File/Epoch_LTC/Epoch_LTC.en.pdf.
1.2
This document is the users manual for the EPOCH LTC. This manual describes routine tasks
for operating the EPOCH LTC. These tasks include:
1.3
Audience
This document is intended for operators of the EPOCH LTC. Olympus NDT recommends that
all operators have a thorough understanding of the principles and limitations of ultrasonic
testing. We assume no responsibility for incorrect operational procedure or interpretation of
test results. We recommend that all operators seek adequate training prior to using this
equipment.
Chapter 1
While the EPOCH LTC is a continuously self-calibrating instrument, the user must determine
regulatory requirements. Olympus NDT offers calibration and documentation services.
Contact Olympus NDT or your local representative with any special requests.
1.4
WARNING
The warning sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure, practice, or the like,
which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal injury.
WARNING
Hazardous high-voltage. This information indicates danger of possible electric shock
hazard higher than 1000 volts.
CAUTION
This information indicates that equipment damage can occur.
Preface
1.5
Convention
Description
Bold
Italics
[BOLD]
Olympus NDT is always interested in improving its documentation. We value your comments
about this manual and other Olympus NDT documentation.
Complete the survey at the back of this manual and send your documentation comments to
Olympus NDT by using one of the following methods:
In all your correspondence, please include the title of the document, its part number, release
date, and the specific section on which you are commenting.
1.6
Revision History
Publication dates are updated when a change is made to the document. In addition, the
document version is also changed to reflect the revision. Table 1 on page 5 shows a list of
revisions for this document.
Chapter 1
1.7
Date
Part Number
Release Version
October 2007
910-266-EN
Version A
November 2007
910-266-EN
Version B
December 2007
910-266-EN
Version C
June 2011
910-266-EN
Version D
Technical Help
For technical assistance, please contact Olympus NDT. A list of our service locations with full
contact information is available online at: http://www.olympusndt.com/en/service-andsupport/service -centers/.
1.8
Product Usage
If the EPOCH LTC is used in a manner that is not in accordance with the instructions in this
manual, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.
Preface
Chapter 1
The EPOCH LTC has many physical features that are either completely new or improved
compared to previous EPOCH Flaw Detectors. It is important for the operator to be familiar
with the use and maintenance of these items.
This section covers the following topics:
Instrument Drawings
Transducer Connections
Display Protection
Environmental Ratings
Instrument Cleaning
2.1
Instrument Drawings
AC adaptor plug
Display window
Handstrap mounts
Handstrap mounts
I/O door
Keypad
AC adaptor plug
Handstrap mount
Battery door
I/O door
Thumb screws
Chapter 2
Handstrap mount
Handstrap mount
AC adaptor plug
Transducer connectors
AC adaptor plug
Handstrap mounts
Thumb screws
Handstrap mounts
Thumb screws
Battery door
Membrane vent
2.2
Transducer Connections
The EPOCH LTC is supplied with sealed LEMO 00 transducer connectors. BNC and large
LEMO 1 transducer connections are not available due to the size of the instruments enclosure.
Adaptors to these common connection types are available from Olympus NDT.
2.3
The EPOCH LTC battery door allows the operator quick access to the battery compartment
without the need for tools. Four thumb screws on the battery door secure it to the instrument
case and assure that the compartment is sealed.
The battery door also has a small hole in the bottom center area that is covered on the inside by
an environmentally sealed membrane vent. This vent is a safety feature that is required in the
event that the instrument battery fails and emits gas. This vent must not be punctured.
The EPOCH LTC accepts multiple battery types. The main battery is a rechargeable Lithium
Ion pack (PN: EPLTC-BAT-L) that may be charged inside the instrument or on the optional
external charging base (PN: EPXT-EC). The EPOCH LTC also comes with an auxiliary battery
tray (PN: EPLTC-BAT-AA) that accepts five AA size cells. Operators may use Lithium Iron
Disulfide, nickel metal hydride, or alkaline AA cells in this auxiliary battery tray. The auxiliary
battery tray cannot be recharged in the EPOCH LTC.
2.4
On the lower-right side of the EPOCH LTC, a door covers the instruments office type
connections. The door has an integral membrane seal to keep liquids away from the unsealed
connections behind the door. These connections are: USB on-the-go port, mini SD card slot,
and VGA/RS-232 output.
The office connection door is held in place by two thumb screws. The operator may use a coin
or a screwdriver to manipulate these thumb screws as needed.
10
Chapter 2
2.5
The EPOCH LTC contains seals that are used to protect the instruments internal hardware
from the environment. These include:
Membrane vent
The main O-ring seal between the top and bottom halves of the case
These seals must be maintained to assure environmental durability. Instrument seals are
evaluated and replaced as needed during the instruments annual calibration. This should be
performed by an authorized Olympus NDT service center.
2.6
Display Protection
EPOCH LTC instruments include a clear plastic sheet protecting the instrument display
window. It is advised that the operator leave this sheet in place. Replacements are available in
packages of ten with part number EPLTC-DP.
The display window in the EPOCH LTC is permanently bonded to the upper half of the
instrument case to fully seal the instrument. If the display window becomes damaged, the
entire upper half of the case must be replaced along with the instrument keypad.
2.7
Environmental Ratings
The EPOCH LTC has been designed to provide customers with an extremely rugged and
durable instrument that may be used in harsh environments. To classify the instruments
durability in wet or damp environments, Olympus NDT has adopted the IP (Ingress Protection)
system to rate how well the instrument is sealed.
The EPOCH LTC has been tested to the requirements of IP67. All instruments are designed to
meet this level of ingress protection when they leave the factory. To maintain this level of
protection, the operator is responsible for the proper care of all routinely exposed membrane
seals. Additionally, the operator is responsible for returning the instrument to an authorized
Olympus NDT service center each year to ensure that the instrument seals are properly
maintained. Olympus NDT cannot guarantee any level of ingress protection performance once
the instrument seals have been manipulated. The operator must use sound judgment and take
proper precautions before exposing the instrument to harsh environments.
EPOCH LTC Physical Features
11
Vibration Tested - Sine Vibration per IEC 60068-2-6, 50-150 Hz@ .03 DA or 2 g,
20 sweep cycles
2.8
Olympus NDT offers an optional rubber protective case with an integral instrument stand (PN:
EPLTC-RPC). This recommended accessory protects the instrument, allows the unit to stand
on a work surface, and provides D-ring connections for the optional chest harness (PN: EP4CH).
2.9
Instrument Cleaning
Wash only with mild soap and water on damp cloth and dry.
12
Chapter 2
This chapter describes how to operate the EPOCH LTC using different power supply options.
The topics are as follows:
3.1
AC line power is supplied via the charger/adaptor (PN: EP-MCA). The EP-MCA has a
universal AC power input, so it operates with any line voltage from 100120 VAC or 200
240 VAC and with 50 Hz to 60 Hz line frequency.
CAUTION
The input power required by the EPOCH LTC is 24 VDC/1 A. Use only the
EPOCH LTC charger/adaptor provided by Olympus NDT to power the EPOCH LTC.
To use AC line power
1.
Connect the power cord to the charger/adaptor unit and to an appropriate line power
source.
13
CAUTION
Use only the AC power cord supplied with the EPOCH LTC instrument. Do not use this
AC power cord with other products.
2.
Remove the rubber seal over the AC adaptor port on top of the EPOCH LTC.
3.
Connect the DC output power cable from the charger/adaptor to the charger/AC adaptor
input jack.
4.
5.
3.2
The EPOCH LTC may be operated with its standard rechargeable Lithium Ion (Li Ion) battery
or with AA cells in the auxiliary battery tray. AA cells may be Lithium/Iron Disulfide
(Li/FeS2), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), or alkaline. All EPOCH LTC instruments have been
designed to accept these four battery types without any modifications or adjustments.
The battery life symbol is always present on the right side of the instrument display. The
battery indicator contains eight bars to communicate the remaining battery life. Each bar
represents 12.5% life remaining: 8 bars equals 100 %, 4 bars equals 50 %, and so on. The
battery indicator is accurate after 5 to 10 minutes of use.
The only acceptable rechargeable Li Ion battery pack is Olympus NDT (part number EPLTCBAT-L). No other rechargeable battery packs may be used in the EPOCH LTC.
3.3
Battery operating time depends on the type of battery being used, the age of the battery, and the
instrument settings. To provide realistic battery operating times, we have tested the
EPOCH LTC with mid-level operating parameters: pulse energy 200 V, PRF 200 Hz, and
display brightness 50 % (default setting). The nominal battery operating times for new
batteries are:
14
Chapter 3
Note: It may take several cycles of complete charging and discharging of the
battery to bring the battery to full capacity. This conditioning process is normal for
these types of rechargeable batteries.
3.4
WARNING
The EPOCH LTC charger/adaptor is designed to charge EPOCH LTC batteries only (part
number EPLTC-BAT-L). Do not attempt to charge any other batteries. Doing so may
cause an explosion and injury! Do not attempt to charge other electronic equipment. This
will cause permanent damage.
The EPOCH LTC battery may be charged internally using the EP-MCA charger/adaptor or
externally using the optional standalone battery charger with part number EPXT-EC.
To charge the battery internally, the operator must remove the AC adaptor plug on the top of
the instrument and plug in the EP-MCA charger/adaptor. The battery will charge when the
instrument is ON or OFF, but the rate of charge is slower when the instrument is ON.
When the EPOCH LTC is connected to AC power and powered ON, the battery indicator will
display a red lightning bolt symbol instead of the standard indicator with 8 bars showing
remaining battery life.
The operator may also choose to use the external battery charger, EPXT-EC, to charge one
battery, while using another in the instrument. For more information about this external
charger, contact Olympus NDT or your local sales representative.
If the battery is used daily (or frequently), connect it to the charger/adaptor when not in use.
Whenever possible, the battery should remain connected to the EP-MCA Charger/Adapter
Powering the EPOCH LTC
15
(overnight or over a weekend), so that it achieves 100 % of full charge. The battery must reach
full charge on a regular basis for proper capacity and cycle-life maintenance.
Recharge discharged batteries as soon as possible after use. Give a full recharge, as described
above.
16
Chapter 3
This chapter describes how to get started with basic EPOCH LTC operations. Topics are as
follows:
Powering Up
Display Arrangement
System Menu
4.1
Powering Up
Press the [ON/OFF] key to power up the flaw detector. After an initial beep, the instruments
startup screen appears. The instrument then goes through a series of self-tests for
10-15 seconds and starts up.
4.2
The EPOCH LTC uses LEMO 00 transducer connections. Suitable cables for most common
transducers may be purchased from Olympus NDT.
17
WARNING
According to International Safety Standard IEC 61010-1, the center pin at the
transducer end of the cable is considered to be an ACCESSIBLE part with a
HAZARDOUS LIVE voltage when the pulser is operating. For this reason, the
transducer cable must be connected to the transducer prior to connection to instrument
terminals marked T/R and R.
The T/R and R terminals on the instrument are not ACCESSIBLE parts; therefore, the
HAZARDOUS LIVE voltage is not exposed when transducer cables are not connected.
4.3
The EPOCH LTC keypad has been simplified compared to other EPOCH keypads by reducing
the number of keys and by centering the main navigation area allowing easy operation with
either the left or right hand. The keypad allows direct access to parameters that are commonly
used during inspection. A [DISPLAY SETUP] key accesses a split screen mode where the
operator can access all Calibration (time base), Gates, Pulser, and Receiver settings with a
simple tabbed menu.
The most commonly used keys on the keypad ([GAIN], [FREEZE], [GATES], [ENTER],
[MEAS/RESET], and the arrows) are located in a group in the center of the keypad within
easy reach of the operators thumb from either side of the instrument.
The top row of keys contains the [F1] through [F4] software function keys used for direct
access to various parameter settings.
There are two methods for adjusting instrument setup parameters in the EPOCH LTC:
18
Chapter 4
4.3.1
These keys can be used to control all instrument functions that appear on the main screen. The
[ENTER] key will toggle from one setup parameter to the next and then cycle through them
again. By pressing [2ND F] and then [ENTER], the operator can go back one setup parameter.
Each setup parameter can be adjusted with the arrow keys left and right or down and up. For
most parameters, left and right provide a fine adjustment and the down and up provide a coarse
adjustment allowing rapid adjustment of parameters.
4.3.2
Most commonly used parameters have their own assigned key or a 2nd function position on the
instrument keypad. These keys allow direct access to the given parameter. This method
allows operators to quickly locate and activate a given instrument function for adjustment.
Once a parameter has been selected, the operator may adjust its value using the slewing keys as
described in section 4.3.1 on page 19 or by using the preset function [F1][F4] keys on the top
of the instrument keypad. The function keys appear below preset values for the selected
parameter.
4.4
The EPOCH LTC is available with four different keypads. The most common are the English
keypad and the International keypad (see Figure 4-1 on page 20). Chinese and Japanese
versions are also available.
19
English Keypad
International Keypad
20
Chapter 4
International
Function
[GAIN]
Adjusts system sensitivity.
[DISPLAY SETUP]
Toggles between display modes. Accesses Setup Tabs
for Base, Pulser, Receiver, and Gate controls.
[FREEZE]
Display freeze holds the displayed waveform until
[FREEZE] is pressed again.
[MEAS/RESET]
This general purpose key brings the operator back to the
live measurement screen. Can be used to escape from
menus and to accept parameter adjustments.
[ENTER]
Moves from one parameter to the next and also accepts
parameter adjustments.
21
International
Function
[GATES]
Allows the operator to control both instrument gates on
screen. Gate 2 is optional.
[SYSTEM MENU]
Accesses the EPOCH LTC system setup menu.
[CAL]
Initiates the EPOCH LTC Auto-Calibration feature.
22
Chapter 4
International
Function
[RANGE]
Adjusts the instruments range according to the sound
level setting.
[ID]
The operator can manually enter or adjust an ID within
the current active file.
[SAVE]
Saves to the selected File and ID.
23
4.5
Display Arrangement
The EPOCH LTC main screen can be displayed in three different modes:
The split-screen view simultaneously displays the live A-scan, measurements, and a tabbed
setup menu containing all instrument setup parameters that can be adjusted on the live screen.
This tabbed menu contains all of the items normally found in previous EPOCHs split screen
display as well as some new additions. The purpose of using a tabbed menu is to organize the
parameters by function and to maximize the size of the A-scan in this screen mode.
When the EPOCH LTC is powered on and has completed its self-test procedure, the split
screen view opens to allow the operator to review the setup parameters.
The full screen with measurements mode is a common display mode during inspections that
require the use of gates and gate measurements. This mode hides the tabbed setup menu to
maximize A-scan size and allows the operator to view the four measurement fields. All setup
parameters are accessible through direct key presses or by pressing the [ENTER] key until the
desired parameter is accessed.
The large A-scan mode is designed to maximize the A-scan size on the screen. This mode
hides the four measurement fields and it is typically used during scanning for defects in a part
when gates and gate measurements are not required for detection. This mode also allows the
operator to adjust all instrument parameters using direct key presses or by using the [ENTER]
key to access the desired parameter.
To switch between the three display modes and to access the tabbed setup menu the operator
must press the [DISPLAY SETUP] key.
24
Chapter 4
4.5.1
Gate measurement icons are displayed on the left side of the screen. These icons tell the
operator the measurement mode for each gate and also flash when an alarm is triggered.
On the left side of the display and below the gate measurement icons, the instrument
displays flags and markers that notify the operator when options are active, when
[FREEZE] is active, and other conditions.
A grid is typically displayed behind the A-scan. The operator may choose between several
grid modes based on application needs and/or preference.
On the right side of the display there are four user defined measurement locations.
Location one is the large measurement, Locations two, three, and four are the smaller
measurements. These are defined for a given application by the operator.
Delay and range parameter values are always displayed to the right of the A-scan below
the four measurement fields.
25
The tabbed setup menu is located on the bottom of the screen. Tabs for base, gates, pulser,
and receiver are always displayed here. An additional tab may also be activated for
specialized software features that are activated by the operator.
Preset values for a selected parameter appear at the bottom of the screen above the [F1][F4] keys.
4.5.2
The four main tabs located in the split screen display mode are:
Base
Gates
Pulser
Receiver
The BASE tab contains functions related to the instruments calibration. The functions that are
located here are:
26
VEL (Velocity) This is the sound velocity for the material being inspected. The operator
must use a correct velocity value to take accurate measurements in millimeters or inches.
ZERO (Zero offset) This setting compensates for timing delays within the instrument,
cable, and transducer allowing measurements to be taken from the time that sound enters
the test material.
Angle This is the refracted angle of sound within the test piece.
THICK (Thickness) This is the thickness of the test piece for angle beam inspections.
This value allows the instruments trigonometric calculator to provide horizontal distance
and depth measurements based on soundpath and angle.
CSC (Curved surface correction) This is an optional feature in the EPOCH LTC. This
feature will only appear if the option has been purchased. This feature is used when
inspecting with an angle beam transducer on a surface that is curved in the direction of the
soundpath. This feature corrects the horizontal distance and depth to reflector
measurements based on part thickness and outer diameter. This function currently works
on the outer diameter only.
DIA (Diameter) User entered value for curved surface correction calculations.
Chapter 4
4.5.3
mp
Gate measurement icons are displayed on the left side of the screen. These icons tell the
operator the measurement mode for each gate and also flash when an alarm is triggered.
On the left side of the display and below the gate measurement icons, the instrument
displays flags and markers that notify the operator when options are active, when
[FREEZE] is active, and other conditions.
A grid is typically displayed behind the A-scan. The operator may choose between several
grid modes based on application needs and/or preference.
On the right side of the display there are four user defined measurement locations.
Location one is the large measurement, locations two four are the smaller measurements.
These are defined for a given application by the operator.
The active parameter field is shown below the measurement fields. If the operator selects a
parameter that does not have a permanent location in this display mode, it will appear in
27
this location. In the case shown in Figure 4-3 on page 27, the velocity setting is located
here.
Delay and range parameter values are always displayed to the right of the A-scan below
the four measurement fields.
4.5.4
Preset values for a selected parameter appear at the bottom of the screen above the [F1][F4] keys.
28
Gate measurement icons are displayed on the left side of the screen. These icons tell the
operator the measurement mode for each gate and also flash when an alarm is triggered.
On the left side of the display and below the gate measurement icons, the instrument
displays flags and markers that notify the operator when options are active, when
[FREEZE] is active, and other conditions.
Chapter 4
A grid is typically displayed behind the A-scan. The operator may choose between several
grid modes based on application needs and/or preference.
4.5.5
Preset Values for a selected parameter appear at the bottom of the screen above the [F1][F4] keys.
To indicate when particular display functions are active, the EPOCH LTC displays a set of
flags, or markers, to the left of the A-scan display. Table 3 on page 29 shows these flags and
provides a description of each.
Table 3 Display Function Flags
Flag
Description
gate 1 is in Peak Measurement Mode.
gate 2 is in Peak Measurement Mode.
gate 1 is in Edge (Flank) Measurement Mode.
gate 2 is in Edge (Flank) Measurement Mode.
[PEAK MEM] is active.
Display [FREEZE] is active.
[ZOOM] is active.
The gate alarm has been triggered. Flashes ON and OFF
alternating with gate measurement indicator.
29
Description
DAC/TVG is active.
DGS/AVG is active.
AWS D1.1/D1.5 is active.
4.6
System Menu
There is one system menu in the EPOCH LTC to allow rapid access to important instrument
setup functions. The menu is organized with tabs that group functions into logical groups.
Navigation and adjustment of parameters is executed using the [ENTER] key and the up,
down, left, and right arrow keys.
Tabs These are used to group related functions within a setup menu. When the operator
enters the menu, there will be a row of tabs running across the top of the screen. The operator
must use the left and right arrow keys to select the desired tab. Once the proper tab has been
highlighted, the operator must press the [ENTER] key or the down arrow key to enter the tab.
Parameters When the operator enters a tab the instrument will automatically select the first
parameter. The operator uses the up and down arrow keys to move from one parameter to the
next and the left and right arrow keys to adjust the parameter value.
To exit the system menu, press [MEAS/RESET].
Tip: The [MEAS/RESET] key can be used to exit any EPOCH LTC menu at
any time. This key returns to the live screen from any location within the instruments
user interface.
30
Chapter 4
4.6.1
MEAS Tab
The Operator uses the MEAS tab to setup the following items:
31
X VALUE This is the distance from the beam index point on a wedge to the front of the
wedge. When using gate 1 surface distance X value or gate 2 surface distance X value
measurements, this number is the correction that is used for the displayed measurement.
The EPOCH LTC can display up to four (4) measurements on the live screen. The operator has
the ability to choose which measurements to display in each of the four measurement
locations. The measurement locations are shown in Figure 4-6 on page 32.
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
The EPOCH LTC is capable of making several types of measurements using either gate 1 or
gate 2.
32
Chapter 4
Icon
Description
GATE1
THICKNESS
GATE2
THICKNESS
GATE1
SOUNDPATH
DISTANCE
GATE2
SOUNDPATH
DISTANCE
GATE1
DEPTH TO
REFLECTOR
GATE2
DEPTH TO
REFLECTOR
GATE1
SURFACE
DISTANCE
GATE2
SURFACE
DISTANCE
GATE1
SURFACE DIST
- X VAL
GATE2
SURFACE DIST
- X VAL
33
34
Icon
Description
GATE1
MINIMUM
DEPTH
GATE2
MINIMUM
DEPTH
GATE1
MAXIMUM
DEPTH
GATE2
MAXIMUM
DEPTH
GATE1
CURRENT
AMPLITUDE
GATE2
CURRENT
AMPLITUDE
GATE1
MAXIMUM
AMPLITUDE
GATE2
MAXIMUM
AMPLITUDE
GATE1
MINIMUM
AMPLITUDE
GATE2
MINIMUM
AMPLITUDE
Chapter 4
Icon
Description
GATE1
AMPLITUDE
TO CURVE
GATE2
AMPLITUDE
TO CURVE
GATE1 DB TO
CURVE
GATE2 DB TO
CURVE
GATE2 - GATE1
AWS D1.1/D1.5
WELD RATING
(D)
FLAT BOTTOM
HOLE
OVERSHOOT
(OS)
4.6.2
GATES Tab
35
The GATES tab allows the operator to set up measurement modes for the EPOCH LTC
gate(s). Gate 1 functions are always available in this tab as shown in Figure 4-7 on page 36.
GATE1 RF SETUP When the EPOCH LTC rectification is set to RF, the operator has
three choices for gate positioning: POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, or DUAL GATE. In
positive mode, the gate will appear above the baseline. In negative mode, the gate will
appear below the baseline. In dual gate mode, the gate will be mirrored above and below
the baseline.
GATE2 ENABLE This selection will only appear if the GATE2 option has been
purchased. This allows gate 2 to be setup and also allows gate 2 adjustments on the live
screen.
If GATE2 ENABLE is turned ON, then the GATES tab will appear as shown in Figure 4-8 on
page 37.
36
Chapter 4
GATE2 RF SETUP When the EPOCH LTC rectification is set to RF, the operator has
three choices for gate positioning: POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, or DUAL GATE. In
positive mode, the gate will appear above the baseline. In negative mode, the gate will
appear below the baseline. In dual gate mode, the gate will be mirrored above and below
the baseline
37
4.6.3
A-SCAN Tab
The A-SCAN tab is used to modify the appearance of the EPOCH LTCs waveform area to
meet application needs or the operators preferences.
The available settings are listed below:
ENVELOPE DISPLAY This setting affects the appearance of A-scans and peak
envelopes that are captured with the peak memory function. Peak memory tracks the
highest peak on the live A-scan and draws an envelope across the peak positions.
OUTLINE Captured A-scans and peak envelopes are drawn as a single line.
FILLED Captured A-scans and peak envelopes are filled.
38
BASELINE BREAK This feature modifies the appearance of the EPOCH LTCs
A-scan in fullwave rectified mode. When baseline break is active, the instrument locates
all zero cross points in the RF waveform and forces the fullwave rectified mode to display
these zero cross points by pulling the A-scan to the baseline. This feature helps the
Chapter 4
operator to see small defects that are close to the back surface of the test piece, especially
at large ranges.
X-AXIS GRID MODE The EPOCH LTC has four display modes for the x-axis grid.
These four settings are designed to provide the operator with a convenient display mode
for the application. Modes include:
GRID OFF No grid lines are displayed. 010 appears along the bottom of the
A-scan.
STANDARD 10 equally spaced grid lines.
SOUNDPATH 5 equally spaced grid lines with soundpath values.
LEG Up to 4 grid lines showing soundpath legs (half paths) based on part thickness
and angle.
4.6.4
Y-AXIS GRID MODE The EPOCH LTC always measures amplitude up to 110 % fullscreen height. The operator can choose to display the y-axis on the A-scan display from 0
100 % or from 0110 % FSH.
DAC/TVG Tab
This tab allows the operator to setup and activate the EPOCH LTCs dynamic DAC/TVG
feature. See section 10.2 on page 106 of this manual for additional information on the dynamic
DAC/TVG feature.
4.6.5
DGS/AVG Tab
The DGS/AVG tab will only appear if the DGS/AVG option (PN: EPLTC-DGS-AVG) has
been purchased and activated in the instrument. See section 10.3 on page 111 of this manual
for additional information on the DGS/AVG option.
39
4.6.6
GENERAL Tab
The GENERAL tab contains functions that are related to operator preference, location, and
language.
FILTER GROUP
STANDARD This accesses the standard instrument filters when the user accesses
the Receiver tab
Filter Parameter.
Other filter groups Olympus NDT produces other custom filter groups based on
customer requirements. These can be selected here. When an alternative filter group
is selected, the operator will only be able to use the custom filters when the Receiver
tab
Filter Parameter is accessed.
40
KEY BEEP When key beep is active, the instrument will beep whenever a key is
pressed.
ALL LOCK When active, this function locks all keys other than [SYSTEM MENU]
and [ON/OFF]. A padlock symbol appears on the live screen when this is active.
CAL LOCK When active, this function locks the following keys: [GAIN], [CAL], and
[RANGE]. The BASE, PULSER, and RECEIVER tabs will also be locked on the split
screen view.
Chapter 4
RADIX TYPE Used to properly format the use of . and , characters in numerals.
4.6.7
CLOCK Tab
The CLOCK tab allows the operator to set the instruments date and time. The clock may be
set in a 12 HOUR or 24 HOUR format. This date and time is attached to a file when it is
created in the instruments datalogger.
41
4.6.8
STATUS Tab
The instrument STATUS tab provides the operator with useful information related to internaltemperature, battery capacity, and hardware/software versions. This information may be used
by Olympus NDT to help support the product.
4.6.9
Editable parameters are standard on all EPOCH LTC instruments. With this feature the
operator can customize the values that appear above the function [F1][F4] keys for the setup
parameters below. These items are listed as sublevel tabs, and each contains 13 control groups
with parameters.
42
GAIN
GAIN STEP Universal setting for the coarse (up and down arrows) and fine (left and
right arrows) gain adjustment
REJECT
VEL (Velocity)
RNG (Range)
Chapter 4
ANGLE
THICKNESS
AUTOXX Customizable value for the AUTO80% feature discussed in section 5.2 on
page 48.
Note: Parameters that contain text such as rectification cannot be adjusted. Also,
parameters that are limited by hardware and/or software constraints such as damping
cannot be adjusted.
To setup the editable parameters
1.
Press the [ENTER] key or the down arrow to enter the EDITPAR tab.
2.
3.
Press the right arrow key to select the first parameter value.
4.
5.
Use the [ENTER] key to move to the other values for the selected parameter.
43
The following software options are available for the EPOCH LTC:
ONBOARD DGS/AVG
MANUAL PRF
EXTENDED RANGE
GATE2
TUNABLE PULSER
44
Chapter 4
45
46
Chapter 4
This chapter describes how to adjust the EPOCH LTCs Pulser/Receiver. The topics are as
follows:
Pulser Adjustment
Receiver Adjustment
5.1
Press [GAIN].
2.
Use one of the following adjustment methods to adjust the gain setting:
Arrow keys up and down for coarse adjustment; left and right for fine adjustment.
Function keys Jump to preset values defined in EDITPAR.
47
5.2
The AUTO-XX% feature was formerly known as the AUTO80 % feature in the EPOCH 4
Series. The default setting for AUTO-XX% in the EPOCH LTC is 80 % full-screen height
(FSH). Using the Edit Para feature, the operator can adjust the value to meet application needs.
In the remainder of this section, AUTOXX% is described as AUTO80%.
The AUTO80% feature is used to quickly adjust the instruments gain (dB) setting to bring
the gated peak echo to 80% FSH. AUTO80% is especially useful for bringing the echo from a
reference indication to 80% FSH to establish the instruments reference gain level. See
section 5.3 on page 49.
You can use the AUTO-80% feature to bring an echo to 80% FSH in gate 1 only with the
standard EPOCH LTC. If the gate 2 option has been purchased, then the AUTO-80% feature
may be used for gate 2 as well.
To use AUTO80% with gate 1
1.
2.
Use the arrow keys to position the gate over the desired echo. It is not necessary for the
echo to break the gate threshold.
3.
Press [F4]. The highest peak within the gate will be brought to 80% FSH automatically by
adjusting the instruments gain setting.
2.
3.
Use the arrow keys to position the gate over the desired echo. It is not necessary for the
echo to break the gate threshold.
4.
Press [F4]. The highest peak within the gate will be brought to 80% FSH automatically by
adjusting the instruments gain setting.
Note: You can use AUTO80% when an echo exceeds the desired amplitude.
The echo can be either above or below 80% FSH. If a signal is very high in amplitude
(above 500% FSH), then it may be necessary to activate the AUTO80% function more
than once. To do this, the operator presses the [F4] key again.
48
5.3
To establish the current system gain as the reference (base) level, press [2ND F], [GAIN]
(REF GAIN). This is useful for inspections that require the establishment of a reference gain
level and then the addition or subtraction of scanning gain.
After accessing the reference gain function, the gain display will read: REF XX.X + 0.0 dB.
You can now add or subtract scanning gain as needed independent of the reference level.
To add scanning gain, use the up and down arrow keys for coarse adjustment (default 6 dB)
and the left and right arrow keys for fine adjustment.
While using the reference gain and scanning gain, the following functions are also available:
[F1] ADD key Adds the scanning gain to the reference gain and deactivates the
reference gain feature.
[F2] SCAN DB key Toggles the scanning gain from the active level to 0.0 dB (reference
level) allowing a direct amplitude comparison to the reference indication.
[F3] OFF key Exits the reference gain function without adding the scanning gain to the
base instrument gain.
5.4
Pulser Adjustment
The pulser settings in the EPOCH LTC are accessed by pressing the [DISPLAY SETUP] key
on the instrument keypad to access the tabbed setup menu, and then selecting the PULSER
tab. Alternatively, the operator may press the [ENTER] key as needed to reach the pulser
parameter settings.
Pulser setup parameters are:
Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) This appears only if the manual PRF option has been
purchased, otherwise PRF is automatically controlled by the EPOCH LTCs operating
software.
Damping
Test mode
Pulse energy
Pulser frequency selection (pulse width) This appears only if the tunable pulser option
has been purchased.
49
5.4.1
Pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) is a measure of how often the transducer is being pulsed by
the electronic circuitry in the EPOCH LTC. PRF is typically adjusted based on the test method
or test piece geometry. For parts with long sound paths, it is necessary to lower the PRF to
avoid wrap-around interference that results in spurious signals on the display. For applications
with rapid scanning, it is often necessary to use a high PRF rate in order to assure that small
defects will be detected as the probe moves past the part.
The base EPOCH LTC controls the PRF automatically based on the Range setting selected by
the operator. For most applications this automatic control is sufficient to prevent wraparound
noise and/or other PRF related issues.
For operators requiring manual PRF control, the EPOCH LTC offers the software option
manual PRF control (PN: EPLTC-PRF). This option allows the operator to adjust the PRF
from 10 Hz to 500 Hz in steps of either 10 Hz (fine adjustment with left and right arrow keys)
or 50 Hz (coarse adjustment with up and down arrow keys).
Note: The EPOCH LTC is a single-shot instrument, that is, the instrument
acquires, measures, and draws the complete A-scan with each pulse rather than using
multiple acquisitions to construct a full waveform. The measurement rate in the
EPOCH LTC is always equal to the PRF rate unless the operator is using a multiplexer.
5.4.2
Pulser frequency selection, which sets the pulse width, is applicable only when the tunable
pulser option has been purchased. This frequency selection is designed to tune the square-wave
pulser to obtain the best performance from the transducer being used. In general, the best
performance is achieved by tuning the pulser frequency as close to the center frequency of the
transducer being used as possible.
Note: Actual results could vary due to the test material and/or variation in the
transducer-center frequency. It is recommended trying various settings with a
transducer and test piece to maximize ultrasonic performance.
50
Chapter 5
5.4.3
Pulse Energy
The EPOCH LTC operator can adjust the pulse energy from 100 V to 400 V in increments of
100 V. Because of this flexibility in adjustment, the operator uses only the necessary level of
energy to perform the test while also providing a high power pulser for the most difficult
materials.
To maximize instrument battery life and transducer life, it is recommended that the operator
use lower energy settings when the application permits it. For most applications, the energy
setting does not need to exceed 200 V.
5.4.4
Damping
The damping control lets the operator optimize the waveform shape for high resolution
measurements via an internal resistive circuit. There are four damping settings:
50 ohms
100 ohms
200 ohms
400 ohms
Tip: Generally, the lowest ohm setting increases the system damping and
improves near-surface resolution, while the highest ohm setting decreases system
damping and improves the instrument penetration power.
Selecting the correct damping setting fine tunes the EPOCH LTC in order to operate with a
particular transducer selection. Depending on the transducer being used, the various damping
settings either improve near-surface resolution or improve the instruments penetration power.
To select a damping option
1.
2.
Use the function keys for direct access or the up and down keys to toggle through the four
available damping selections.
51
5.4.5
Test Mode
Through mode: Two separate transducers, typically on opposite sides of the test
specimen.
Dual mode (Pitch and Catch): One connector acts as a transmitter; the other acts as a
receiver.
2.
3.
Use the function keys for direct access or the up and down keys to toggle through the three
selections.
5.5
Receiver Adjustment
The receiver settings in the EPOCH LTC are accessed by pressing the [DISPLAY SETUP]
key on the instrument keypad to access the tabbed setup menu, and then selecting the
RECEIVER tab. Alternatively, the operator may press the [ENTER] key as needed to reach
the receiver parameter settings. The receiver setup parameters are:
52
Digital filters
Waveform rectification
Reject
Chapter 5
5.5.1
Digital Filters
The EPOCH LTC has a total instrument bandwidth of 26.5 MHz at 3 dB. The instrument has
three digital filter settings. These are designed to allow the instrument to provide the dynamic
range (dB) required by EN12668-1 and also to improve the instruments signal-to-noise ratio
by filtering out unwanted high and/or low frequency noise outside of the test frequency
spectrum.
2.
3.
Use the function keys for direct access or the up and down keys to toggle through the three
selections.
5.5.2
Waveform Rectification
The EPOCH LTC can operate in one of four different rectification modes:
Full-wave
Half-wave positive
Half-wave negative
RF (unrectified)
The RF mode is not active while operating in DAC mode or peak memory.
To select a Rectification Mode
1.
2.
3.
Use the function keys for direct access or the up and down keys to toggle through the three
selections.
53
5.5.3
Reject
The reject function eliminates unwanted, low-level signals from the display. The reject
function is linear and adjustable from 0% to 80% FSH. Increasing the reject level does not
affect the amplitude of the signals above the reject level.
2.
3.
Use the function keys for direct access or the up and down keys to toggle through the three
selections.
The reject level is displayed as a dashed horizontal line on the instrument display (or two lines
in the case of the RF display mode).
54
Chapter 5
This chapter describes how to manage special waveform functions. The topics are as follows:
Peak Memory
Display Freeze
6.1
Peak Memory
The peak memory function enables the display to capture and store on the screen the amplitude
of each display point. The display updates each pixel if a signal of greater amplitude is
acquired. When a transducer is scanned over a reflector, the signal envelope (echo dynamic as
a function of transducer position) is held on the screen. In addition, the current, live waveform
is displayed at the appropriate place within the echo envelope.
This function is useful when it is necessary to find the peak from an indication during an anglebeam inspection. An example is shown in Figure 6-1 on page 56.
55
56
1.
Press [2ND F], [SYSTEM MENU] (PEAK MEM). A P symbol appears at the left side of
the display to indicate that the function is active.
2.
3.
Press [2ND F], [SYSTEM MENU] (PEAK MEM) again to turn off the peak memory
function.
Chapter 6
6.2
Display Freeze
The display freeze function holds or freezes the information on the screen at the moment the
[FREEZE] key is pressed. Once the freeze function is activated, the pulser/receiver of the
EPOCH LTC becomes inactive and does not acquire any further data. A F symbol appears on
the left side of the screen indicating that the function is active.
The freeze function is useful when storing waveforms as it holds the current A-scan allowing
the transducer to be removed from the test piece. Once the display is frozen, the operator can
use a variety of instrument functions. These include:
Gate movement Used to position the gate(s) over area(s) of interest to obtain
measurement data.
Gain Used to amplify signals of interest or to reduce the amplitude of signals when high
scanning gain values are being used.
Range, delay, and zoom The EPOCH LTC time base can be manipulated to focus on
areas of interest. The total instrument range may not be increased.
Datalogger
Printing
Zero (offset)
To disable the freeze function and return to normal operation, press [FREEZE] again.
57
58
Chapter 6
7. Gates
This chapter describes how to use the gates in the EPOCH LTC.
Note: The standard EPOCH LTC has one gate. The gate 2 option must be
purchased to access gate 2 functions. For simplicity, this section describes all gate
controls.
The topics covered are as follows:
Activating gate 2
Gate Alarms
7.1
Activating gate 2
If the gate 2 option has been purchased then the operator will have the ability to turn on gate 2
in the [SYSTEM MENU] under the GATES tab shown in Figure 7-1 on page 60.
Gates
59
The operator must select the GATE2 ENABLE parameter and select ON. This allows gate 2
setup information to appear in the tab as shown in Figure 7-2 on page 60, and it will also
activate gate 2 parameters on the live screen.
60
Chapter 7
7.2
The EPOCH LTC has up to two independent flaw gates. Both gates can be used to take
thickness measurements with straight-beam transducers, sound-path measurements with anglebeam transducers, measure signal amplitude, measure time-of-flight in microseconds, or to
trigger threshold and minimum-depth alarms. The gates may also be used together to take
echo-to-echo thickness measurements.
Gate Positioning is controlled using the [GATES] key.
To access the gate 1 controls, the operator must press the [GATES] button once. The operator
can then use the [ENTER] key or the [F1]-[F3] keys to access gate start (1-Start), gate width
(1-Width), and gate level (1-Level).The [F4] key controls the AUTOXX% function.
To access the gate 2 controls, the operator must press the [GATES] button twice. The operator
can then use the [ENTER] key or the [F1][F3] keys to access gate start (2-Start), gate width
(2-Width), and gate level (2-Level). The [F4] key controls the AUTOXX% function.
To adjust the position of a gate, the operator must access the appropriate gate function and use
the arrow keys to move the gates. The up and down arrow keys allow rapid adjustment in
coarse increments and the left and right arrow keys allow fine adjustment.
7.3
See section 4.6.2 on page 35 for details regarding the two gate-measurement modes available
for each gate (peak and edge).
7.4
In [SYSTEM MENU] > MEAS tab The operator must select gate 1 thickness as one of
the active measurements in the 4 measurement display locations. Typically, this would be
displayed in measurement location 1.
2.
In [SYSTEM MENU] > GATES tab The operator must set up the gate 1 measurement
mode to peak or edge as required by the application.
3.
On the live screen The operator must position gate 1 over the echo of interest. The echo
does not need to break the gate for peak measurements. It must break the gate for edge
measurements.
Gates
61
To take a thickness reading with gate 2, the previous steps are the same but the gate 2 controls
are used and the gate 2 thickness measurement must be selected.
7.5
The operator can take echo-to-echo thickness measurements with the EPOCH LTC if the
gate 2 option has been purchased.
To take an echo-to-echo thickness measurement
1.
In [SYSTEM MENU] > MEAS tab The operator must select Gate 2-Gate 1 as one of
the active measurements in the 4 measurement display locations. Typically this would be
displayed in measurement location 1.
2.
In [SYSTEM MENU] > GATES tab The operator must setup the gate 1 and gate 2
Measurement modes to PEAK or EDGE as required by the application. These are
typically the same for both gates, but this is not required.
3.
On the live screen The operator must position gate 1 over the first echo of interest and
gate 2 over the second echo of interest. The echo does not need to break the gate for the
peak measurements. It must break, however, the gate for edge measurements.
The operator can choose to activate gate 2 Tracking in the [SYSTEM MENU] > GATES tab.
This function allows gate 2 start to track the position of an echo in gate 1 to maintain the preset
blanking period between gate 1 start and gate 2 start.
7.6
During an angle-beam inspection, you can obtain accurate and reliable soundpath information
using the EPOCH LTCs high-resolution distance calculator. If a refracted angle is entered into
the EPOCH LTC and the operator has chosen soundpath, surface distance, and depth
measurements to be displayed in the measurement display locations, then the instrument will
automatically display all angular soundpath components once the operator places the gate over
the echo of interest (see Figure 7-3 on page 63).
62
Chapter 7
Soundpath
Surface distance
Depth
Amplitude
Leg indicator
The screen can also display the soundpath leg as part of the A-scan grid. This is set up in the
[SYSTEM MENU] > A-SCAN tab.
7.7
When estimating discontinuity size, the instrument is adjusted so that a particular gain setting
and screen height represent the echo amplitude produced by a known size reflector in a
reference standard. In general, a signal with a smaller amplitude could indicate a smaller
reflector and a signal with higher amplitude could indicate a larger reflector than the reference
standard.
To measure signal amplitude, the operator must select either Gate 1 current amplitude or
Gate 2 current amplitude as a displayed measurement in the [SYSTEM MENU] > MEAS tab
depending on which gate will be used for the measurement.
The EPOCH LTC can also display minimum amplitude and maximum amplitude
measurements. If the operator wishes to use these measurements for inspection, they can be
activated as well. These measurements track the minimum and maximum measurements in the
gate and are reset by adjusting the gate, gain, pulser/receiver, or by pressing the [MEAS/
RESET] key.
Gates
63
The gate measurement mode will affect how the EPOCH LTC measures signal amplitude:
Peak mode:
Amplitude measurement made on highest peak in gate
Signal does not have to break gate threshold
Edge mode:
Amplitude measurement from highest peak in gate
Signal must break gate threshold
Once the operator has set up the displayed measurements and the gate measurement modes, the
operator needs to position the gate over the echo of interest. The echo-amplitude
measurement(s) will be displayed.
7.8
The EPOCH LTC can display time-of-flight (TOF) soundpath data for an echo that breaks a
gate. Time-of-flight is the location of the reflector in microseconds (s). When time-of-flight
mode is active (use [SYSTEM MENU] > MEAS tab > UNIT = MICROSECOND), distance
measurements will be displayed in microsecond values instead of inches or millimeters.
Time-of-flight mode does not divide the reading by two. The entire time-of-flight through the
test piece in both directions is displayed.
As a reminder, when taking thickness measurements, the EPOCH LTC must divide the product
of material velocity and time-of-flight by two in order to calculate the thickness of the part. If
this were not done, then the unit would display twice the actual thickness because the sound
energy would pass through the part twice.
7.9
To zoom in on an indication, position gate 1 over the area of interest and press [2ND F],
[GATES] (ZOOM). The instrument automatically uses screen delay to bring the point that
corresponds to the gate start to the left side of the screen and also adjusts the displayed range to
match the gate width. The new range equals the unzoomed gate width. The lowest achievable
value of the expanded range is equivalent to the minimum range of the instrument at the
current material-velocity setting.
Zoom is especially useful in certain flaw detection applications. For example, when detecting
branches of cracking such as intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (IGSCC), the inspectors
64
Chapter 7
job can be complicated by the geometry of the test specimen and also by the specific
characteristics of the defect itself. In instances where the pipe counterbore is close to the weld
root, it is possible to have three signals that all appear quite close to each other (the weld root,
the counterbore, and the crack itself). Use the zoom function to improve the visual resolution
of the EPOCH LTC display so that each individual signal can be more easily identified.
When evaluating a crack signal, the inspectors attention is usually focused on the leading edge
of an indication. By observing the number and location of small peaks along the leading edge
of the signal, it is possible to make some assumptions regarding the presence and location of
different branches of cracking. Use the zoom function to get a much more detailed view of an
indication and to make better judgments regarding flaw location and depth.
Zoom is useful when inspecting particularly large or thick components when detail is lost due
to using long screen ranges. Use the zoom function to look at small sections of the test piece
without disturbing the instruments original calibration.
Press the [GATES] key and use the START, WIDTH, and LEVEL parameters to
position the gate over the desired area.
2.
Press the [ENTER] key to access the alarm options. These will be displayed above the
function keys.
3.
Press [F2] for positive logic or [F3] for negative logic. A positive logic alarm is triggered
when a signal breaks the gate threshold. A negative logic alarm is triggered when a signal
drops out of the gate threshold. gate 1 and gate 2 can both be set to either positive or
negative logic.
When the operator sets a threshold alarm on gate 1 or gate 2, the appearance of the tick marks
at the end of the gate will change. For positive logic alarms, the tick marks will point upward
and for negative logic alarms they will point downward. To setup a threshold alarm on gate 2,
Gates
65
the operator must follow the steps above with the exception of pressing the [GATES] key
twice before pressing the [ENTER] key to access the alarm settings.
To deactivate an alarm, the operator must access the gate alarm control and press [F1].
Press the [GATES] key and use the START, WIDTH, and LEVEL parameters to
position the gate over the desired area. Be sure the gate start position is set to cover a range
below the minimum-depth alarm value.
2.
Press [ENTER] to display the alarms in the function boxes at the bottom of the screen.
Press [F4] to activate the minimum-depth alarm.
3.
Use the arrow keys to set the desired minimum value. The range of minimum-depth values
is limited by the gate start and gate width settings. This minimum-depth alarm value must
be greater than the gate start value and less than the gate width value. Once activated, a
marker appears on the gate to indicate the current setting. Any indication that exceeds the
gate threshold to the left of the marker will trigger the alarm.
4.
Press [GATES] then [ENTER] three times followed by the [F1] key to turn off the alarm.
66
Chapter 7
Press the [GATES] key twice and use the START, WIDTH, and LEVEL parameters to
position gate 2 over the desired area. Be sure the gate 2 start position is set to cover a
range below the minimum-depth alarm value.
2.
Press [ENTER] to display the gate 2 alarms in the function boxes at the bottom of the
screen. Press [F4] to activate the minimum-depth alarm.
3.
Use the arrow keys to set the desired minimum value. The range of minimum-depth values
is limited by the gate 2 start and gate 2 width settings. This minimum-depth alarm value
must be greater than the gate 2 start value and less than the gate 2 width value. Once
activated, a marker appears on the gate to indicate the current setting. Any indication that
exceeds the gate threshold to the left of the marker will trigger the alarm.
4.
Press [GATES] then [ENTER] three times followed by the [F1] key to turn off the alarm.
Gates
67
68
Chapter 7
This chapter describes how to calibrate the EPOCH LTC. Calibration is the process of
adjusting the unit so that it measures accurately on a particular material, using a particular
transducer at a particular temperature. You must adjust The zero (offset) and velocity
parameters of the EPOCH LTC during calibration. Zero (offset) [sometimes referred to as
probe delay] compensates for the dead time between the firing of the initial pulse and the entry
of the sound into the test piece. The unit must be programmed with the correct velocity setting
so that it matches the material velocity of the test piece.
The EPOCH LTC has an advanced Auto-Calibration feature, which provides for a fast and
easy calibration process. Section 8.1 on page 70 details the procedure to calibrate the
EPOCH LTC when using the four basic transducer configurations: straight beam, delay line,
dual element, and angle beam.
Note: Do not use the Auto-Calibration feature when the EPOCH LTC is in the
following modes: microsecond time-of-flight, DAC, or TVG.
Calibration is explained in detail in following sections:
Getting Started
69
8.1
Getting Started
Until you are completely comfortable operating the EPOCH LTC, we recommend that a basic
review and setup procedure be used prior to starting the actual calibration. The split-screen
feature of the EPOCH LTC is useful for this as it lets you simultaneously view the waveform
display and all instrument calibration data.
To setup the EPOCH LTC before calibrating
1.
2.
Press [GAIN] to select an initial gain value that is appropriate for the calibration and
adjust the value by using the direct access function keys or the slewing keys. If the
appropriate gain level is unknown, set the initial gain at 20 dB and adjust it as necessary
during calibration.
3.
Access the BASE tab and select the VEL parameter. Enter an approximate velocity for the
test material with the function keys or the slewing keys. If the velocity value is unknown,
find a value for the material being tested in Appendix A Sound Velocities of this
manual.
4.
Press [RANGE] and adjust the value using the function keys or the slewing keys. The
range should be greater than the longest soundpath you wish to calibrate for.
5.
Access the BASE tab and select the ZERO parameter. Set the zero offset value to 0.000
using the [F1] key or the slewing keys to bring the initial pulse to the left side of the
instrument screen.
6.
Select the ANGLE parameter to enter the correct refracted angle for the probe (0 for a
straight beam or 90 probe, 45 for a 45 probe, and so on). Use the function keys to access
preset values or adjust in 0.1 adjustments using the slewing keys.
7.
Once the transducer is coupled to the block, adjust the pulser and receiver settings to
create a clean A-Scan.
Note: Refer to section 5.4 on page 49 and section 5.5 on page 52 for information
on adjusting the pulser/receiver.
70
Chapter 8
8.2
The example below uses an Olympus NDT transducer (part number A109S-RM), with a
frequency of 5.0 MHz and an element diameter of 0.50 in (12,7 mm) to perform the sample
straight-beam calibration. The calibration requires a test block with two known thicknesses
made from the material to be measured. Ideally, the two thicknesses should represent
thicknesses that are both below and above the expected thickness of the material being
inspected.
For this example, we are using Olympus NDT standard 5-step steel test block (part number
2214E). The steps measure 0.100 in (2,54 mm), 0.200 in (5,08 mm), 0.300 in (7,62 mm),
0.400 in (10,16 mm), and 0.500 in (12,7 mm).
Note: If the EPOCH LTC is set to metric units, the calibration process is exactly
the same, except that the entries below will be in millimeters rather than inches.
To calibrate using a straight-beam transducer
1.
Follow the initial setup procedure outlined in section 8.1 on page 70. Connect the
transducer to an appropriate cable and then connect the cable to either of the transducer
posts on the EPOCH LTC.
2.
Press [CAL]. Special functions will now appear above the F-keys ([F1] CAL THIN, [F2]
CAL THICK, and [F3] CANCEL).
3.
Couple the transducer to the THIN calibration block step. For this example, the transducer
is coupled to the 0.200 in (5,08 mm) step (depending on the frequency of the contact
transducer being used, it might be impossible to obtain a proper reading on very thin
material).
4.
Position gate 1 so that the first backwall echo from the known thickness step is exceeding
the gate threshold. Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is at approximately
80 %.
71
5.
72
Chapter 8
6.
7.
Couple the transducer to the THICK calibration block step. In this example, the transducer
is coupled to the 0.500 in (12,7 mm) step.
8.
Position gate 1 so that the first backwall echo from the known thickness step is exceeding
the gate threshold. Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is approximately
80 %.
9.
73
10. Press [F1] to complete the calibration. The zero (offset) and velocity parameters adjust
automatically, and the correct thickness reading of any gated echo displays on the screen.
8.3
The sample delay line calibration described below is performed using Olympus NDT
transducer part number V202-RM, with a frequency of 10.0 MHz and an element diameter of
0.25 in (6,35 mm). The calibration requires a test block with two known thicknesses, made
from the material to be measured. Ideally, the two thickness measurements are both below and
above the expected thickness of the material to be inspected.
74
Chapter 8
For this example, we are using Olympus NDT standard 5-step steel-test block, part number
2214E. The steps measure 0.100 in (2,54 mm), 0.200 in (5,08 mm), 0.300 in (7,62 mm),
0.400 in (10,16 mm), and 0.500 in (12,7 mm).
Note: If the EPOCH LTC is set to work in metric units, the calibration process is
exactly the same, except that the entries below will be in millimeters, rather than inches.
To calibrate using a delay line transducer
1.
Follow the initial setup procedure outlined in section 8.1 on page 70. Connect the
transducer to an appropriate cable and then connect the cable to the transducer post on the
EPOCH LTC. With a zero offset of 0.000 s, the initial pulse should appear on the left
side of the screen. Increase the zero offset until the initial moves off the left side of the
screen and the interface echo from the end of the delay-line tip appears on the screen.
Verify that the echo represents the end of the delay by tapping your finger on the end of
the couplant-coated delay line. This dampens the signal and the echo should jump up and
down on the screen. Use the zero offset to move this echo to the left side of the screen so
that it is barely visible.
2.
Press [CAL]. Special functions will now appear above the F-keys ([F1] CAL THIN, [F2]
CAL THICK, and [F3] CANCEL).
3.
Couple the transducer to the THIN calibration block step. For this example, the transducer
will be coupled to the 0.100 in (2,54 mm) step.
4.
Position gate 1 so that the first backwall echo from the known thickness step is exceeding
the gate threshold. Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is approximately
80 %. A thickness reading appears in large text in measurement location 1.
Note: Ensure that it is the first backwall echo being gated, not a multiple echo
from the end of the delay-line tip.
75
5.
When the reading is steady, Press [F1]. The screen freezes and a popup box appears on the
screen. Use the slewing keys to enter the exact known thickness of the test sample.
6.
76
Chapter 8
7.
The display returns to the live A-scan. Couple the transducer to the THICK calibration
block step. For this example, the transducer is coupled to the 0.500 in (12,7 mm) step.
8.
Position gate 1 so that the first backwall echo from the known thickness step is exceeding
the gate threshold. Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is approximately
80 %. A thickness reading appears in large text in measurement location 1.
Figure 8-7 Calibrating for a Thick Block Using a Delay Line Transducer
9.
Press [F1] once the reading is steady. The screen freezes and a pop-up box appears again
on the screen. Use the slewing keys to enter the exact known thickness of the test sample.
77
10. Press [F1] to complete the auto-calibration. The zero (offset) and velocity parameters
adjust automatically, and the correct thickness reading of any gated echo is displayed on
the screen.
8.4
The sample dual element calibration described below is performed using Olympus NDT
transducer (part number DHC711-RM) with a frequency of 5.0 MHz and an element diameter
of 0.25 in (6,35 mm). The calibration requires a test block with two known thicknesses made
from the material being measured. Ideally, the two thicknesses should represent thicknesses
that are both below and above the expected thickness of the material to be inspected. For this
example, we are using Olympus NDT standard 5-step steel test block (part number 2214E). It
78
Chapter 8
has steps measuring 0.100 in (2,54 mm), 0.200 in (5,08 mm), 0.300 in (7,62 mm), 0.400 in
(10,16 mm), and 0.500 in (12,7 mm).
Note: If the EPOCH LTC is set to work in metric units, the calibration process is
exactly the same, except that the entries below will be in millimeters, rather than inches.
Follow the initial setup procedure outlined in section 8.1 on page 70. Connect the
transducer to an appropriate cable and then connect the cable to the transducer posts on the
EPOCH LTC. Change the test mode to dual. Also, when using a dual-element transducer,
the gain setting is generally set very high so that the leading edge of the backwall echoes
appear as nearly vertical lines on the screen. The leading edge is then used when making
thickness measurements. For this reason, the EPOCH LTC should be set to edge detection
mode.
2.
Press [CAL]. Special functions will now appear above the F-keys ([F1] CAL THIN, [F2]
CAL THICK, and [F3] CANCEL).
Calibrating the EPOCH LTC
79
3.
Couple the transducer to the THIN calibration block step. For this example, the transducer
will be coupled to the 0.100 in (2,54 mm) step. As noted above, a higher gain setting is
required to produce a clean leading edge of the signal. Do not be concerned with the
jagged peaks of the echo. Concentrate on the leading edge only.
4.
Position gate 1 so that the leading edge of the backwall echo from the known thickness
step is exceeding the gate threshold. A thickness reading appears in large text in
measurement location 1.
5.
80
Press [F1] once the reading is steady. The screen freezes and a popup box appears on the
screen. Use the slewing keys to enter the exact known thickness of the test sample.
Chapter 8
6.
7.
The display returns to the live A-Scan. Couple the transducer to the THICK calibration
block step. For this example, the transducer is coupled to the 0.500 in (12,7 mm) step.
8.
Position gate 1 so that the leading edge of the backwall echo from the known thickness
step is exceeding the gate threshold. A thickness reading appears in large text in
measurement location 1.
81
9.
Press [F1] once the reading is steady. The screen freezes and a popup box appears again
on the screen. Use the slewing keys to enter the exact known thickness of the test sample.
10. Press [F1] to complete the auto-calibration. The zero (offset) and velocity parameters
adjust automatically, and the correct thickness reading of any gated echo is displayed on
the screen.
82
Chapter 8
8.5
The sample angle beam calibration described below is performed using Olympus NDT
transducer part number A430S-SB with a frequency of 2.25 MHz and an element size of
0.625 in x 0.625 in (15,875 mm x 15,875 mm). The transducer is mounted on a 45 wedge,
part number ABWS-6-45. We recommend using either an ASTM E-164 IIW Type I or a U.S.
Air Force IIW Type II calibration block for this calibration procedure. The steps below use
Olympus NDT IIW Type I carbon-steel calibration block, part number TB7541-1.
To calibrate using an angle beam transducer
1.
Follow the initial setup procedure outlined in section 8.1 on page 70. Connect the
transducer to an appropriate cable and then connect the cable to the transducer post on the
EPOCH LTC.
2.
Enter the correct refracted angle for the transducer/wedge combination. For this example,
enter 45.
3.
Enter the approximate shear-wave velocity of the material being inspected. For this
example using carbon steel, enter a velocity of 0.1280 in/s (3,251 m/sec if working in
metric units).
4.
Enter an appropriate range for the test block being used. For this example, enter a range of
12.000 in (304.8 mm if working in metric units).
Review section 8.5.1 on page 84 to section 8.5.4 on page 89 for the following procedures:
Note: If the EPOCH LTC is set to work in metric units in each procedure listed
above, the calibration process is exactly the same, except that the entries below will be
in millimeters, rather than inches.
83
8.5.1
2.
Manipulate the probe until a high-amplitude signal appears on the screen after the initial
pulse. This is the reflection from the large arc of the block that is located on the Type I
block at 4 in (101,6 mm).
3.
Move the probe forward and backward to bring the echo to its maximum amplitude
(peak). Make sure the echoes do not exceed 100 %. Reduce the gain setting if necessary.
Note: The peak memory feature on the EPOCH LTC is an excellent tool to aid in
finding the BIP. Press [2ND F], [SYSTEM MENU] (PEAK MEM) to turn on the
feature. This feature draws and collects the echo envelope of the signal while also
drawing the live waveform. Match the live waveform with the maximum point
corresponding to the previously accumulated echo-dynamic curve. Press [2ND F],
[SYSTEM MENU] (PEAK MEM) again to turn off the feature.
4.
84
Hold the probe stationary once you have peaked up the signal and mark the side of the
transducer wedge directly over the 0 mark on the block. This is the BIP the point at
which the sound leaves the wedge and enters the material with maximum energy.
Chapter 8
8.5.2
The refracted angle of the probe should already have been entered in the EPOCH LTC in the
initial steps of the calibration procedure. Although the wedge may be marked 45, for example,
the actual refracted angle could be slightly different due to the properties of the test material or
the amount of wear on the wedge. It is necessary to verify the actual angle. This ensures that
the EPOCH LTCs soundpath calculations are accurate.
To verify the refracted angle
1.
Position the probe over the appropriate angle mark on the block, which is 45 in this
example.
2.
Move the probe backward and forward to peak up the echo coming from the large
circular hole in the side of the block. The circular hole may be filled with Plexiglas, but
the procedure is the same.
Tip: The peak memory feature on the EPOCH LTC is an excellent tool to aid in
finding the peak of the signal.
3.
Hold the probe stationary once you have peaked up the signal. Note the degree mark on
the block that lines up with the BIP, which you marked on the side of the wedge in the
previous step. This is the actual refracted angle (Beta) for this particular transducer and
85
wedge in steel. If this value for Beta differs from the value entered previously, enter the
corrected angle now using the angle parameter located in the BASE tab.
8.5.3
Note: This step differs depending on which type of IIW calibration block is used.
The ASTM E-164 IIW Type I Block, which has a crescent cut in the side, produces echoes at
4 in (101,6 mm) and 9 in (228,6 mm) on the screen. The U.S. Air Force IIW Type II Block,
which has a large cutout in the side, produces echoes at 2 in (50,8 mm) and 4 in (101,6 mm) on
the screen. The procedure to follow uses the Olympus NDT IIW Type I carbon steel calibration
block, part number TB7541-1.
We recommend that the EPOCH LTCs Range parameter be set to 12 in (304,8 mm) for this
step. Regardless of whether a Type I or Type II Calibration block is used, this should ensure
that the echoes from the block are visible on screen.
To calibrate for distance
1.
86
Couple the probe to the block so that the BIP is directly over the 0 mark on the ASTM
test block (or the Air Force block). Do not move the transducer from this point during this
step.
2.
3.
Position gate 1 so that the echo reflection from the 4 in. (101,6 mm) arc (this should be the
first large echo after the main bang) is exceeding the gate threshold.
4.
Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is approximately 80 %. A thickness
reading appears in large text in measurement location 1.
Chapter 8
5.
Press [F1] CAL THIN once the reading is steady. The screen freezes and a popup box
appears on the screen. Use the slewing keys to enter the exact known soundpath distance
for this arc.
87
6.
7.
Position gate 1 so that the echo from the 1 in (25,4 mm) crescent is exceeding the gate
threshold. This echo is generally located at approximately the ninth or tenth screen
division and is usually the 3rd echo after the main bang.
8.
Adjust the gain setting so that this echo amplitude is approximately 40 %. A thickness
reading appears in large text in measurement location 1.
Note: Another echo might be present on the screen at approximately the eighth or
ninth screen division. Disregard this echo as it is usually the result of beam spreading
and sound bouncing off the side of the block. Ensure gate 1 is not over this echo.
9.
88
Press [F1] CAL THICK once the reading is steady. The screen freezes and a popup box
appears again on the screen. Use the slewing keys to enter the exact known soundpath
distance for this crescent.
Chapter 8
10. Press [F1] to calculate and complete the auto-calibration. The zero (offset) and velocity
parameters adjust automatically, and the correct soundpath readings of any gated echoes
are displayed on the screen.
8.5.4
The final step in the angle beam calibration is to calibrate for sensitivity. This lets you set up a
reference gain level.
To calibrate for sensitivity
1.
Couple the probe to the IIW calibration block so that the transducer is aimed at the
0.060 in (1,524 mm) diameter side-drilled hole, which is used as a reference reflector.
89
0.006
Side Drilled Hole
Figure 8-19 IIW Calibration Block with 0.060 in (1,524 mm) Diameter Drilled Hole
2.
Move the probe forward and backward until you have peaked up the return signal from
the hole (that is, found the maximum amplitude). Do not confuse the reference reflector
echo from the side of the block.
Tip: The peak memory feature on the EPOCH LTC is an excellent tool to aid in
finding the peak of the signal.
90
3.
Adjust the system sensitivity (gain) up or down once the echo is peaked up to bring the
reference reflector signal to a predetermined reference line on the screen. In this example,
the echo is brought to 80 % of full-screen height.
4.
Press [2ND F], [GAIN] (REF) to lock in the reference-gain level and add/subtract
scanning gain separately.
Chapter 8
This chapter describes how to manage the EPOCH LTC internal datalogger including:
File description, inspector ID, and location note field for every file
File types
Incremental files
CAL files
Ability to edit files and add and delete IDs, rename files, clear file contents, and delete
files
91
9.1
The EPOCH LTC datalogger is designed to store the following information every time the
operator presses the [SAVE] key:
File name
Alarm conditions
A-scan waveform
The EPOCH LTC datalogger can store up to 50,000 IDs in onboard memory with the
information listed above. All data is stored for every ID that the operator chooses to save.
9.2
Datalogger Menu
The EPOCH LTC Datalogger menu is accessed by pressing [2ND F], [ID] (FILE). This will
bring the operator to a tabbed menu similar to the [SYSTEM MENU] discussed in this
manual. The EPOCH LTC Datalogger menu has four tabs organizing datalogger functions:
open, review, create, and delete. These tabs are covered in detail below. When the operator first
enters the datalogger, the operator sees a screen similar to the screen shown in Figure 9-1 on
page 93.
92
Chapter 9
9.2.1
To create files onboard the instrument, the operator must enter the datalogger menu [2ND F],
[ID] (FILE) and access the CREATE tab shown in Figure 9-2 on page 93.
93
Enters a start ID
The operator can then press [ENTER] on the CREATE button to create the data file and place
it in the instruments list of available files shown in section 9.2 on page 92 of this manual.
9.2.2
The EPOCH LTC allows the operator to create two types of files:
9.2.2.1
Incremental File
After the operator enters a starting ID number, the EPOCH LTC automatically increments the
subsequent ID numbers using the following incrementing rules:
94
Only that portion of an ID number consisting of digits and letters (no punctuation marks)
beginning with the rightmost character and extending left to the first punctuation mark or
to the leftmost character (whichever comes first) can increment.
Digits are cycled 0, 1, 2, ..., 9, 0, etc. The 9 to 0 transition is done only after incrementing
the character to the left. Letters are cycled A, B, C, ..., Z, A, etc. The Z to A transition is
done only after incrementing the character to the left. In either case, if there is no character
to the left or if the character to the left is a punctuation mark, then the ID number cannot
increment.
If an ID number cannot increment, then after a reading is saved, an error beep sounds and
the momentary message Cannot increment ID! is shown on the display above the
function keys. Subsequent saves overwrite readings if the operator does not manually
change the ID number first.
Chapter 9
Limit
2. Initial
Limit
3. Initial
Limit
1
2
3
.
.
.
9
ABC
ABD
ABE
.
.
.
ABZ
ACA
ACB
.
.
.
ZZZ
ABC*12*34
ABC*12*35
ABC*12*36
.
.
.
ABC*12*99
4. Initial
Limit
5. Initial
Limit
0001
0002
0003
.
.
.
0009
0010
.
.
.
9999
1A
1B
1C
.
.
.
1Z
2A
2B
.
.
.
9Z
95
2.
Press the right arrow key to highlight the CREATE tab. Press [ENTER] to access the
CREATE tab.
3.
Use the up and down arrow keys to select the incremental (INC) file type. To continue,
press [ENTER].
4.
Use the arrow keys to enter the desired file name. To continue, press [ENTER].
5.
Enter description, inspector ID, and location note information if desired. To continue,
press [ENTER].
6.
7.
8.
Press [ENTER] on the CREATE button to create the file. The file then appears in the file
list located in the OPEN tab.
9.2.2.2
CAL File
A CAL file is designed for storage of instrument setups (calibrations). These files may only
contain ONE saved ID at a time. This allows the operator to rapidly recall an instrument setup,
either from the datalogger menu, or by using the [SETUP RECALL] function on the
instrument keypad.
To create a CAL file
96
1.
2.
Press the right arrow key to highlight the CREATE tab. Press [ENTER] to access the
CREATE tab.
3.
Use the up and down arrow keys to select the CAL file type. To continue, press [ENTER].
4.
Use the arrow keys to enter the desired file name. To continue, press [ENTER].
5.
Enter description, inspector ID, and location note information if desired. To continue,
press [ENTER].
6.
7.
Press [ENTER] on the CREATE button to create the file. The file then appears in the file
list located in the OPEN tab.
Chapter 9
9.2.3
The EPOCH LTC lists all files that have been created or downloaded to the instrument in a list
within the datalogger menu [2ND F], [ID] (FILE) > OPEN tab shown in Figure 9-5 on
page 97.
97
The highlighted file TESTFILE is an incremental file. To open this file, the operator presses
the [F2] OPEN key, which brings the operator back to the live screen. The active file is now
TESTFILE.
The operator may also view additional file information by pressing the [F1] Details key as
shown in Figure 9-6 on page 98.
Note: The open function does not recall any instrument setup or calibration to the
live screen. This function simply opens the selected file so that the operator may save
data.
Once the file has been opened, the operator may begin saving data by pressing the [SAVE] key.
The EPOCH LTC will attempt to save data to the ID displayed. In most cases, the ID will not
already contain data. However, in some cases the ID will already contain saved information. In
this case, the EPOCH LTC displays a prompt that asks if the operator would like to over-write
or abort.
98
Chapter 9
When there is an active file open, the operator may press the [ID] key to edit the current ID.
There are four actions displayed above the [F1] to [F4] keys:
[F1] DONE Accepts any changes to the active ID that the operator has made.
[F2] INS CHAR (Insert Character) Inserts a blank character in the ID after the cursor
position
[F3] DEL CHAR (Delete Character) Deletes the character or space in front of the
cursor.
[F4] CANCEL Removes all changes made since the ID was accessed.
9.2.4
The EPOCH LTC always allows the operator to save data to a user-selected file or to the
default Incremental file called noname00. The default file is active when the instrument
starts up, and the active ID will be either 001 or the first empty ID within the default file. The
operator may also create a new incremental file for data storage in the datalogger menu as
described in section 9.2.1 on page 93.
When the operator presses the [SAVE] key, the EPOCH LTC saves the following information:
Filename
ID
A-scan waveform
Alarm information
Leg indicator(s)
9.2.5
File Review
The EPOCH LTC datalogger allows the operator to review inspection data and calibrations on
the instrument in the file REVIEW tab shown in Figure 9-7 on page 100.
99
File details shows the file name, description, inspector ID, location note, file type, date
created, date modified, and total ID count as shown in Figure 9-8 on page 100.
100
Chapter 9
File contents shows the operator the saved IDs within the file. The operator is able to
access two separate views for each ID.
The first view shows the ID number, A-scan, measurements, display flags and
markers, gate measurement icon(s), gain, velocity, delay, and range.
The second view shows the ID Number and all setup parameters.
101
While viewing the contents of a file, the operator has several functions available:
Up and down arrows Allows the operator to move from one ID to the next within the
file.
Left and right arrows Allows the operator to edit the displayed ID number and jump to
a specific ID by pressing the [ENTER] key.
[F1] key Switches between the Waveform and Setup views for the selected ID.
[F2] key Recalls the selected ID setup and brings the operator to the live screen.
[F4] key Cancels the Contents view and brings the operator back to the REVIEW tab.
9.2.6
To recall a stored instrument setup (calibration), the operator has two methods available:
102
Standard recall
Chapter 9
9.2.6.1
The operator may recall a stored instrument setup (calibration) from any CAL file by pressing
[2ND F], [CAL] (RECALL SETUP). This will display a list of all of the CAL files that are
stored in the EPOCH LTCs datalogger. The Quick Calibration Recall menu is shown in
Figure 9-11 on page 103.
The operator must highlight the desired CAL file, press the [F1] key to view file details if
desired, and press the [F2] key to recall the file. Since there is only one ID allowed in a CAL
file, the operator does not need to view the IDs individually. When the file is recalled, the
instrument displays the stored A-scan on the live screen for the operators reference. The
operator must press the [MEAS/RESET] key to go live and take measurements.
103
9.2.6.2
Standard Recall
The standard recall procedure may be executed for IDs within incremental files or CAL files.
To use the Standard Recall procedure
104
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For incremental files, the operator must access the desired ID using the up and down
arrow keys. For CAL files, there is only one ID per file.
6.
7.
Chapter 9
Dynamic DAC/TVG
DGS/AVG
The EPOCH LTC comes standard with Dynamic DAC/TVG and has seven onboard software
options:
DGS/AVG
Extended range
Gate 2
AWS D1.1/D1.5
105
Software options can be added to the EPOCH LTC at an additional cost. This activation can be
performed at the factory before the instrument is shipped or can be done remotely with an
access code. You must contact Olympus NDT to have access codes generated.
Chapter 10
reference reflector peaks downward as sound is attenuated, the TVG setup amplifies the gain
as a function of time (distance) to bring the reference reflectors to the same screen height (80%
FSH).
The EPOCH LTC DAC/TVG feature allows the user to toggle between DAC and TVG views
in many of its modes, allowing the freedom to use both techniques during a single inspection.
When the operator switches from DAC to TVG view, the DAC curves are displayed as TVG
lines across the screen. The time varied gain effectively amplifies signals across the time base
to make the DAC curves appear as straight lines across the screen.
Users can customize DAC/TVG setups to their unique application requirements using the
flexible DAC/TVG software feature for the EPOCH LTC. The DAC/TVG feature incorporates
several DAC/TVG modes that adhere to ASME, ASME-3, and JIS sizing codes. The software
offers direct control of gain, range, zero offset, and delay, as well as scanning gain and transfer
correction. In addition, the DAC/TVG option provides a custom DAC/TVG feature that allows
the operator to set the height of up to three (3) DAC warning curves.
2.
3.
Use the arrow keys or the function keys to highlight the desired DAC/TVG function.
The user may also choose to apply a feature known as reference correction (REF CORRECT)
to the digital analysis of the live A-scan and DAC/TVG option. The reference correction
feature, when activated, allows full gain manipulation of either the live echo peaks or the DAC
curve while providing the % amplitude or dB comparison of the actual peak-to-curve ratio. In
this way, the operator can use scanning gain, while maintaining an accurate digital
measurement of the ratio of the gated peak to the DAC curve for sizing purposes. The gated
echo amplitude is corrected back to the reference gain level for amplitude evaluation compared
to the DAC curve.
Once the operator has selected the type of DAC/TVG setup for the application, the operator
must press the [MEAS RESET] key to return to the live A-scan screen to begin DAC/TVG
setup.
107
The sections below describe DAC/TVG modes. The DAC/TVG setup procedure is the same
for all modes. The setup is described in detail in the ASME/ASME III section to follow. Any
differences in the procedure to set up other DAC/TVG modes will be discussed in the pertinent
section for that particular mode.
108
Amplitude to curve and dB to curve The operator may now use amplitude-to-curve
and dB-to-curve measurements. These are activated in the [SYSTEM MENU] > MEAS
tab. These measurements can always be selected by the operator, but they will not display
measurements unless a DAC/TVG curve is on-screen.
TVG view function ([F1] key) The operator may press [F1] to activate the TVG view
for the active DAC/TVG setup.
Chapter 10
DAC gain function ([F2] key) This is a gain setting that affects the DAC curves and the
onscreen echoes allowing amplitude comparison at code compliant screen levels across
the time base.
Gain step function ([F3] key) This setting selects the step (0.1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 dB) for the
DAC gain adjustment.
Next DAC function ([F4] key) With this setting, the operator can cycle through the
available DAC curves (if more than one is available) for amplitude comparison with onscreen echoes.
While DAC/TVG is active, the operator has full control of the range, delay, and zoom settings.
With this, the operator can focus on areas of interest within the DAC setup.
2.
Use the up and down arrow keys for coarse adjustment or the left and right arrow keys for
fine adjustment to bring the scanning gain to the desired level. The scanning gain is
displayed at the lower-left area of the screen.
3.
Once the desired scanning gain level is set, the operator may press [GAIN] and use the
[F2] SCAN DB function key to toggle between the base (reference) gain and the adjusted
scanning gain.
4.
When reference correction is active, the digital comparison between a captured reflector and
the DAC curve will be accurate even with scanning gain applied to the inspection provided that
the gated echo is not saturated. The instrument compares the echo height to the DAC curve,
compensates for the added scanning gain, and reports the true-amplitude comparison.
109
Press the [F3] GAIN STEP key to choose the increment of the gain adjustment desired.
2.
Press the [F2] DAC GAIN key and use the up and down arrows to adjust the curve
adjustment gain by the selected increment either positive or negative.
2.
Use the up and down arrow keys for coarse adjustment or the left and right arrow keys for
fine adjustment to bring the scanning gain to the desired level for transfer correction. The
scanning gain is displayed at the lower left area of the screen.
3.
Once the desired scanning gain is displayed, press the function key [F1] ADD to add the
scanning gain to the base gain and to apply the transfer correction.
Chapter 10
to use for the alarm threshold. The selected curve appears as a double thickness line. Once a
curve has been selected, an alarm can be activated and set to be either the positive or negative
threshold detection by pressing [GATES] and pressing [ENTER] three times.
2.
3.
4.
Select the Number of Warning Curves that will be used in addition to the Main Curve (for
example, if three (3) curves are activated, the operator will see 4 curves in total).
5.
Set the dB level for each warning curve compared to the main curve.
6.
Press [MEAS/RESET] to return to the live screen and begin to capture DAC points.
The custom DAC/TVG setup and functionality are the same as ASME & ASME III discussed
earlier in this section. Once the custom DAC curve points have been captured and completed,
the operator has full capability to toggle between DAC and TVG views, manipulate range,
delay, zero (offset), and angle, and also to add necessary scanning gain, curve gain adjustment,
or transfer correction. The TVG view of any custom DAC curve includes user-defined
reference curves as well as the primary DAC curve. Custom DAC curve also incorporates
reference correction functionality, if desired.
10.3 DGS/AVG
10.3.1 Description
The Onboard DGS/AVG option in the EPOCH LTC permits complete DGS/AVG setups to be
performed on the instrument. With the DGS/AVG method, the operator can size defects based
upon a calculated DGS/AVG curve for a given transducer, material, and reflector size. This
method requires that the operator only have one reference reflector in order to create a DGS
111
curve for flaw sizing. This is much different than the DAC or TVG method that requires that
the operator have representative defects at various depths within a part in order to create a
curve for flaw sizing.
In order for the operator to setup DGS/AVG curves on the instrument very quickly,
Olympus NDT has developed a transducer library that is stored in the instruments memory.
This library contains the entire Atlas Series European specification transducers as well as
several other transducers that are commonly used by inspectors. The library includes five
categories:
Dual transducers
All required data for building DGS/AVG curves is stored in the instruments memory for each
transducer in the library. If an operator would like to use a probe that is not in the default
library, the operator can enter the required transducer characteristics in the GageView Pro
interface program and download them to the EPOCH LTC. Probes that are downloaded to the
instrument appear in the custom transducers section of the transducer library.
The Onboard DGS/AVG option provides the operator with rapid setup times and easy flaw size
evaluation. This software option meets the requirements of EN 583-2:2001.
112
Chapter 10
To activate the DGS/AVG option after the instrument is properly setup and
calibrated
1.
The DGS/AVG option is activated in the EPOCH LTCs [SYSTEM MENU] > DGS/AVG
tab. The operator must access the DGS/AVG tab, press the down arrow key to highlight
DGS/AVG, and press the right arrow key or [F2] ON.
2.
Choose the transducer and reference reflector that will be used for the DGS AVG setup.
The operator can navigate through the Transducer library easily:
Under PROBE TYPE, the operator must select the proper library.
Under PROBE NAME, the instrument will display all probes in the selected library.
The operator must scroll through the list and select the probe. Press the down arrow
key to continue.
Under REFLECTOR TYPE, the operator will find all of the potential reference
reflectors for the chosen probe.
For straight beam and dual probes, the available reflectors are:
Backwall
Side-drilled hole (SDH) The operator must enter the reflector size.
For angle beam probes, the available reflectors are:
K1-IIW block arc If this option is selected, the operator will be prompted to enter a
delta Vk value later in the setup procedure. This value comes from the DGS Diagram
for the selected probe.
K2-DSC block arc If this option is selected, the operator will be prompted to enter a
delta Vk value later in the setup procedure. This value comes from the DGS diagram
for the selected probe.
Side-drilled hole (SDH) The operator must enter the reflector size.
Flat-bottom hole (FBH) The operator must enter the reflector size.
3.
Adjust several DGS/AVG setup parameters so the instrument can draw the curves
accurately.
Delta Vk (used for angle-beam setup only) Correction value for angle beam
transducers. This value is located on the DGS/AVG diagram for the selected
transducer.
Delta Vt transfer correction. Value is used to compensate in amplitude differences
as a result of coupling variation (surface condition) from the calibration block to the
test piece. EN 583-2:2001 provides methods for calculating transfer correction.
Registration level Height of the main DGS/AVG curve. The curve represents the
amplitude from a flat-bottom hole with a diameter of the registration level at different
depths. This is usually equal to the critical flaw size for the application.
113
After pressing [MEAS/RESET] at the DGS/AVG setup menu, the operator will be brought to
the live A-scan screen. The operator must bring the echo from the reference reflector to 80 %
full-screen height and press the [F1] REF key to capture the echo. Once the reference echo has
been captured, the instrument will adjust the gain as needed and draw the DGS/AVG curves on
the screen.
114
Chapter 10
10.3.3.1 Measurements
Vg = Gain difference between two successive backwall echoes (d and 2d)
Ve = From DGS/AVG diagram. Gain difference on backwall curve from d to 2d
10.3.3.2 Calculations
Vs =
Vg -
Ve [mm]
Vs / 2d * 1000 [dB/m]
115
116
Chapter 10
Table 5 on page 117 lists the ultrasonic velocity in a variety of common materials. This is only
a guide. The actual velocity in these materials might vary significantly due to a variety of
causes, such as composition, preferred crystallographic orientation, porosity, and temperature.
For maximum accuracy, establish the sound velocity in a given material by first testing a
sample of the material.
Table 5 Ultrasonic Velocities in a Variety of Common Materials
Material
V (in./s)
V (m/s)
0.107
2730
Aluminum
0.249
6320
Beryllium
0.508
12900
Brass, naval
0.174
4430
Copper
0.183
4660
Diamond
0.709
18000
Glycerin
0.076
1920
Inconel
0.229
5820
0.138
3500
0.220
5600
0.232
5890
Lead
0.085
2160
Sound Velocities
117
118
V (in./s)
V (m/s)
Lucite
0.106
2680
Molybdenum
0.246
6250
0.069
1740
Nickel, pure
0.222
5630
Polyamide (slow)
0.087
2200
Nylon, fast
0.102
2600
0.097
2460
0.082
2080
Polystyrene
0.092
2340
0.094
2395
Rubber (polybutadiene)
0.063
1610
Silicon
0.379
9620
Silicone
0.058
1485
Steel, 1020
0.232
5890
Steel, 4340
0.230
5850
0.223
5660
0.226
5740
Tin
0.131
3320
Titanium, Ti 150A
0.240
6100
Tungsten
0.204
5180
Water (20C)
0.0580
1480
Zinc
0.164
4170
Zirconium
0.183
4650
Appendix A
References
1.
2.
Fredericks, J. R. Ultrasonic Engineering. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965.
3.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Co., 1963.
4.
Mason, W. P. Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids. New York: D.Van Nostrand
Co., 1958.
5.
Sound Velocities
119
120
Appendix A
Appendix B: Glossary
Table 6 Glossary
Term
Definition
Acoustic Impedance
Acoustic Interface
Acoustic Zero
Amplifier
Amplitude
Glossary
121
122
Definition
A-scan
Attenuation
Attenuation (M.L.A.)
Background Noise
Couplant
Critical Defect
Appendix B
Definition
Cross Talk
Damping (Control)
Damping Material
Decibel (dB)
log10 -----2-
This unit is often used to express sound intensities. In this
case, P2 is the intensity of the sound under consideration
and P1 is the intensity of some reference level.
In the case of the displayed voltages on a cathode ray tube
screen, the relationship becomes:
V
n = 20 log10 -----2-
V1
Delay Control
Detectability
Glossary
123
124
Definition
Distance Amplitude
Correction (DAC)
Dual-Element Probe
Dynamic Range
Electronic Zero
The point in time when the pulser fires the initial pulse to
the transducer and the point on the cathode ray tube screen
where the electron beam leaves the baseline due to the
initial pulse signal coming from the transmitter.
Flaw
Frequency
Gain
Gain (Control)
Appendix B
Definition
Gate
Hertz (Hz)
Horizontal A
Immersion Testing
Incidence, Angle of
Indication
Leg
Glossary
125
126
Definition
Linearity, Vertical or
Amplitude
Linearity, Horizontal or
Distance
Longitudinal Wave
Main Bang
Mode Conversion
Peaking Up
Penetration
Piezoelectric Elements
Probe
Appendix B
Definition
Range
Receiver
Reference Echo
Reference Level
Reference Line
Reference Reflector
Refraction, Angle of
Registration
Reject (Control)
Resolution
Glossary
127
128
Definition
Scanning Level
Sensitivity
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Skip-Distance
Sound Beam
Surface Wave
Appendix B
Definition
Through Transmission
Transducer
Transmitter
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonics
V-Path
Vertical B
Wavelength
Glossary
129
130
Appendix B
Description
EPLTC-UEE
Description
(Spares can be purchased.)
EPLTC-BAT-L
EPLTC-BAT-AA
AA battery tray
EP-MCA-X
EPLTC-MAN
Instruction Manual
EPLTC-TC
EPLTC-HS
Hand Strap
Description
AWS Weld classification software
Parts List
131
Description
EPLTC-DGS-AVG
EPLTC-PRF
EPLTC-RANGE
Extended range
EPLTC-GATE2
EPLTC-SWP
EPLTC-CSC
Description
GAGEVIEWPRO-KIT-USB-AAB
GAGEVIEW-PRO
132
Description
EPLTC-C-USB-A-6
EPLTC-C-USB-B-6
EPXT-EC
EPLTC-RPC
EP4/CH
Chest Harness
EPLTC-DP
EPLTC-C-VGA-6
VGA cable, 6
EPLTC-C-RS232-6
RS-232 cable, 6
Appendix C
List of Figures
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-5
Figure 4-6
Figure 4-7
Figure 4-8
Figure 4-9
Figure 4-10
Figure 4-11
Figure 4-12
Figure 4-13
Figure 4-14
Figure 6-1
Figure 7-1
Figure 7-2
Figure 7-3
Figure 8-1
Figure 8-2
Figure 8-3
Figure 8-4
Figure 8-5
Figure 8-6
Figure 8-7
Figure 8-8
Figure 8-9
Figure 8-10
Figure 8-11
Figure 8-12
Figure 8-13
Figure 8-14
Figure 8-15
Figure 8-16
Figure 8-17
Figure 8-18
Figure 8-19
Figure 9-1
Figure 9-2
Figure 9-3
Figure 9-4
Figure 9-5
Figure 9-6
Figure 9-7
Figure 9-8
Figure 9-9
Figure 9-10
Figure 9-11
Figure 10-1
134
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
List of Tables
135
136
List of Tables
Index
A
AC adaptor plug 8, 9
AC line power 13
alarm 65
condition storage 67
minimum-depth 66
threshold 65
A-SCAN tab 38
ASME & ASME III 107, 108
ASME III DAC setup 108
ASTM E-164 IIW Type I Block 86
attenuation coefficient 115
attenuation, relative 115
audience 2
AUTO80%, using 48
auto-calibration feature 69, 74
automatically generated files 95
AUTOXX% 48
B
battery
charging 15
compartment 10
door 8, 10
door seal 11
EPXT-EC external charger 15
full capacity 15
indicator 15
life 14, 51
operating time 14
rechargeable 14
storage 16
types 10
beam index point, locating
BIP 84
BNC connector 10
84
C
CAL file 96
calibrating for distance 86
calibrating for sensitivity 89
calibration 69
before calibrating 70
quick recalling 103
with a delay-line transducer 74
with a Dual-Element Transducer 78
with a straight-beam transducer 71
with an angle-beam transducer 83
caution sign 3, 13, 14
CLOCK tab 41
compliance
EN12668-1 1
IP67 1, 11
Index
137
connection
door 10
door seal 11
curve adjustment gain 110
curved surface correction option 44
distance, calibrating 86
drawings 8
dual mode (pitch and catch)
dynamic DAC/TVG 106
echo envelope 55
echo-to-echo thickness measurement, taking
DAC 106
custom 111
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) 110
DAC mode 108, 110
DAC/TVG 108
DAC/TVG gain adjustment 57
DAC/TVG tab 39
damping settings 51
data files
creating 93
opening 97
saving 99
types 94
datalogger 57, 91
menu 92
storage capacity 92
datalogger storage capacity 92
date mode 41
DeltaVk 113
DeltaVt 113
DGS/AVG option 44, 111
DGS/AVG tab 39
diagnostic 45
digital filter settings 53
display
flags 29
freeze function 57
markers 29
window 8
distance amplitude correction description 106
138
Index
52
62
edge mode 64
EDITPAR tab 42
EN 583-2:2001 113
EP-MCA charger/adaptor 15
EPOCH LTC
calibration 69
charger/adaptor 15
description 1
instrument drawings 8
physical features 7
powering the 13
ultrasonic flaw detector 131
F
feature
auto-calibration 22, 69
AUTO-XX% 48
baseline break 38
curved surface correction (optional) 26
DAC/TVG 107, 109
dynamic DAC/TVG 39
physical 7
reference correction 107
reference gain 49
safety 10
split-screen 70
zoom 64
features 105
file name 92
files
automatically generated 95
CAL 96
contents 101
creating 93
details 100
incremental 94
opening 97
reviewing 99
saving 99
flags 29
flaws, locating with an Angle Beam Transducer 62
full screen 24, 27
full-wave 53
function
display freeze 57
peak memory 55, 84, 85, 90
G
GageView PRO 132
gain
adjusting 47
curve adjustment 110
DAC 110
temporary scanning 109
transfer correction 110
TVG 110
gate
alarms 65
measurement modes 61
positioning 61
gate 2 option 59
gate 2 option, activating 59
GATES tab 36, 59
GENERAL tab 40
glossary 121
grid mode 39
H
half-wave negative 53
half-wave positive 53
handstrap mounts 8
hazardous high-voltage
I
I/O door 8
icons 33
IIW calibration block 86, 90
IIW Type I carbon steel calibration block 86
IIW Type II Block, U.S. Air Force 86
incremental file 94
inspection data 99
instrument
recalling setup 102
software options 131
stand 12
J
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) 110
JIS 107
JIS Z3060 110
K
K1-IIW block arc 113
K2-DSC block arc 113
keypad 8, 18
Chinese 19
English 19, 20
F keys 19
functions 21
international 19, 20
Japanese 19
most commonly used keys 18
Index
139
RF 38, 65
split screen 18, 24, 25, 26
switching between 21, 24
test 52
through 52
time-of-flight 64
L
language selection 41
large A-scan 24, 28
LEMO connector 10
locating flaws, with an Angle Beam Transducer 62
M
options 105
activation 107, 112
available 105
defining active/inactive 105
gain adjustment 109
gate 2 59
hardware accessories 132
onboard DGS/AVG 111
software 131
OPTIONS tab 43
o-ring seal 11
140
Index
P
parts list 131
peak memory 56
peak memory function 55, 84,
peak mode 64
power
AC line 13
battery 14
powering up 17
PRF 50
printing 57
protective case 12
pulse energy 51
pulse width 50
pulse-echo mode 52
pulser frequency selection 50
pulser settings 49
85, 90
pulser/receiver description 47
pulse-repetition frequency 50
Q
quick calibration recall
103
R
receiver settings 52
rectification modes 53
reference correction 107
reference gain 110
setting 49
references 119
refracted angle, verifying 85
relative attenuation measurement 115
RESETS tab 44
reviewing 99
RF (unrectified) 53
RF mode 65
RS-232 output 10
S
scanning gain, setting 49
screen
modes 24
screen protection 11
screen resolution 1
sensitivity 89
side-drilled hole (SDH) 113
signal amplitude, measuring 63
single-shot measurement 50
slewing keys 19
software options 105
sound
attenuation coefficient 115
velocities 117
split screen 24, 25, 26
47
T
tab
A-SCAN 38
CLOCK 41
DAC/TVG 39
DGS/AVG 39
EDITPAR 42
GATES 36, 59
MEAS 31
OPTIONS 43
RESETS 44
STATUS 42
SW DIAG 45
technical help
help, technical 5
temporary scanning gain 109
test modes 52
thickness reading, taking 61
threshold alarms 65
through mode 52
thumb screws 8, 9
time-of-flight mode 64
time-varied gain 106
TOF, time-of-flight 64
transducer connectors 9, 10
transfer correction 110
troubleshooting 45
TVG 106
TVG/DAC views, switch between 57
Index
141
warning sign 3
warranty iii
waveform rectification 53
VGA output
142
Index
2, 10
zoom feature
64