Why no Soft Handover in LTE

When LTE system was developed one of the big technical feature from UMTS
Soft/Softer handover was missing from the architecture. There are many specific
reasons why LTE dropped altogether soft handover (connect-before-break) from
the system design.
Before discussing about why LTE skipped soft handover and only implemented
hard handover, lets check the basic concept of soft/softer handover.

Soft handover concept

Soft handover or connect-before-break handover is a category of handover
procedure where radio links are added or removed in such a fashion that there is
always one radio link connected to the UE.
All the radio links connected to the UE at a particular time are part of the
ACTIVE SET and the number can vary from 1 to 8. This means at least one and
maximum of 8 radio links are connected to the UE.
Soft handover is a part of WCDMA system which is basically same in concept as
in CDMA systems.
In the case of soft handover the mobile station is in the overlapping cell coverage
area of two sectors belonging to different base stations. In downlink direction
signals received from different base stations are combined at the rake receiver of
the UE. In the uplink the scrambled signals from different base stations for a
particular UE are compared frame-by-frame basis at the RNC and the best
candidate is selected after each interleaving period; i.e. every 10, 20, 40 or 80ms.

UMTS Soft Handover Architecture

Soft and softer handovers are only possible when UE is in connected state with
dedicated channel (DCH).
Even with HSDSCH (High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel) there is no soft
handover in UMTS. In cased HSDPA communication there is only hard handover
which is break before connect. Means UE is never connected to more than one
radio link at a time and when UE goes out of coverage of a particular cell that
radio link is teared down before adding the better radio link.

Requirements for soft handover and what is missing in LTE

Lets discuss why LTE does not have soft handover as in WCDMA and CDMA
systems. Though there are various reasons, I documented here three causes why
soft handover was omitted from LTE.
Adjacent Cell Frequency Reuse

Soft handover is possible in CDMA because adjacent cells can operate on the
same frequencies as long as they use different scrambling codes. So, a UE can
listen to two different cells by decoding the received signals twice, using a
scrambling code from each cell on each for each decoded signal. This allows a UE
to communicate with both cells during handover, making it a soft handover.
LTE is based on OFDMA, which is fundamentally a frequency division method.
This means that a UE has to actually resync to a different set of frequency
subcarriers when it hands over between cells, removing the possibility for soft
handover. In fact, when a handover is beginning, an LTE UE has to go into a
compressed mode where it listens to its current cell for part of the time and
searches for a new cell the rest of the time. With modern radio technology, this
retuning can happen fast enough to make the inter-frequency retuning much
more seamless than it was in older technologies like GSM, obviating the need for
soft handover.
Flat Architecture

LTE has flat architecture which means theres no central node controller like the
BSC or RNC. Therefore theres no need to sum up multiple active signals like you
would say for in cdma. Another reason being, theres no need for power control in
LTE because of its orthogonal modulation scheme, theres no self interference
(like in cdma) so no worries about Rx diversity gain and therefore SHO can be
dropped.
Orthogonality in LTE

Cell-edge reception (which was at the core of Soft HO design in WCDMA) issue is
not quite applicable in LTE networks because of orthogonality in both uplink and
downlink. Therefore soft handover can be dropped from the LTE system.

Conclusion

Though LTE does not have soft or softer handover it still maintains seamless
mobility using hard handover. In LTE there are three different types of handover
can be possible
Intra-LTE Handover: In this case source and target cells are part of the
same LTE network.
Inter-LTE Handover: Handover happens towards other LTE nodes.
(Inter-MME and Inter-SGW)
Inter-RAT Handover: Handover between different radio technologies.
For example handover from LTE to WCDMA.