Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE
WEST ASIA
BABYLONEAN AND ASSYRIAN
Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur
Material: brick
System: arch and vault
Comparative analysis:
Plan
- palaces are elevated on platforms w/
room covered by vaults
Walls
- are built with sun died bricks,
battlement cresting
ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab
Openings - doors are semicircular headed w/
sculptured monstrers
Roof
- externally appeared flat but covered by
brick vaults internally
Columns - no columns
Mouldings- no mouldings
Ornaments- chiseled alabaster slab
Principal buildings:
Ziggurat: holy mountains
Archaic ziggurats- rectangular w/ upper temple
Multi level ziggurats- 2 to 5 tiers
Assyrian ziggurats- square in plan w/ continous
ramp w/ fire altar
Palace: usually built by Assyrian
elements: seraglio- palace proper
harem- private family apartments
khan- service chamber
Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat
PERSIAN
(architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan)
Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface, timber for
roof
System: royal palace are built on platforms to achieve
monumentality
: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plan
- open widely spaced columns
Wall
- made of bricks covered w/ polychrome
brickwork
Openings - windows and doors are square headed
Roof
- flatroof made of timber
Columns - tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d &
scroll, twin horse capital
Mouldings- Greek & Egyptian
Ornament- polychrome brickwork
Palace Platform, Persopolis
Propylaea, Xerxes
Palace of Darius
Palace of Cerces
Hypostyle Hall of Cerces
Hall of Hundred Columns
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Simplicity & harmony
Purity of line
Perfection of proportions
Refinement of details
Material: marble
System: columnar and trabaeted
Early Period/ Minoan or Mycenaean
Principal buildings:
Megaron: domestic unit
elements: enclosed porch
megaron
proper
thalamussleeping room
Walls:
1. cyclopean
2. polygonal
3. rectangular
4. inclined blocks
Tombs:
Rock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut
deep into the mountainside
Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular
in shape
- dromos- passageway
Palaces:
Palace King Minos, Knossos
Helenic Period- religious structures
Comparative Analysis: (Greek Temples)
Simple & balance, symmetrical
Rectangular
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: front portico
crepidomastylobate, steriobate
pronaos
naos
epinaos/
posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos
peroma- space
bet the naos wall and columns
Number of columns:
Henostyle
Dinostyle
Tristyle
Tetrastyle
Pentastyle
Hexastyle
Hectastyle
Octostyle
Ennastyle
Decastyle
Dodestyle
Arrangement of Columns:
Antis, Amphi-antis
Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle
Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Comparative analysis:
Wall- solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of
dowels or clamps
Openings- doors, windows & colonnade are square
headed
Roof- w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble
slab to permit light
- lacunaria (coffer)
Column- principal external feature
Orders Introduced by Greeks:
Doric Order
Ionic order
Corinthian Order
Parts:
Entablature- cornice
frieze
architrade
Column- capital
shaft
base
Proportion of Greek Orders
Doric Order- favored by Greeks
Column- 4-6 D
Tablature- height of order
Ionic Order
Column- 9D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Doric Order:
Abachus
Echinus
Trachelion
Hypotrachelion
Entasis
Ionic Order:
Abachus
Echinus- volute
Attic base if 2 torus
Torus
Plinth
Corinthian Order:
Abachus
Cauli-coli
Acanthus leaves
Intercolumnation Spaces:
Hypnostyle- 1 d
Systyle- space bet col 2d
Eustyle- space 2 1/4d
Diastyle- 3d
Areostyle- 3 d
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: acroterion
pediment
tympanum
entablature
metope
triglyph
raking cornice
crepidoma
- holds
the statue of Athena
Theater of Dionysius
Temple of Nike
Apteros- archt
Callicrates
- Ionic
temple
Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum- 2nd largest
- archt Theron
- 3 naos
Entablature spacing:
Monotriglyph
Ditriglyph
Polytriglyph
Mouldingsparabola
hyperbola
elipse
Basis of Shape of MouldingsCyma riversa/ olgee- Waterleaf & tongue
Cyma recta- Antheneon or honey suckle
- Atlantes figure
Temple of Artemis- archt Deinocrates
- master
sculptor- Scopas
Greek Theater- hallow out of hillside
- 2/3 of circle
elements: cavea
orchestra- complete circle
at center
skene- proscenia
(oration)
- paracenia- width
of orchestra
- epiceniumbackground
Theater of Dionysus, Athens- prototype
- largest for 30,000 people
Theater of Epidauror- most beautiful &
preserved
- archt
Polycletos
Helenistic Period- civic structure
Principal buildings:
Agora- town square, center of social & business
life
Stoa- shed, long colonnade
Prytaneion- senate building
Bouleuterion- council palace
Audeion- smaller scale theater, used for musical
Stadium- foot race course
Hipodrome- hose chariot racing, prototype of
roman circus
Palaestra- resting school
Gymnasium- place for all types of physical
exercises
Tomb- mosoleum
elements: pediment
podium
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Vastness & magnificence
Olstentation & ornateness
Material: pozzolana & lime
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- assymetrical due to complexity of needs of
romans
Walls- made of stone & concrete
Types:Opus quadratum
Opus incertum
Opus reticulatum
Opus testaceum
Opus mixtum
- introduction of buttresses
Types:Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall,
detached
Spur buttress- attached to wall
Pinnacle- similar to spur but
more pronounced
Column- 9D
Tablature- 21/4d
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Tablature- 2 1/2D
Mouldings- heavily decorated
Ornament- mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae)
types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings
opusectile- tesserae cut into
shapes for wall
opuspilatum- inchevron for
floor
- mural paintings
- accantus scroll- most popular
Principal buildings:
Forum- a central open shape used as a meeting
place, market or rendevous for
political demonstration.
Forum Romanum- oldest & most
important
Forum of Trajan- largest forum
Rectangular Temples
Temple of Venus, Rome- Appolodorus of
Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)Agripa (corinthian temple)
r
e
s
e
a
l
e
d
Domitian
Circus- for horse & chariot racing
elements: spina
carceres
Circus maximus, Rome- largest
Tombs
Classes:
1. Coemetera w/
Columbaria- a niche
w
/
a
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
r
l
o
a
c
b
2.
k Monumental tombs- similar to the Greek mousoleum in form &
plan
c
Mausoleum of
o Agustus, Rome
n
Mausoleum of
t
Hadrian, Rome (Castle of Angelo)
a
3. Pyramidal tombs
i
4. Temple shaded tombs
n
5. Sculptured memorialsi
minor tombs of varied designs
n
6. Cenotaphs- memorial
g
monum
ents to
a
person
s
buried
h
elsewh
e
ere
s
Commemorative Monuments
1. Triumphal arch- 3 openings, for
o
emperors
f
Pilar of victory/ memorial columnrecord triumph of victorius generals
t
Trajans Columnh
Doric column, arch
e
Titus
3. Rostral column- victorius
d
campaigns done in sea victories
e
Palaces
a
Palaces of Emeperors, Rome- by
d
emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato- largest
Roman Houses
c
Villa- country house
o
Insula- tenement house for workers
r
Domus- private house
p
elements:
s
1. prothyrum
e
2. atriumentrance court
w
open to the sky
/
c
impluvium- water
cistern
w
3. tablium- open
e
saloon
4.
peristyle- inner
colonnaded
court (open)
5. cubiculabedrooms
6. triclina- dining
room
7. oecusreception room
8. alae- reception
for
conversation
9. kitchen &
pantry
Aqueduct- for water supply of towns & cities
Aquaclaudia- Caligula & Claudius
Pontgard, Nimes- mos manificent 25
miles long
Pons- roman bridges
Fountains
Types: Locus/ Lacus- large basin of
water
Salientes- provide water
Etruscan Period
Introduced radiating arch
Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Atrium in domestic planning
Mosaic
Mural paintings
Ornaments: symbolism
Peacock- symbol of eternal life
Endless knot- eternity
Chirho- Jesus Christ
Sta. Soffia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia- for
emperor Justinian
Arch. Arthemus of Tralles
Isodorus of Miletus
- now a muslim mosque
St. Mark, Venice Italy- most important example
of Byzantine
ROMANESQUE- roman like art
Character: Sober & Dignified
Material: stone & brick for Germany
System: arcuated
principle of equilibrium through vaulting system
made up of rib & panel vaulting
Comparative analysis:
Plan- Latin Cross plan (west oriented)
External feature- towers on nave & transept,
facades
Walls- supported by pilaster strips
2.
sexpartite
Column:
Inner court
Common court
FRENCH ROMANESQUE
Southern France- Muslim influence due to pointed
arch
Northern Italy- flanking towers
Madeleine Vezelay- earliest form of
cross-pointed vault in France
Abbaye-Aux Homes, Caen Orderprototype of Gothic
GERMAN ROMANESQUE
East & west apse
Worms Cathedral- emperor
Charlemagne
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
France- style ogivale
- lofty & aspiry quality
- structural honesty
- economy in use of material
System: Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches
Material: stone
Principal building: Cathedral- Latin Cross (west oriented)
Plan- asymmetrical
Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls
FRENCH GOTHIC
1. Primary/ Lancet Period- pointed arches &
geometric tracery windows
2. Rayonnant Period- circular windows w/ wheel
tracery
3. Flamboyant Period- flame like or free flowing
tracery
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
Notre Dame, Paris- oldest Gothic
Cathedral
By bishop
Maurice De Sully
Finest &
most characteristic French gothic
Chartres Cathedral- 130 stained galss
windows
Profussion
of sculptured figures in west front
Rheims Cathedral- coronation church of
kings of France
500
carved statues on west facades
Ameins Cathedral- archt Robert de
Luzarches
Typical
French cathedral
Carved
woodwork on choir stalls
Beauvais Cathedral- tallest in Europe,
157 to the vault
1 of the
wonders of medieval in France
Fortified Towns
Carcassone- 50 towers, moat & walls
Castles
Chateau de Perrefonds- elongated
location, overlooking town
Arch.
Viollet- le- Duc
ENGLISH GOTHIC
English gothic vaulting: formerets
diagonal ribs
ridge ribs
transverse ribs
tierceron
boss- covering of ribs (pendant)
Double cone
Manor House
Hampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal
Wolsey
Dog tooth
cable
University
University of Oxford
Cambridge University
Ball flower
Tablet flower
Embatled sandwich
Classification of English Gothic Mouldings:
1. bowtel- of a circle
2. pointed bowtel- roll moulding in w/c
2 faces meet in a blunt arris
3. bracket/ brace- double ogee
4. wave moulding- a slight connexity
followed by hallows
5. keel moulding
6. scroll
7. casement
8. hood & label
Types of Trusses:
1. tie beam
2. trusted rafter
3. hammer beam
4. collar beam
5. aisle roof
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundationserved by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest
cathedral among English cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- English
gothic caharcteristic
Principal Buildings:
Hall Church
St. Elizabeth, Manburg- typical church in
Germany
Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church
in Northern Europe
ITALIAN GOTHIC
Milan Cathedral- 2nd largest church in Europe
archt Henrich Von Gmunden
Sienna Cathedral- stripped marble found in walls &
tiers of church
Santo Corce- Arnolfo de Cambio, 1 of largest in
Europe
Florence Cathedral- combination of gothic &
renaissance
Arnolfo de Cambio
Famous group bldg
in the world
Doges Palace in Italy- civic example gothic in Italy
Giovanni &
Bartolome Buon
Ca D Oro- one of the famous palatial homes
during gothic period
SPANISH GOTHIC
- influenced by Muslim art- excessive ornament
foun in retablo
- retablo & grilles or rajas- back of altar
Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in Europe
rd
Largest Church:
St. Peters Cathedral
Civic Cathedral
William Cathedral
Colon Cathedral
St. Pauls, London
Castles
Tower of London- builder Bishop Gundolf
for William I
open
swan neck
broken
Rococo
Comparative analysis:
Plans- symmetrical
Walls- often constructed w/ ashlar masonry, bricks
for Germany
Exterior wall- rustification- dado height
1.20m
Doors & windows- semi circula head w/ greek
entablature
Roof- semi- circular vaults
- dome or drum w/ semi circular windows
Columns- classic orders
Mouldings- roman mouldings
Ornaments- fresco paintings
Exterior color effect- sgrafitto (colored
plaster)
FRENCH RENAISSANCE
Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau)
Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo
da Vinci
Principal Buildings:
Palaces
Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts)Pierre Lescot
Palais de Tuilleries- Philbert de Larme
(residence of French rulers till
1879)
Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv)- Le
Vau
Churches
Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
Dome of the Invalides (niche of
Napoleon Boniparte)
GERMAN RENAISSANCE- French style, use of bricks
Heidelber Castle
Salzberg Cathedral
SPANISH RENAISSANCE- plateresque style
- churrigueresque
style (Spanish
baroque)
Plateresque- fancy design by silver crafts
Churrigueresque- inspired by Jose de
Churrigueresque
- high baroque of Spanish
renaissance
CENTRAL EUROPE
1830-1848 JULY
MONARCHY
Neo Renaissance
Ex. Vignon, Madeleine Paris
Chalgrin- Arc de
Triomphe
Brandenburg Gate
S. W. ChambersSomerset House
S. John Soane- Bank
of England
1850-1875 HIGH
VICTORIAN
Gothic Revival
Renaissance Revival
Personalities
S.G. Scott- Liver Pool
Cathedral
S. Charles BarryWestminter Palace
1875-1901 LATE
VICTORIAN
Romanesque,
Byzantine
Baroque, Flemish,
Renaissance
1870-1914 THIRD
REPUBLIC
Neo- Baroque
Ex. Charles Garnier- Paris
Opera House
ENGLAND
Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shaw
applied on domestic
houses
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
BRITAIN
Art Nouveau- Charles Rennie Mckintosh
Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced
concrete & glass after war
- Mewes & Davies
Schools- Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural
Design
Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering
Art Nouveau
France- Le Modern Style
Germany- Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, Tapeworm
Austria- Sezessione
Italy- Stile Liberty, Stile Inglese, English Style
Spain- Modernismo
Architects of Modern Period:
Britain: Wells Coates
A.D. Connel
C.A. Lucas
Edwin Maxwell Fry
B.R. Ward
F.R.S. Yorke
C. Europe:
B. Lubetsrin
W. Gropius
Serge Chermayeff
E. Mendelsohn
Marcel Breuer
German Exponents Of Arts & Crafts:
August Endel
Henri Vande Velde
Viennese Architects
Otto Wagner
J.M. Olbrich
Important architects of 1900-1916
Peter Behrens- Germany
Auguste Perret- France
Adolf Loos- Austria
Foremost architects of Modern Period
Erich Mendelson- Germany
AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
Georgian/ Colonial Architecture
White House, Washington- Mckim, Mead & White
Independence Hall, California- Andrew Hamilton
NATIONAL PHASE
1. Post Colonial Period- 1790-1815
Departure from English
architecture to French influence
Revival period in U.S.A.
Classic Revival example:
Capitol, Washington D.C.- Thornton,
Hallet & Latrobe
University of Virginia- Thornton, Hallet &
Latrobe
Montecillo Virginia- Thornton, Hallet &
Latrobe
Plan of Washington D.C.- Charles Pierre
L Enfant
Federal Hall, Washington D.C.- Charles
Pierre L Enfant
Washington Monument, Washington
D.C.- Robert Mills
Philadelphia Exchange- William
Stricklamp
Revival of Gothic example:
Trinity Church, New York- Richard Upjan
St. Patricks Cathedral- James Wrenwick
2. 1st Eclectic Period- 1815-1860
predominant style of Greek
architecture
balloon frame introduction in
building construction
use of cast iron as building
material
3. 2nd Eclectic Period- 1860-1930
most important period in
architecture in U.S.A.
Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia1876
MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE
Principal building: Masjid/ Mosque
3 types:
Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque- biggest
Madrasa- colligiate mosque, learning
Tomb Mosque
Characteristics of Friday Mosque:
Minaret- tower
Maqsura- screen
Dikka- reading desk
Mihrab- niche
Mimbar- palpit
Liwanit- colonnade
Fawara- fountain
Sahn- open space
Characteristics of mosque:
Dome
Colonnade- trefoil, ogee, horseshoe,
lancet
Ornaments- Mnemonic inscription (text)
Superimposed
ornaments- in layers
Stalactite- found in
pendentives (muqarna)
3d
corbels
Examples of Muslim Architecture:
Arabian SaracenicGreat Mosque Mecca
Assyrian SaracenicDome of the Rock, Jerusalemholiest place
Spanish Saracenic
Great Mosque Cordovacapital of Islam religion in West
Giralda, Seville- most beautiful
towers
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE