Theories of Human Communication Flashcards PDF

Theories of Human Communication Flashcards
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Title
Theories of Human Communication
Description
Foss/Littlejohn book
Total Cards
95
Subject
Communication
Level
Graduate
Created
10/24/2011
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Lecture Notes - c...
Cards
Term
What 3 advancements following WWI led to an

increase in an academic interest in
communication, i.e., "revolutionary discovery"?
Term
Political and social events in the 20th century

created an interest in what types of
communication?
Definition
1. Technology
2. Industrialization
3. Literacy
Definition
1. Propoganda
2. Public opnion
3. Media
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Term
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Definition
American studies emphasize scientific,

objective studies
European studies have been more
interpretive, historical, cultural, and critical
(shaped by Marxism)
What are the differences between American and

European communication studies?
Currently, the two are beginning to mingle
Term
Definition
Eastern focus on wholeness and unity of the

human experience as unplanned and natural
outcomes that emphasize feeling/sprituality;
What are the differences between Eastern and

Western theories of communication?
mistrust in verbal language/speech study; based

on role & status
Western focus is analytical with bias on
individual, purpose and thought; verbal symbols
(language/speech); based on interactions
between separate individuals
Term
Definition
What is the goal of communication theory?
Term
To describe or explain the communication process,

i.e. what communication involves based on
systematic observation
Definition
The systematic study of experience that leads to

understanding, knowledge & theory:
What is inquiry?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ask questions of definition, fact, or value

Observe with various methods
Construct answers (theory building)
Iterative theory constructioncircular where
each stage affects and is affected by the other
Term
Definition
What are the 3 broad forms of scholarship?
Term
1. Science: objectivity, standardization &

replication
2. Humanities: subjectivity seeking creative
interpretations
3. Social Science: curious blend of the two
focusing on humans as objects of study
Definition
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Why is communication as a social science

challenging?
Term
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It is difficult to deterimine the degree to which

scientific explanations of human behavior can be
reached without considering the humanistic
knowledge of the observed person.
Definition
What 5 levels are "often" employed in

communication research?
Term
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Interpersonal
Group
Public
Organizational
Mass comm
Definition
What model of organization do Foss and Littlejohn

use for their book?
Term
Robert T. Craig's "Metamodel"
Definition
What is a metamodel?
Term
A model of models
Definition
How does Craig define communication?
Term
What are the 7 traditional standpoints Craig uses

to describe communication?
The primary process by which human life is

experienced, thus communication constitutes
reality
Definition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Rhetorical
Semiotic
Phenomenological
Cybernetic
Sociopsychological
Sociocultural
Critical
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Term
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Definition
Objectivitiy, standardization &

generalizability
Goal is not to change things, but minimize
bias
Data=accuracy
What are features of scientific shcolarship?
Term
Definition
Humans cannot be free of bias

Accept subjectivity as part of data
Deep and thoughful description of a
particular group
Value is what we do with it
What are features of human

shcolarship?
Term
Definition
Ideas from both scientific and human

scholarship
Humans are the objects of study
Inquiry uses a range of methods
What are features of socialscientific shcolarship?
Term
Definition
Communication Theory
Human Communiciton Research
Communication Monographs
Critical Studies in Media Communication
What are some of the foremost Communication

journals?
Term
Definition
When did the social sciences become fully

recognized as legitimate disciplines?
Term
After WWII
Definition
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Psychologists view communication as...
Term
a particular kind of behavior.
Definition
Sociologists view communicaiton as...
Term
a focus on society and social process
Definition
Anthropologists view communication as...
Term
a part of culture
Definition
Why so many definitions of communication?
Term
Different definitions have differenct functions and

enable the theorist to do different things
Definition
See the world in an organized and

synthesized way (patterns & connections)
Guide us in what and how we observe
Enable us to predict & explain outcomes and
effects
Help us communicate knowledge
What are benefits of "theory?"
Term
Definition
1. Philosophical assumptions behind the

theory (about the nature of knowledge, how it is
obtained, what constitutes existence and what is
What are the 4 basic "elements" of theory?
valuable)
2. Concepts (the building blocks of theory)

3. Explanations (describing patterns and accounts
for why things occur, e.g. causal and practical)
4. Principles (concrete details enabling a

connection between actions and consequences)
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Term
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Definition
Name 3 types of philosophical assumptions.
Term
1. Epistomology
2. Ontology
3. Axiology
Definition
What is epistomology?
Term
A branch of philosophy that studies knowledge, or

how people know what they know
Definition
1. To what extent does knowledge exist before

experience?
What are 5 epistemological concerns for

communication scholars?
2.
3.
4.
5.
To what extent can knowledge be certain?

By what process does knowledge arise?
Is knowledge best conceived in parts or wholes?
To what extent can knowledge be explicit? (tacit
vs. explicit)
Term
Definition
They are seeking immutable, absolute

"knowledge"
What do Universalists believe?
Term
Definition
What do Relativists believe?
Term
That what we know is filtered through our own

perceptions, expereinces, and theories and these
are never static.
Definition
Which is wiser?
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Questioning a theory's usefulness
Usefullness!
or its truthfulness
Term
Definition
What is Rationalism?
Term
Knowledge arises out of the sheer power of the

human mind
Definition
What is Empiricism?
Term
Knowledge arises in perception
Definition
What is Constructivism?
Term
People create knowledge in order to function
Definition
What is Social Constructivism?
Term
Knowledge is a product of group and cultural

experiences
Definition
How do Gestaltists see knowlege?
Holistically
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Term
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Definition
How do Analysts see knowledge?
Term
An an understanding of how parts operate

separately
Definition
What is the difference between explicit and tacit

knowledge?
Term
Explicit: what you can "get out"

Tacit: what is in your mind
Definition
What is Ontology?
Term
A branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of

being
Definition
What are 4 ontological concerns for

Term
1. To what extent do humans make real choices

2. Is human behavior best understood in terms
of states or traits?
3. Is human experience primarily individual or
social?
4. To what extent is communication
contextual?
Definition
What do Determinists believe?
Term
Behavior is caused by many poor conditions, and

humans are reactive and passive
Definition
What do Pragmatists believe?
Humans plan their behavior to meet goals
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Term
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Definition
Traits are static and stable.

What is the difference between trairs and states?
Term
States are dynamic and temporary.
Definition
How does study of an individual vary from that of a

society?
Term
Individual researchers focuses on behavior as an

individualistic experience.
Society researchers believe humans cannot be
understood apart from their social relationships
Definition
What are factors in considering contextual

communication?
Term
Whether life is best understood looking at

universal factors or that such generalizations
cannot be made
Definition
What are 4 axiological concerns for

Term
1. Can theory be value free?

2. To what extent does the practice of inquiry
influence what is studied?
3. What is the aim of scholarship?
4. To what extent for social change?
Definition
What is axiology?
Term
What is knowledge for?
Definition
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Classical science... that there is an intrinsic

value of knowledge to ascertain Truth; that
the application does not drive research.
Scholarship is neutral
What is Value-free scholarship?
Term
Definition
What is Value-conscious scholarship?
Term
A blief that researchers are guided by choice,

personal and institutional values, funding,
ideologies
Definition
What are taxonomies?
Term
Existence "theories" that stop at the conceptual

level and just provide a list of categories without
indicating HOW they relate
Definition
What are causal explanations?
Term
Events are connected where one variable is an

outcome/result of another
Definition
What are practical explanations?
Term
The actions are considered to be goal directed to

reach a future state.
Definition
What do "principles" of theories do?
Identify situation or event

Includes a set of norms or values
Asserts a conncection between a range of
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actions and possible consequences
Term
Definition
What is praxology?
Term
The pracitce of how you practice or carry out

research, e.g. scientific vs. humanistic
Definition
That which seeks universal or general laws

to predict (traditional scientific)
Dominant approach in experimental natural
sciences
What is Nomothetic theory?
Term
Definition
What are the 4 processes of the hypotheticodeductive method (or variable-analytic tradition)?
i.e. "explanation and prediction" = knowledge

claim that is BROAD
Term
1.
2.
3.
4.
i.e., Research-then-theory method
Definition
EpistemologicallyEmpiricist and Rational,

i.e. reality is separate from researcher,
privilieging objectivity
OntologicallyBehavior is determined by
biology and environment
AxiologicallyValue-free stance
What are the Nomothetic "philosophies"?
Term
Definition
What is Operationism?
Term
Develop questions
Form falsifiable hypothesis
Test hypothesis
Formulate theory
Concepts in traditional science are precisely

defined and stated in ways that explain how to
observe them
Definition
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Why control and manipulate in research?
Term
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To eliminate extraneous influences and include

necessary ones in testing
Definition
1. Action is voluntary, i.e. humans are selfmotiviating
2. Knowlegde is socially created, i.e.

communication theories are created by
What are the 5 tenets of Practical Theory?
processes they are designed to explain
3. Theories are historically tied to setting and time

(concrete variables) and will change over time
4. Theories affect reality of researcher

5. Theories are never neutral
Term
Definition
Epistemologiciallypeople take an active role in

creating knowledge, i.e., not out of discovery but
from interaction,thus are Humanistic and
What are the Practical Theory

"philosophies"?
subjective and NOT universal laws

OntologicallyIndividuals create meanings,
have intentions and make choices in deliberate
ways
AxiologicallyValue-conscious
Concepts organize a framework for classifying
dynamic interpretations in real situations
Term
What is one difference between Nomothetic and

Pracitcal theories?
Definition
Practical theories offer a guidelines/prescriptions

for reflection and action, i.e., provides "principles"
to improve life, for a particular grup or situation
Example: a KM audit of a particular organizaiton
Term
Definition
1. Theoretical scope (breadth of a theory)

2. Appropriateness (how consistent its
assumptions are with its methods and
What are 6 criteria for evaluating communication

theory?
questions)
3. Heuristic value (use for generating research and

ideas)
4. Validty (pragmiatic, fit between theory & reality,

generalizabiltiy)
5. Parsimony (simplicity)
6. Openness (open to dialogue with other
approaches)
Term
Definition
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Who developed the 5 tenets of an alternative

paradigm to traditional science?
Term
Robyn Penman
Definition
The conceptual domain or extent of coverage

What is Theoretical Scope?
Term
Example: E=MC2 has a BIG scope
Definition
What is Heuristic Value?

Ability to inspire new knowledge/ideas
Term
Definition
What are 3 "tests" of Validity (or truth value of a

theory)?
Term
1. Value or worth in practical theory

2. Corrspondence or fit with the way it can be
observed
3. Generalizability or scope
Definition
What is Parsimony?
Term
A theory's simple elegance, i.e. can details be

combined into a fewer number?
Definition
Especially in practical theory... admits to diversity

and perspective.
What is openness?
Even nomonthetic can be open in acknolwedging
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the possibility of growth and change in the future.
Term
Definition
What are simple definitions for

Being
Epistomology
Knowledge
Ontology
Value
Axiology?
Term
Definition
What is the Semiotic Tradition?
Term
Focuses on signs and symbols, and

communication is the application of these signs to
bridge the worlds of individuals
Definition
Who is Charles Peirce?
Term
The first modern semiotic theorist who developed

the "Triad of Meaning or semiosis": the object
(referent)the person (interpreter)the sign.
Definition
What are the 3 areas of Semiotics?
Term
1. Semantics (dictionaries, what the sign

stands for)
2. Syntactics (relationship among signs, or part
of a larger code with rules)
3. Pragmatics (practical use and effects of
signs
Definition
Knowing through direct experience;

What is the Phenomenological Tradition?
Term
lived experience is the basic data of reality
Definition
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What is a phenomenon?
Term
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The appearance of an object, event or condition in

one's perception
Definition
What are the 3 basic principles of Stanley Deetz

phenomenological beliefs?
Term
1. Knowledge is conscious
2. How one relates to a thing determines ints
meaning for that person
3. Language is the vehicle for meaning
Definition
Interpretation forms what is real for the

person
hermeneutic circle of back and forth between
experience and assigning meaning
What is interpretation in the phenomenological

tradition?
(In semiotic tradition interpretation is separate

from reality?
Term
Definition
1. Classical (Husseri)highly objective through

bracketing, i.e. putting aside bias
2. Perception (Merleau-Ponty)contemporary
What are the 3 schools of thought in the
Phenomenological tradition?
through out person, subjective relationships to

things
3. Hermeneuticadds that communication is the

vehicle by which you assign meaning to your
experience
Term
Definition
What is the Cybernetic Tradition?
Term
Complex systems in which a wide variety of

physical, social, behavioral and biological
processes work
Definition
Interacting components that together form something

more than the sum of the parts:
unique, interdependent wholes
What are "systems" in the Cybernetic Tradition?
input>environment>output>environment
self-regulation and control
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embedded in one another

network fedback loops
Term
Definition
1. Basic with interdependent component parts,

self-regulation, and networks
2. Cybernetics focuses on circular feedback loops

What are the 4 variations of systems theory?
and control processess
3. General System Theory (GST) recognizes

universal nature of all types and points to
commonalities in all
4. Second-order (or cybernetics of knowing) says

observers are always engaged cybernetically
with in the system being observed.
Term
Definition
Common approach in communication, the behavioral

sciences and social sciences, at largefocuses on
individual in social interaction with others as the
"communicator"
What is the Sociopsychological Tradition?

Emphasizes psychological variables, individual effects,
personalities, perceptions and cognition
Message processing, strategies, reception and effects
Term
Definition
1. Behavioralstimulus-response and how people

What are the 3 large branches of the
Sociopsychological Tradition?
actually behave in communication
2. Cognitivemental operations to manage info

leads to behavior
3. Communibiologybiological perspective
Term
Definition
Addresses the ways our understadnings,

meanings, norms, roles and rules work
interactively
Reality is not objective outside us, but
What is the Sociocultural Tradition?
constructed THROUGH communication in

groups, societies & cultures
Focuses on patterns of interactions
Knowledge is intpretive and constructed
Term
Definition
1. Symbolic interactionism (Mead)social

structures and meaning is created within social
interaction
What are lines of study "contributing" to

Sociocultural Tradition?
2. Social constructivismhuman knowledge is

constructed through social interaction; nature of
the world is less important than language used
to name it
3. Sociolinguisticsstudy of language and culture

4. Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language
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meaning of language depends on its use
5. Language gamepeople follow rules

6. Ethnographyobserving social groups to build
meaning in their language (verbal and
nonverbal)
7. Ethnomethodologymicrobehaviors in real
situations
Term
Definition
What is the Critical Tradition?
Term
How power, privilege, and oppression are products

of certain forms of communication
Definition
Seek to understand taken-for-granted systems

Interested in uncovering oppressive social
What are the normative features of the Critical

Tradition?
conditions
Attempt to fuse theory and action
Term
Definition
Classical Marxism (or critique of political

economy)the means of production in a society
determines the nature of the society
Contemporary Marxism (neomarxist)social
What are the branches of the Critical Tradition?
process is caused by multiple sources

Frankfurt Schoolmass communication and
media as structures of oppression in capitalistic
societies
Term
Definition
1. Postmodernismvia information age with

manipulation of knowledge, associated with
cultural studies (ideologies that dominate a
What are the 3 branches of the Critical Tradition

than break with modernity?
culture and how social change is inhibted by

group relations)
2. Postconstructuralismdeconstruct the study of

signs rather than generate a unified theory;
instability of texts
3. Postcolonialall cultures affected by imperial

process
4. Feministchallenges and assumptions about

gender affects on life
Term
Definition
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The way humans use symbols to affect those

around them and construct the worlds in which
they live
What is the Rhetorical Tradition?
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