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The Mandan are a Native American people living in North Dakota. They
are enrolled in the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold
Reservation, North Dakota. About half of the Mandan still reside in the
area of the reservation; the rest reside around the United States and in
Canada.
The Mandan historically lived along the banks of the Missouri River and
two of its tributariesthe Heart and Knife Riversin present-day North
and South Dakota. Speakers of Mandan, a Siouan language, developed
a settled, agrarian culture. They established permanent villages featuring
large, round, earth lodges, some 40 feet (12 m) in diameter, surrounding
a central plaza. While the bison was key to the daily life of the Mandan,
they also farmed and actively traded goods with other Great Plains
tribes.

North American
Communities
From Coast to
Coast

New Nation

City of New York 60,000 in 1800

Philadelphia had 70,000 in Population

Baltimore had a population of 26,000

Boston had a population of 26,000 people.

Washington only had 3,000 people it was made the capital of

the United States to compromise for helping South

America grew from 3.5 million to 5.3 million. Growth was greatest
in the trans Appalachian West, region that already had 100,000

To the North:
British North
America and
Russian
America

The promyshlenniki (from the Russian , literally "a trade of

business") were Russian and native Siberian contract workers drawn largely from
the State serf and townsman class who engaged in the maritime fur trade in
Siberia and Alaska in the 1790s. Although not all fur hunters (many were sailors,
carpenters, and craftsmen), they were the backbone of Russian trading
operations in Alaska. By the early 1820s, when the share system was abandoned
and replaced by salaries, their status remained in name only; they became
employees of the Russian-American Company and their duties and activities
became increasingly less involved in the fur-gathering activities of the Company

To the West and

South: The
Spanish Empire,
Haiti, and the
Caribbean

Spain posed the greatest threat to the United States because it possessed most of
North and South America. Mexico had 200,000 people. There were tensions with
indigenous people and the Spanish rule. Despite Spains desire to seal its territory
from commerce with other nations a brisk but legal trade in otter skins, hides and
other goods developed between the United States and California after the first
American ship the Lelia Bird arrived as a commercial ship.

This Lelia Bird was a clipper

ship

A clipper was a very fast sailing ship of the middle third of the 19th century. They
were fast, yacht like vessels, with three masts and a square rig. They were generally
narrow for their length, could carry limited bulk freight, small by later 19th century
standards, and had a large total sail area. Clipper ships were mostly constructed in
British and American shipyards, though France, Brazil, the Netherlands and other
nations also produced some. Clippers sailed all over the world, primarily on the
trade routes between the United Kingdom and its colonies in the east, in transAtlantic trade, and the New York-to-San Francisco route round Cape Horn during
the California Gold Rush. Dutch clippers were built beginning in the 1850s for the
tea trade and passenger service to Java.
The boom years of the clipper ship era began in 1843 as a result of a growing
demand for a more rapid delivery of tea from China. It continued under the
stimulating influence of the discovery of gold in California and Australia in 1848 and
1851, and ended with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869

St. Louis was founded by trader Pierre Laclede in 1763. By 1800 the town
had few than a thousand residents three-quarters of whom were officials
tried to supervise that trade from their offices and towns. Other French
traders needed more opportunity to trade.

New Orleans was a trade center for the

French and the United States this is the
Mississippi

American traders were making inroads on Spanish held territory along the
Mississippi River as well. New Orleans acquired by Spain from France at
the end of the Seven Years War in 1763 was becoming a thriving
international port. In 1801 it shipped more than $3 million worth of goods.
Every year, a greater proportion of products for the distance up the
Mississippi River. The Pinckney Treaty 1795 with Spain guaranteed
American free navigation of the Mississippi River. Americans were
uncomfortably aware that the citys crucial location at the Mississippi Valley
Region

TransAppalachia

After the battle of Fallen Timbers broke Indian resistance in 1794

Cincinnati became the point of departure for immigrants arriving by the
Ohio River on their way to settle the interior of the Old Northwest; Ohio,
Indian and Illinois. In 1800 Cincinnati had tripled in size confirming it was
a commercial city of the west,

Cincinnati became a
great trade center. It
was called the Queen
of the Mississippi or
the Queen City.

A National
Economy

A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their
seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.[2]
The fibers are processed into clothing or other cotton goods, and any undamaged
seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil and meal.
Although simple handheld roller gins have been used in India and other countries
since at least 500 AD,[3] the first modern mechanical cotton gin was created by
American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793, and patented in 1794. It used a
combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through,
while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams.
Whitney's gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also led
to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton workers
rapidly increased. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent
contributing factor to the outbreak of the American Civil War.[4] Modern
automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws, and
offer far higher productivity than their hand-powered tool.

Neutral
Shipping
at War

In 1800 the United States was predominantly rural and agricultural.

According to the census 94 of 100 Americans lived in communities of fewer
than 2500 and four of five families famed the land. Farming families
followed centuries old traditions of wrong with hand tools and draft animals
producing most of their own food and fiber. Crops were grown for
subsistence rather than for sale Commodities such as whiskey and hogs
provided a small and irregular cash incomes or items for barter. As late as
1820 only 20% of the produce of American farm was consumed outside the
local community.

The Empress of China (AKA "Chinese Queen") was a three-masted, square-rigged

sailing ship of 360 tons,[2] initially built in 1783 for service as a privateer.[3] After the
Treaty of Paris brought a formal end to the American Revolutionary War, the vessel
was refitted for commercial purposes . It became the first American ship to sail from the
newly independent United States to China, opening what is known today as the Old
China Trade and transporting the first official representative of the American
government to Canton.

Columbia Rediviva (commonly known as the Columbia) was a

privately owned ship under the command of John Kendrick, along
with Captain Robert Gray, best known for going to the Pacific
Northwest for the maritime fur trade. The "Rediviva" (Latin "revived")
was added to her name upon a rebuilding in 1787. Since Columbia
was privately owned, she did not carry the prefix designation "USS".

Jeffersons
Presidency

The Jefferson
Presidency

Map 8.1 The Presidential Election 1800

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is

perhaps the most complex and
controversial neurological disorder
because each person with autism is
different from the other. People with autism
do not have learning disability but lack a lot
of other skills which are needed for leading
a fulfilling life in a society. Characteristic
features of autism spectrum disorders
(ASD) include lack of socializing skills,
repetition of some action or behavior,
coordination problems and strong visual
skills. ASD was not known until the 20th
century, but researchers suspect that a lot
of geniuses in the past could have suffered
from the disorder. Here are six influential
people with autism you will be surprised to
know

1. Albert Einstein: Although scientists are yet to understand the complete neurological pathways
and the underlying mechanism of autism, researches at Cambridge University suggest that
Noble Laureate Albert Einstein could have suffered Aspergers syndrome. Ioan James in the
article Singular Scientists that was published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,
mentions that Einstein displayed a lot of signs of autism. He has been described a lonely and
dreamy child who had difficulty in making friends. He lacked social skills, was obsessed and
forgetful when he was young.
2. Issac Newton: Baron-Cohen, the head of the autism research centre at Cambridge,
suggested that along with Einstein, Sir Issac Newton also showed signs of autism. Newton
barely spoke, was sensitive to criticism, rarely made intimate friends and was extremely jealous.
Researchers believe that such people are very impatient with others who have a slow
intellectual and grasping power, which is why they choose to be isolated.
3. Thomas Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson, revolutionary leader and 3rd president of the United
States, also joins the list of historic autistic achievers. There have been a lot of speculations
regarding neurosis displayed by Jefferson. In a review of the book The ADHD-Autism
Connection: A Step Toward More Accurate Diagnosis and Effective Treatments, by Diane M.
Kennedy, Thomas Jeffersons name has been mentioned in the list of influential people in the
past who showed symptoms that can be attributed to autism. A clear direction to this speculation
is provided in the book Diagnosing Jefferson: Evidence of a Condition That Guided His Beliefs,
Behavior, and Personal Associations, by Norm Ledgin which describes Jefferson as an aloof
person who had speech difficulties and sensitivity to loud noise.

4. Michelangelo di Ludovico Buonarroti: Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of the
ancient era, whose versatility and creativity was evident through his sculptures, paintings and
poems. A study by Arshad M and Fitzgerald M presented evidence that Michelangelo indeed
showed symptoms of Aspergers syndrome. He was a loner because of his poor social interests
and lack of communication skills. He worked single-mindedly and was totally obsessed with his
masterpieces. The study also mentions that his obsessive nature was completely unaffected by
his medical problems.
5. Charles Darwin: Known for his immense contribution to the theory of evolution, Charles Darwin
had an intriguing behaviour which was brought into the limelight by Prof Michael Fitzgerald. In his
research, Fitzgerald offers several facts suggesting that Darwin could have been an autistic. His
self-loving nature, avoidance of direct communication, unique way of thinking and looking at
things that have been mentioned in biographies and literature clearly indicates that he was
autistic.
6. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Mozart was a remarkable composer of his times and probably the
greatest musician the world has ever known. He was genius as a child and focused only on music
since the age of five years. There are a number of reports that linked Mozarts behaviour with
multiple neurological disorders including Tourettes syndrome and Aspergers syndrome. His
obsession with his thoughts and inanimate objects, repetition of certain movements, unusual
facial expressions and erratic mood swings typically indicated that he could have been autistic.

Republican
Agrarianism

An 1800 campaign banner

Jefferson was not

worried about the
Malthus Theory.
He believed that
through agriculture
and expansion to
the west American
can feed its
people.

Jeffersons policies of republic of virtue. Jefferson proposed a program of

simplicity and frugality. He proposed to cut all internal taxes, to reduce the size
of the army from 4,000 to 2,500 men, the navy from 25 ships to 7 and the
government staff and to eliminate the entire national debt inherited from the
Federals. He kept all these promises even the last although the Louisiana
Purchase of 1803 cost the Treasury 15% MILLION. This diminishment of
government was a key matter of republican principle to Jefferson. Jeffersons
yeoman famer was to be self governing citizen, the federal government must not
be large or powerful. His cost cutting measures.
Jefferson inauguration: a wise and frugal government which shall restrain men
from injuring one another shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own
pursuits.

Jeffersons
Government

As federal policymakers gear up to battle over federal spending and the budget
sequester this Fall, it is interesting to consider past efforts at restraint. President
Calvin Coolidge, for example, held the federal budget down to about $3 billion
seven years in a row, while cutting taxes and bringing the federal debt down from
$22 billion to $17 billion.
President Thomas Jefferson pursued his own rough sequester, and substantially
reduced the federal debt that had accumulated under the Federalists. In a 1799
letter to Elbridge Gerry, Jefferson said I am for a government rigorously frugal and
simple, applying all the possible savings of the public revenue to the discharge of
the national debt. Jefferson more or less followed through over his two terms. He
kept total federal spending at about $9 to $10 billion, although his downsizing
efforts were thrown off by various contingencies.
Figure 1 shows the basic story. Federal spending rose substantially under
Presidents George Washington and John Adams, but then flattened under
Jefferson between 1801 and 1809. Federal debt fell from $83 million in 1801 to $57
million in 1809. The drop in debt was impressive, especially considering that the
government swallowed $13 million of added debt during that period from the
Louisiana purchase. The success of Jeffersonand his Treasury Secretary Albert
Gallatinin reducing debt stemmed not from cuts to overall spending, but from
simply ensuring that revenue increases from a growing economy went toward
paying down the debt rather than expanding the government.

Jefferson attempted to eliminate the national debt because of his wish for small
government. Jefferson believed that the nation did not need to carry a line of debt in
order to build foreign credit, a policy that Hamilton vigorously advocated while in the
Washington cabinet. Jefferson repealed many Federalist taxes including the tax that
prompted the Whiskey Rebellion which was made up of many Republican supporters.
Jefferson believed that the federal government was able to operate exclusively on
customs revenue and need no direct taxation. While initially successful, this policy
would later prove disastrous when trade to the United States was interrupted by the
Napoleonic Wars between Great Britain and France.
Jefferson also decreased the size of the military, which he believed was an
unnecessary drain on the resources of the republic. Much of the federalist navy that
was created under the Adams administration was scrapped. When Federalists
criticized this policy as leaving the nation vulnerable to foreign attack, Jefferson
responded that he believed citizen soldiers would arise to defend the country in case
of attack, much as they did during the American Revolution.

Thomas Jefferson

The Financial Debate

Pierre-Charles LEnfants 1791 plan for Washington

Pierre-Charles LEnfant was an architecture for the new city

of Washington. He used principles of Paris.

This sampler was made by Peggy Castleman

An
Independent
Judiciary

Jefferson in Power
Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), was a landmark United States Supreme
Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in
the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision
helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and
judicial branches of the American form of government.
The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who
had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President
John Adams but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury
petitioned the Supreme Court to force the new Secretary of State James Madison
to deliver the documents. The Court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, found
firstly that Madison's refusal to deliver the commission was both illegal and
remediable. Nonetheless, the Court stopped short of compelling Madison (by writ
of mandamus) to hand over Marbury's commission, instead holding that the
provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the
Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional, since it purported to extend the Court's
original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established. The petition was
therefore defeated.

Lewis and
Clark
Expedition

Jefferson in Power
Lewis and Clark
Incorporating Louisiana

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3Ox6v
Gteek

A page from William Clarks journal of the Lewis

and Clark expedition

There was great loyalty towards Lewis and Clark. Lewis stated
he would not go on expedition if Clark did not go.

Incorporating
Louisiana

Jefferson in Power
The Louisiana Purchase

Map 8.2 The Louisiana Purchase

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

New Orleans in 1803, at the time of the Louisiana Purchase.

Texas and the

Struggle for
Mexican
Independence

Claiborne moved to New Orleans and oversaw the transfer of Louisiana to

U.S. control after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Local French and Spanish
inhabitants saw it for what it was, i.e., a military occupation[11] which they
resented, quoting in their remonstrance and meetings that they were no more
than conquered subjects who had not been consulted.[12] He governed what
would become the State of Louisiana, then termed the "Territory of Orleans",
during its period as a United States territory from 1804 through 1812.
Relations with Louisiana's Crole population were initially rather strained:
Claiborne was young, inexperienced and unsure of himself, and on his arrival
spoke no French. French elite were initially alarmed when Claiborne retained
the services of the militia of free people of color, which had served with
considerable distinction during the preceding forty-year Spanish rule.
Claiborne bestowed a ceremonial flag and 'colors' on the battalion, a fact
which would enmesh him in a duel held in the Spanish territory, near the
current Houmas House plantation, three years later with his arch-enemy
Daniel Clark, June 8, 1807, in which the Governor was shot through one thigh
with the bullet ending in the other.[13] Claiborne gradually gained the
confidence of the French elite, saw the territory take in Francophone refugees
from the Haitian Revolution, and was Governor during an event reported as a
slave revolt in the area around La Place.
In 1805, Claiborne appointed Alexander Fulton, the founder of Alexandria, as
the coroner of Rapides Parish.[14]
An event widely reported to be the largest slave revolt in American history, the
1811 German Coast Uprising, occurred while he was Governor. However, the
American government, over which he presided, had little participation in its
suppression. The "parish" courts, dominated by French planters, imposed
convictions and sentencing of those slaves who survived. The U.S. military
forces had arrived too late to either capture the slaves, or to prevent their
"slaughter" at the hands of the local militia, i.e., the white residents up and
down the Mississippi river. Claiborne himself had written at least twice to the
parish courts to request that they refer cases to him for executive pardon, or
clemency, rather than the wholesale death sentences which were being
handed down. The only known beneficiaries of his pardon were Theodore and
Henry; however, no records exist that Claiborne refused any other pardon
requests from this event

Sir, New-Orleans, April 5th. 1808.

The "Civil Code" alluded to in my last letter, is nothing more, than a "Digest of the Civil Laws now in force in
this Territory". This work will be of infinite service to the Magistrate and the Citizen: Heretofore a knowledge of
the Laws, by which we were governed, was extremely confined; The Lawyers who avowed themselves to be
civilians, told the Judges what the Law was, and the Citizens in the most common transactions of life, needed
the aid of Council, But this state of insecurity and uncertainty will for the future be in a great measure removed.
I see much to admire in the Civil Law; but there are some principles, which ought to yield to the common Law
Doctrine; Indeed it has with me been a favorite policy to assimilate as much as possible the Laws & usages of
this Territory, to those of the States generally; but the work of innovation, cannot be pursued hastily, nor could
it be prosecuted to advantage or with safety until the existing Laws were fully presented to our view.
I have no late Intelligence from Washington. The Fort Stoddard Mail often fails, and the earliest information is
generally conveyed hither by water. I have thought, that if two or three Pilot Boat Schooners were employed in
the conveyance of Letters between New-Orleans and the Atlantic Ports, that intelligence would pass and
repass with great expedition; A Pilot Boat Schooner for instance with a tolerable wind might perform the
voyage from Balize to Charleston in seven or eight days, and to Norfolk in twelve or thirteen.
Parties for and against Mr. Clark in this City are becoming violent. A news-paper war is raging. His Disposition
against General W. has given rise to much severe anim adversion on Mr. Clarks general character and
conduct. I have the honor to be Sir, with great respect,
William C. C. Claiborne

With Claibornes full support Louisiana adopted a legal code in 1808

that was based on French Civil Law rather than English common
law. This was not a small concession. French law differed from
English law in many fundamental respects such as in family property
communal versus male ownership, in inheritance forced heirship
versus free disposal and even in contracts.

Napoleon brought turmoil to all of Mexico. In 1808 having invaded Spain he

installed is brother Joseph Bonaparte as king forcing Spain's king Charles IV
to renounce his throne. Fir the next years as warfare convulsed Spain, the
countries long prized Mexico. Two revolts occurred in Mexico 1810 Father
Miguel Hidalgo and 1813 Father Mose Morelos were suppressed by the
royalists who executed both revolutionary leaders

Father Morelas rebel with

Mexicos freedom

Bernardo Gutierrez invaded Texas and captured San Antonio

assassinated Manuel Salcedo and declared Texas independent.

Renewed Imperial
Rivalry in North America

By 1805 Napoleon had conquered most of Europe but Britain was the victor at
the Battle of Trafalgar. Trafalgar meant England controlled the seas .Beginning
in 1805 the British targeted the American re-export trade between the
Caribbean and France by seizing American ships that were bringing French
West Indian goods to Europe. Angry Americans viewed these seizures as
violations of their rights as shippers of a neutral nation

Trafalgar Square in England Honoring Englands Naval Victory over Napoleon

British Naval ships treated their sailors poorly. Many British

Sailors deserted their ships and went to American ships. There
were 25,000 English men on American ships which were around
a total of 100,000. Soon the British were stopping American
merchant vessels and removing any suspect sailor as going
AWOL. At least 6,000 American citizens suffered forced
impressment from 1803 to 1812

British over took any American trade with French. Angry Americans views
these seizures as violations of their rights of Freedom of the Seas

The Seas
were
controlled by
England;
America had
problems
with Sea
Trade in the
World

In 1807 impressment turned bloody when the British ship Leopard stopped the
American ship Chesapeake in American territorial waters and demanded to
search for deserters. When the American refused the Leopard opened fire
killing three men and removing four deserters.

The ChesapeakeLeopard Affair was a naval engagement that occurred off the
coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on 22 June 1807, between the British warship HMS
Leopard and American frigate USS Chesapeake, when the crew of the Leopard
pursued, attacked and boarded the American frigate looking for deserters from
the Royal Navy.[1] The Chesapeake was caught unprepared and after a short
battle involving broadsides from the Leopard, her commander, James Barron,
surrendered his vessel to the British after firing only one shot. Four crew
members were removed from the American vessel and were tried for desertion,
one of whom was subsequently hanged. The Chesapeake was allowed to return
home where James Barron was court martialed and suspended from command.
The ChesapeakeLeopard Affair created uproar among Americans and strident
calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President Thomas
Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically
threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States
Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no
contrition for the Chesapeake affair and delivered proclamations reaffirming
impressment. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led him towards
economic warfare: the Embargo of 180

Embargo Act

Jefferson in Power
The Embargo
Madison and Pressure for War

O-Grab-Me

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTaAf
zDQU8U

Madison and the

Failure of
Peaceable
Coercion

Macons Bill #2 was an

unsuccessful attempt to
prohibit trade with Britain
and Frances unless they
ceased their hostile treat of
United states shipping.
Frustration with the
ineffectiveness of
government policy
mounted.

Macon's Bill Number 2,[1] which became law in the United States on May 14, 1810, was
intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the
Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel
Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and
France (for three months). If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon
American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other, unless that other
country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.[2]
Napoleon immediately saw a chance to exploit this bill in order to further his Continental
Plan, a form of economic warfare he believed would destroy Britain's economy. A
message was sent to the United States, stating the rights of the American merchant
ships as neutral carriers would be recognized. President James Madison, a staunch
opponent of the bill, grudgingly accepted Napoleon's offer. However, Napoleon had no
intention of ever following through on his promise, and Madison soon realized this as
well, ignoring the French promise. The British were still highly offended by the agreement
and threatened force, thus motivating Napoleon to withdraw altogether. Still, the damage
had been done and soon the U.S. and Britain were entangled in the War of 1812 due to
the continued harassment of American ships and escalated tensions between the United
States and the nations of Europe.[2]
A general consensus among historians is that this bill was effectively useless, as it was
quickly seen that the European economies played upon the weaknesses this bill created.
As a result, the bill's parameters were never enforced, due to Madison's correct
interpretation of France's deviation. Macon's Bill Number 2 responded to the

A Contradictory
Indian Policy

The United States faced their conflicts beside the British and French over neutral
shipping rights. In the West the powerful Indian nations of the Ohio Valley were
determined to resist the wave of expansion that had carried thousands of white settlers
onto their lands. North of the Ohio River lived the Northwest Confederation of the
Shawnees, Delaware's, Miami's, Potawomis and several smaller tribes. To the south of
the Ohio were the Five Southern Tribes, the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws,
Creeks and the Seminoles.

After the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson offered traditionalist Indian groups new
lands west of the Mississippi River, where they could live undisturbed by white
settlers. Jefferson failed to consider the pace of westward expansion. Less than
twenty years later, Missouri the first trans- Mississippi state was admitted to the
Union. Western Indians like the Mandan who had seemed so remote were
threatened by westward expansion

The Shawnees a
seminomadic hunting
and farming tribe of the
Ohio Valley had resisted
white settlement in
Kentucky and Ohio since
the 1750s Anthony
Waynes decisive defeat
of the Indian
confederacy led by Little
Turtle at Fallen Timbers
continued to pressure
Indians and left the
Shawnees divided.

The "Second War of

Independence"
The Indian Response
Tecumsehs Vision

Chief Tecumseh

The Prophet brother to Tecumseh

Tenskwatawa[pronunciation?],
(also called Tenskatawa,
Tenskwatawah, Tensquatawa or
Lalawethika) (March 1768
November 1836) was a Native
American religious and political
leader of the Shawnee tribe,
known as The Prophet or the
Shawnee Prophet. He was the
brother of Tecumseh, leader of
the Shawnee. He was originally
given the name Lalawethika (He
Makes a Loud Noise or The
Noise Maker). He denounced
Americans as children of the
devil and mobilized the Indians in
the Midwest to fight them, but his
movement was defeated in the
War of 1812 when his brother
was killed, and he went to the
area now known as Argentine,
Kansas

In November 1811 Tecumseh was

still recruiting among the southern
tribes. Harrison marched to the
pan-Indian village of Tippecanoe
with 1000 soldiers. The 600 to
700 Indian warriors a the town
urged on by the Prophet
Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison's
forces before dawn on November
7 hoping to surprise them. The
attack failed and the battle that
followed the American inflicted
about 150 Indian casualties while
sustaining about as many
themselves. Although Harrison
claimed victory, the truth was far
different.

William Harrison used his superficial victory at Tippecanoe as a Presidential

slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler too for the 1840 Presidential Campaign.

Tecumseh- Shawnee military

leader.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nRIQV
NUI4I

War of 1812

War
Hawks

THE WAR HAWKS OF 1812

This colorful image from around the time of the War

The term "War Hawk" was coined by the prominent Virginia Congressman
John Randolph of Roanoke, a staunch opponent of entry into the war,
created the term "War Hawk". There was, therefore, never any "official"
roster of War Hawks; as historian Donald Hickey notes, "Scholars differ over
who (if anyone) ought to be classified as a War Hawk."[4] One scholar
believes the term "no longer seems appropriate."[5] However, most
historians use the term to describe about a dozen members of the Twelfth
Congress. The leader of this group was Speaker of the House Henry Clay of
Kentucky. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was another notable War
Hawk. Both of these men became major players in American politics for
decades. Other men traditionally identified as War Hawks include Richard
Mentor Johnson of Kentucky, William Lowndes of South Carolina, Langdon
Cheves of South Carolina, Felix Grundy of Tennessee, and William W. Bibb
of Georgia.[3]
The older members of the Party, led by United States President James
Madison and Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, unsuccessfully tried
to defeat the War Hawks movement; they felt that the United States was
unprepared for war

The "Second War of

Independence"
The War of 1812

Map 8.3 The War of 1812.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

John Calhoun of South

Carolina was a War Hawk

As a result of Jefferson economizing the American army and navy were

small an weak. In contrast the British fresh from almost ten years of
Napoleonic Wars were skilled in fighting. At sea the British navy quickly
established a strong blockade, harassing coastal shipping along the Atlantic
seaboard and attacking coastal settlements at will. In the Most Humiliating
attack the British burned Washington in the summer of 1814 forcing the
President and Dolly Madison to flee.

The Campaigns
against the Northern
and Southern Indians

Fort Dearborne was Chicago in 1812 this fort and Detroit were capture by British and
Indians.

Americans surrender
at Ft. Detroit to British
and Indians

William H.
Harrison
defeated British
at Battle of
Thames.
Tecumseh died
in battle.
Harrison also
retook Detroit

The reenactment of Admiral Perrys victory in

his ship the Lawrence against Captain Barclay
of England

Victories with Admiral Perry at the Put-In-Bay

Lake Erie Theatre were critical for Americas
victory for 1812 War.

The Burning of Washington in 1814 was an attack during the War of 1812 between
British forces and those of the United States of America. On August 24, 1814, after
defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major
General Robert Ross occupied Washington City and set fire to many public
buildings, including the White House and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of
the U.S. government.[3] The British commander's orders to burn only public
buildings and strict discipline among the British troops are credited with preserving
the city's private buildings. The attack was in part a retaliation to American actions
in the Raid on Port Dover.
Throughout the history of the United States, the U.K. is the only country to have
ever burned the White House or Washington, D.C., and this was the only time
since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power captured and occupied
the United States capital.

The Taking of the City of Washington

.

Ft. Mc Henry (Baltimore) did not fall to the pressure of English control. This is were
we have the famous Star Spangle Banner song.

This was the USS Constitution. This frigate was know as old Ironsides destroy
two British men of war. The Gurriere and the Java.

Andrew Jackson, American soldier and statesman, 7th president of the United States
(b at Waxhaw, SC, 15 Mar 1767; d Nashville, Ten, at 8 Jun 1845). Andrew Jackson
was a distinguished general of the War of 1812 and his conduct, particularly at the
Battle of New Orleans (1815), established him as a national hero. The fiery Jackson
would turn that heroic status into a successful and controversial career in politics
when he became the president of the United States

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (also known as Tohopeka, Cholocco Litabixbee or

The Horseshoe), was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March
27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under Major General Andrew
Jackson[2] defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed
American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War

The lid of a chest decorated with scenes from

the War of 1812.

Ending the
War: The
Hartford
Convention
and the Treaty
of Ghent

The Treaty of Ghent (8 Stat. 218), signed on December 24, 1814 in the Flemish city
of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United
States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty
restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum that is, it
restored the borders of the two countries to the line before the commencement of
hostilities.[1] The Treaty was ratified by Parliament on December 30, 1814 and
signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV). Because of the
era's lack of telecommunications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach
the United States. An American army under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New
Orleans on January 8, 1815 . The Treaty of Ghent was not in effect until it was
ratified by the U.S. Senate unanimously on February 18, 1

Signing of Treaty of Ghent

Treaty of Ghent: Like the war itself the treaty was inconclusive. The major issues
of impressment and neutral rights were not mentioned but the British did agree to
evacuate their western posts and late in the negotiations they abandoned their
insistence on a buffer state for neutral Indian peoples in the Northwest.
Andrew Jacksons victory at New Orleans allowed Americans to believe that they
had defeated the British. It would be more accurate to say that by not losing the
war America and ended their own feelings of colonial dependence.

The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 and was the final major
battle of the War of 1812. American combatants, commanded by Major General
Andrew Jackson, prevented an invading British Army, commanded by General Edward
Pakenham, and Royal Navy, commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane, from seizing
New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana
Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814, but hostilities would
continue in Louisiana until January 18 when the last of the British forces had retreated,
finally putting an end to the Battle of New Orleans

The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 January
5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which New England Federalists met
to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political
problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical
outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with
Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major
focus of the debate.[1]
The convention discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave
states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds super majority in Congress
for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade. The
Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the
Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the convention's end, news of Major General
Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast,
discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, resulting in their elimination as a major
national political force

Defining the
Boundaries

Another
Westward
Surge

Land Act of 1820 Congress set the price of land at $1.25 an acre the minimum
purchase at eighty acres in contrast to the 640 acres in 1785 and a down payment of
$100 in cash. This was the most liberal and law yet passed in American history but
the cash requirements still favored speculators who had more cash than most small
farmers.

Moses Cleaveland (January 29, 1754 November 16, 1806) was a lawyer,
politician, soldier, and surveyor from Connecticut who founded the U.S. city of
Cleveland, Ohio, while surveying the Western Reserve in 1796.

The Election of
1816 and the
Era of Good
Feeling

The American System, originally called "The American Way",

was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American
policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the
"American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan
"consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect
and promote American industry; a national bank to foster
commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other
'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for
agriculture."[1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's
foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the American
System.

In 1816 Congress Chartered the Second Bank of the United States for twenty
years. The Bank was a private institution supported by some of the nations
wealthiest men with whom the government cooperated. Located in Philadelphia
the bank had capital of $35 million of which the government contributed $7 million.
The bank was expected to provide the large scale financing that the smaller state
banks could not handle and create a strong national currency. Yet there were
special interest groups that benefited from a National Bank.

National Road Investment was the American System.

Diplomacy of
John Quincy
Adams

Between 1794 and 1811, Adams

served as Minister to the
Netherlands, Germany, and
Russia, where he persuaded Czar
Alexander to allow American ships
to trade in Russian ports. In 1814,
he led the U.S. peace
commissioners in five months of
negotiations for the Treaty of
Ghent, which ended the War of
1812.

In 1817, President James Monroe made Adams his Secretary of State. Serving
in that position until 1825, Adams played a crucial role in creating the Monroe
Doctrine, which warned European nations not to meddle in the affairs of the
Americas. He also negotiated agreements that guaranteed U.S. fishing rights off
the Canadian coast, established a section of the U.S.Canadian border, and
transferred Florida from Spain to the United States.

The Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Panic of
1819

The illusionary asset or bubble which caused the 1819 panic was land
speculation. The value of land rose too high too quickly and created
value which was not true.

Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States[1] followed by a general
collapse of the American Economy persisting through 1821.[2][3] The Panic announced the transition of the
nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe[4] toward a dynamic economy, increasingly
characterized by the financial and industrial imperatives of laissez-faire capitalism.[5]
Though driven by global market adjustments in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars,[6] the severity of the
downturn was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands,[7] fueled by the unrestrained issue of
paper money from banks and business concerns.[8]
The Second Bank of the United States (BUS), itself deeply enmeshed in these inflationary practices,[9]
sought to compensate for its laxness in regulating the state bank credit market by initiating a sharp
curtailment in loans by its western branches, beginning in 1818.[10] Failing to provide metallic currency
when presented with their own bank notes by the BUS, the state-chartered banks began foreclosing on the
heavily mortgaged farms and business properties they had financed.[11] The ensuing financial panic, in
conjunction with a sudden recovery in European agricultural production in 1817[12] led to widespread
bankruptcies and mass unemployment.[13]
The financial disaster and depression provoked popular resentment against banking and business
enterprise,[14] and a general belief that federal government economic policy was fundamentally flawed.[15]
Americans, many for the first time, became politically engaged so as to defend their local economic
interests.[16]
The New Republicans and their American System [17] tariff protection, internal improvements and the BUS
were exposed to sharp criticism, eliciting a vigorous defense.[18]
This widespread discontent would be mobilized by Democratic-Republicans in alliance with Old
Republicans, and a return to the Jeffersonian principles of limited government, strict construction of the
Constitution and Southern preeminence.[19] The Panic of 1819 marked the end of the Era of Good
Feelings[20] and the rise of Jacksonian nation.

An early American coin, bearing an image of liberty

and the word itself

Missouri
Compromise
1820

MISSOURI

American Art, Press

and Culture 18001820

A print shop in the early republic.

The bombardment of Baltimores Fort

Venerate the Plough

An engraving from The Ladys Magazine

Infant Liberty Nursed by Mother Mob

The Providential Detection