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At the core of every language is the system of regular patterns which make up the
grammatical system of that language. It is this system that enables speakers to create an
infinite variety of utterances, in speech or in writing, which express the meanings they
wish to communicate. One of the wonders of human language is precisely this capacity
for rule-governed creativity: although the system of rules itself is limited, there is no
limit to the number of sentences that it can create or, therefore, to the number of meanings
that it can convey.
The present book deals with the verb trying to unravel some important aspects.
The Verb is that part of speech by means of which we make an assertion or ask a
question: "The wind is blowing. Is the wind blowing?"(G, Curme,"English Grammar")
G. Galateanu and E. Comisel (Gramatica limbii engleze pentru uz scolar") give
the following definition: the Verb is a major part of speech which must be defined
according to three criteria: the semantic criterion, the morphological criterion and the
syntactic criterion.
From the semantic point of view the class of verbs includes words expressing
action or states perceived as processes.
From the morphological point of view, the Verb displays the grammatical
categories of person and number and also the grammatical categories of tense, mood, aspect
and voice which do not characterize any part of speech.
From the syntactic point of view, the Verb (the finite) discharges the syntactic
function of predicate.
A) From the point of view of composition and derivation Verbs may be divided
into:
a) Simple Verbs: go, come, get etc.
b) Compound verbs: to blackmail etc.
c) Complex Verbs /Phrasal Verbs: to put off, to go on etc.
d)
Verbal phrases: to take a walk, to come to light, to kill time etc.
B) According to the function within the verb place (lexical meaning or content),
Verbs may be divided into:
1. Full Verbs
From the morphological point of view this class of verbs (called "ordinary"
Verbs by some linguists such as Thomson and Martinet) can be divided into regular and
irregular verbs. R. Quirk ('A Grammar of Contemporary English") finds five forms
for the regular English verb: the BASE , the -s Form , the Past, the -ING PARTICIPLE ,
and the -ED PARTICIPLE . Regular lexical verbs have the same -ed inflection for both
the past and the past participle ("cal1ed"). Irregular lexical verbs vary from three (put,
puts ,putting) to eight (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been)
2. Auxiliary verbs
According to G. Galateanu and L. Levitchi, we have to mention three smaller groups of
verbs: Copulative Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs , Semi-Auxiliary (Modal Verbs).
The so-called Copulative Verbs" are represented by the verb "be" and according to the
traditional grammar there are other verbs that belong to this group : appear , seem , look ,
turn , become , get , grow, remain , stay.
e.g. He seems ill.
1
CHAPTER I
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs.
The following verbs are called modal verbs: shall, should, will, would, may, might, can,
could, must ought to and dare.
These verbs have some common characteristics:
they dont have Long infinitives
they dont have ing forms
they dont have forms for all the tenses
they are followed by Short infinitives
they are uninflected
the interrogative is formed by inversion
MAY
Use :
May is used to express:
formal pemission
possibility
e.g. It may rain in the afternoon .
May and might both express possibility or uncertainty. May is more common in
formal language.
e.g. The peace conference may find a solution to the problem
May/might as well
3
This describes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not
enthusiastic about.
e.g . Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go
home.
There is an idiomatic expression with try, using may for present reference, and might
for past reference.
e.g. Try as I might, I could not pass my driving test.
(This means although I tried hard, 1 could not pass my driving test.
May versus Can
Both can and may can be used to talk about possibility. But there is some difference
between them.
CAN
Use:
we do not use can to talk about future probability to say that something
will
happen in future. We express this idea with may or might.
It may rain this evening. (NOT It can rain )
Might expresses a less definite possibility than may. Could is also used with the same
value.
It could rain this evening. (= It might rain this evening.)
to talk about ability
We can use can to talk about present or general ability to say that we are capable of doing
something.
I can speak 10 languages.
She can cook well.
If you are not satisfied with this product, you can send it back.
or talk about ability during a specific event
To be able to can often be used with similar meanings.
He is able to support her. (= He can support her.)
They were able to catch the thief. (= They could catch the thief.)
we do not use can to talk about future ability. Instead, we use will be able to
or other words.
Someday scientists will be able to find a cure for cancer. (NOT Someday scientists will can
find a cure
for cancer.)
COULD
Use :
to express necessity
Must is often used in affirmative sentences to say what is necessary, and to give strong
advice and orders to ourselves and other people.
We must get up early and start on our way.
Must not or mustnt is used to say that things should not be done, or tell people not to do
things.
You must not open this parcel until Christmas day.
You must not lie.
Must and have to can be used to express that something is probable. Have to is
more common in American English.
He must be mad to do this. (OR He has to be mad to do this.
You must be joking. (You have got to be joking.)
1. Must and have to can both be used to talk about necessity.
6
must is used mostly to talk about the feelings and wishes of the speaker and
hearer.
have (got) to is used mostly to talk about obligations that come from
outside external obligations for example from laws, regulations, agreements
and other peoples orders.
I must stop smoking. (= I want to stop smoking.)
I have to stop smoking. (= Doctor has asked me to stop smoking.)
You really must go to church next Sunday. (I am telling you to.)
Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. (Their religion tells them to.)
3. Had to is used to talk about past obligation. Must is used with the perfect infinitive (have
+ past participle) to express certainty about the past.
Mary isnt in her office. She had to go home. (= It was necessary for her to go home.)
Mary isnt in her office. She must have gone home. (= It seems certain that she has gone
home.)
4. Must not and do not have to/ have not got to have quite different meanings. Must not is
used to tell people not to do things; do not have to/ have not got to is used to say that there
is no obligation.
You must not tell him. (= Dont tell him.)
You dont have to tell him. (= You can if you like but it is not necessary.)
WILL
When will is used in the first person it can express willingness, a promise, a
threat, determination.
I will help you.
I will be there in your wedding.
Will/ won't can be used emphatically to tell someone of the speaker's
intention or to forbid an action, in response to a will expression.
e.g.I wont make such a mistake again.
I will not allow him to go.
I will not miss this opportunity.
WOULD
We use would :
would can also be used to express an opinion in a more polite way without
being forceful.
This is not what we would expect from a professional service.
Would can be used to talk about past events that happened often or always.
He would always bring us nice gifts without telling why.
The old man would recline in a corner and sleep most of the time.
After dinner we would sit in a common room and chat for a while.
both would and used to can refer to repeated actions and events in the past.
She would/used to always carry an umbrella.
Used to can refer to past states; would cannot.
I used to have an old Rolls Royce. (NOT I would have )
Would rather
would is a softer, less definite form of will. It is used in polite requests and
offers.
I would like to meet him.
to express obligation
Should is often used to talk about duty or obligation. It can also be used to
say or ask what the correct or best thing to do is.
You should tell the truth.
If you are not feeling well, you should consult a doctor. There should be an investigation
into the cause of the accident.
Should is not as strong as must.
to express probability
You should find this grammar book helpful.
He should be here soon he left home at six.
Granny will be staying with us for a couple of months. That should be nice.
Mount Everest should be visible from Tiger Hill if the sky is clear.
Should have + past participle
the structure should have + past participle can be used to talk about past
events which did not happen.
I should have sent the money this morning, but I forgot.
This structure can also be used to talk about past events which may or may not have
happened.
They should have reached home by now. It is 10 oclock.
NEED
1. Need may be a full verb and may be followed by a direct object .
My brother needs a new pair of shoes.
In this case, need behaves like a common, normal verb and the interrogative and negative
are made up with the help of do and did.
Did she need her umbrella ?
2. Need is a modal auxiliary , meaning to have to .
Need she get up early ? Yes, she must.
Absence of necessity and obligation is expressed with the help of didnt need to and
neednt have + Past Participle. There is a slight difference between the two
constructions. The first one shows that the action was not necessary and it was not
performed while the second construction expresses that the action was not necessary
but it was, nevertheless, performed.
I didnt need to knock at the door since it was open (so,I didnt ).
I neednt have knocked at the door since, in this way, I awoke the baby( but I
knocked ).
DARE
When this verb is used in the affirmative sentences, it is an ordinary,normal verb.
She dares to invite me there.
But when it occurs in interrogative and negative sentences, it may be conjugated :
a) either like a normal verb :
Does he dare to come ?
b) or like a modal verb
Dare he come ?
Daresay/dare say is used with the first person singular only , having two meanings
I daresay= I suppose
My brother has not arrived yet, but I daresay he will come soon.
I daresay = I accept what you say.
Young man :I am a member of this club
The door keeper : I daresay you are, however you must show me your identity card.
How dare(d) you/he/she/they ? expresses indignation .
How dare you interrupt me ?
11
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
7. You don't have to have the leather seating if you don't want to.
optional
Leather seating..............extra.
8. Only people who have, been given authority are allowed in.
restricted
Entry............personnel.
CHAPTER II
There is a variety of types of conditional sentences in English; they are used to talk about
possible or imaginary situations. A "Condition" is a "situation or circumstance".
For example: If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.
There are four basic conditionals:
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
If
If
Condition
Result
present simple
present simple
it boils.
present simple
present simple
I drink coffee,
I get a headache.
Situation
Fact - universal
fact- personal
In these examples, the result will always occur if the condition is met, so the time is not
important. First Conditional: A real possibility in the future.
A First Conditional sentence is one connecting two future actions, where one must take
place before the second is possible. Take a student who wants to go to university but
hasn't got the results of their exams yet. They cannot go to university until they have
received their results. In the case of a good student who is expected to get good
grades, then there is a good possibility of achieving the marks required to get to
university, so the following sentence could be used:
IF
Condition
Result
17
If
present simple
We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for
the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal
verbs in the result part of the sentence:
IF
Condition
Result
Possibility
If
she will go to
university.
If
he gets good
grades,
he may go to
university.
If
she should go to
university.
If
he gets good
grades,
he can go to
university.
If
she could go to
university.
If
he gets good
grades,
he might go to
university.
We can also use different present forms in the condition part of the sentence:
IF
Condition
present simple
If
If
If
Result
I see her,
present progressive
If
your meal,
plates.
If
making an agreement
If
Condition
Time
Result
Possibility
past simple
present
WOULD + base
verb
impossible
I would learn
Italian.
WOULD + base
verb
unlikely
I would travel
around the world.
I had the
time,
past simple
If
future
I won the
lottery
We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part of the sentence:
IF
Condition
Result
Certainty
past simple
WOULD + base
verb
If
I had the
time,
I would learn
Italian.
If
I had more
time,
I might learn
Spanish.
If
I had more
time,
If
I had more
time
possibility anyway.
With the verb to be, there are two forms that can be used with I, he, she & it:
IF
Condition
I, he, she, it
Were
If
I were you,
I, he, she, it
Was
If
I was you,
Result
If
IF
Condition
Result
Past Perfect
I had known,
Condition
Result
Certainty
past perfect
If
I had known,
If
I had known,
If
I had known,
If
you had
known,
20
1 Supposing, otherwise
Supposing or suppose can replace if, mainly in everyday speech.
Supposing you won the football pool, what would you do ?
Otherwise means 'or if not'. It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence.
If you hadnt given us directions, we wouldn't have found the house.
Thanks for your directions to the house. We wouldn't have found it otherwise.
2 But for
This can replace if not. It is used in formal language, and must be followed by a noun form.
If you hadn't helped us, we would have been in trouble.
But for your help, we would have been in trouble.
3 If so/If not
These can refer to a sentence understood but not stated.
There is a possibility that Jack will be late. If so, I will take his place.
4 Colloquial omission of if
An imperative can be used instead of an if instead of an if clause in everyday speech.
Sit down, and I'll make you a cup of tea. (If you sit down...)
5 If and adjectives
In expressions such as if it is necesary/possible, it is possible to omit the verb be.
If interested, apply within.
If necessary, take a taxi
21
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
22
10If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake.
11I (offer) to help him if I had realized that he was ill.
12If you had left that wasp alone it (not sting) you.
13If I (realize) what a bad driver you were 1 wouldn't have come with
you.
14If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop).
15But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago.
16If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the
money.
17If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there.
18If you (put) some mustard in the sandwiches they would have tasted
better.
19The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door.
20If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) to swim
across it.
21If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
22If he had known the whole story he (not be) so angry.
23 I shouldn't have eaten it if I (know) that there was ginger in it.
24If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.
25You (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.
26If you hadn't been in such a hurry you (not put) sugar into the sauce
instead of salt.
27If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.
28She had a headache; otherwise she (come) with us.
29If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong
street.
30If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what
was missing.
31Rome (be captured) by her enemies if the geese hadn't cackled.
32He would have been arrested if he (try) to leave the country.
33I (take) a taxi if I had realized that it was such a long way.
34You (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were
going.
35 They would have forced their way into the house if I (not call) for
help.
36 If he had put out his pipe before putting it in his pocket he (not burn)
a hole in his coat.
37 If he were in he (answer) the phone.
38 The ship would have run aground if the pilot (make) one mistake.
39 I shouldn't have taken your umbrella if I (know) that it was the only
one you had.
3
4
5
1
If you haven't received a letter yet, you haven't got the job?
If it isn't for David, we are missing the bus.
If it's raining, we go to the pub on the corner instead.
If you didn't lend us the money, we would have gone to the bank.
If you should happen to change your mind, drop me a line.
If it wasn't for the rain, we would have been home by now.
If you will drive so fast, no wonder the police keep stopping
you.
If I knew you were coming, I would have met you at the
airport.
8. But for you helped us, we would have taken much longer.
9. If jack joins the team, I'm leaving right now .
6. Write the correct form of the verbs in blanks:
1. If the question (be) difficult, we can ask the teacher.
2. Lee will go to the Disneyland if he (save) enough money.
3. If I (buy) a lottery ticket, I might win the lottery.
4. My friend usually walks to school if he (have) enough time.
5. If the movie (start) at eight, we will be late!
6. We can go water-skiing if Jeffs boat (have) gas.
7. The class will have party if the students all (pass) their tests.
8. If there (be) milk in the refrigerator, Ill have milk with my cake.
9. If my sister (eat) all of the cake, I will get angry.
10. My mother always punishes my sister if she (tell) a lie.
7. Practice inversion in the if-clause:
1. If I were you I would make a little more effort to save some money.
Were.
2.If they had known the truth, they wouldnt have been so upset.
Had.
3. If you should happen to be in town, call on us.
Should...
4. If I were you, Id take up German lessons.
Were..
5. If the tourists need further information, they can ask the receptionist.
Should...
6. If the weather is fine, we shall go swimming.
Should...
7. If someone had phoned the police earlier, the thief would have been caught.
25
Had
8. If you had been more careful, you wouldnt have lost your credit card.
Had...
9. If you had told me about your debt, I could have helped you.
Had
10.If you change your mind, well go together to the party.
Should..
17. If computers had existed 500 years ago, we (have) Shakespeares file.
18. If I (not invest) all my money in shares, I (be) a poor man now.
19. ) you if you pull its tail.
20. If they sold their old cottage they (not get) a lot of money for it.
10. Rewrite the following sentences using unless:
1. If the students dont write their homework, they will get bad marks.
2. If we dont hurry, well miss the train.
3. If I dont take my umbrella, Ill get wet.
4. If it isnt fine tomorrow, we wont go for a ride.
5. If the employer doesnt give him a pay rise, he will resign.
6. If he hadnt got bad news, he wouldnt be so upset.
7. He wouldnt have gone to the party if they hadnt invited him.
8. She could become a famous singer if she took music lessons.
9. They wouldnt invest their money if they werent sure about the profit.
10. I wouldnt have invited you at the cinema if I had seen the film before.
Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses have "active forms" and "passive
forms. Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action.
The verbs which can accept the passive voice are transitive verbs and some prepositional
verbs such as: to account for, to attend to, to look at, to look after, to send for, to speak to,
etc.
There are some transitive verbs which cannot accept the passive voice such as: to have, to
hold, to possess, to resemble, etc.
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as
the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active
verb becomes the agent of the passive verb.
In colloquial English get is sometimes used instead of be.
e.g. The eggs got (=were) broken
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
The teacher teaches the students
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the
thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the
passive form if you think that :
the thing receiving the action is more important and should be emphasized.
if you do not know who is doing the action
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Passive
Simple Present
Present
Continuous
Simple Past
Past
Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Continuous
Simple Future
BE GOING TO
Future
Continuous
WILL
Simple Future
WILL
Future
Continuous
29
BE GOING TO
Future Perfect
Used to
Would Always
Future in the
Past
WOULD
Future in the
Past
WAS GOING TO
WILL
Future Perfect
BE GOING TO
Future Perfect
Continuous
WILL
Future Perfect
Continuous
BE GOING TO
B. Generalised agent If the subject Is 'people in general' or 'you' the agent is not
mentioned.
Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport.
C. Obvious agent If the agent is obvious or has already been referred to, it is not
mentioned. Linda has been arrested! (we assume by the police) The company agreed to
our request and a new car park was opened.
D. Unimportant agent If the agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence it
is not mentioned.
I was advised to obtain a visa in advance.
31
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Not exactly, said the doctor. The politicians brain never ..(use).
3. I ..(ask) to get married hundreds of times.
Oh! Who by?
My parents
4. A man was visiting his friend in hospital.
You ..(miss) by everybody at the factory.
Thats nice
Yes. Yesterday the boss came to me and said:<Whats happened to whats-hisname?>
1. As
QUESTION
RISK
ABANDO
N
HAN
PROSECUTE
34
8. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable active or passive verb form :
According to our information, you .(ask)
(2)........................................(answer) a telephone survey last month, as a
result of which your name (3).................................(enter) in the
holiday draw. Now our computer (4)................................(choose) your
name, so you and your family (5).................................
(invite) to spend
a week in a European destination of your choice. This offer
(6)........................................ (make) on the condition that you attend a
special promotions day with other lucky families in your region who
(7).............................. (offer) a similar deal. You
{8)........................................(ask) to attend on any Saturday next month at
the Royal Hotel, Manchester. If you (9)..............................(interest) in
attending and taking up this offer, please (10)....................................
(detach) the slip below and return it to us as soon as possible.
9. Put the following into the passive voice. The agent should not be
mentioned except in numbers 11 and 28.
1 You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.
2 Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice.
3 Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.
4 We use this room only on special occasions.
5 You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission.
6 In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles.
7 Someone switched on a light and opened the door.
8 Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife.
9 They are pulling down the old theatre.
10 Why didn't they mend the roof before it fell in?
11 The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots.
10 The librarian said that they were starting a new system because
people were not returning books.
11 The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the
crime.
14 Someone will serve refreshments.
15 People must not leave bicycles in the hall.
16 Members may keep books for three weeks. After that they must
return them.
17 The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door.
18 I've bought a harp. They are delivering it this afternoon. (Do not
change the first sentence.)
19 Someone has already told him to report for duty at six.
20 They rang the church bells as a flood warning.
21 No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.
22 People are spending far more money on food now than they spent
ten years ago.
23 The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.
24 They will say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the
stolen gun.
25 It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child.
26 A thief stole my dog and brought him back only when I offered 20
reward for him.
27 The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine.
28 They make these artificial flowers of silk.
10. Put the following into the passive, mentioning the agent where
35
necessary.
They gave her a clock.
She was given a clock.
The gerund after certain verbs is replaced in the passive by should be + past
participle:
They advised employing part-time workers.
They advised that part-time workers should be employed.
1 They feed the seals at the zoo twice a day.
2 Who wrote it?
3 Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any
other laundry has washed.
4 He expected us to offer him the job.
5 They showed her the easiest way to do it.
6 Lightning struck the old oak.
7 Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn't wear that style of
dress till after his death.
8 A jellyfish stung her.
9 The author has written a special edition for children.
10 Judges used to carry sweet herbs as a protection against jail-fever.
11 What did he write it with? ~
He wrote it with a match stick dipped in blood.
12 An uneasy silence succeeded the shot.
13 Did the idea interest you?
14 The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will.
15 Beavers make these dams.
16 They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by
electricity.
17 Most people opposed this.
18 Students are doing a lot of the work.
19 The Prime Minister was to have opened the dry dock.
20 They recommended opening new factories in the depressed area.
(Use should.)
21 The closure of the workshops will make a lot of men redundant.
22 Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand these
instructions.
23 We will not admit children under sixteen.
24 Boys of sixteen to eighteen are to man this training ship.
25 A rainstorm flooded the gypsies' camp.
26 The howling of wolves kept him awake all night.
27 They suggested making the tests easier. (Use should.)
28 Children couldn't have done all this damage.
11. Turn the following sentences into the active voice. Where no agent is
mentioned one must be supplied.
1. This speed limit is to be introduced gradually.
2. The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports.
3. It is now 6 a.m. and at most of the hospitals in the country patients
are being wakened with cups of tea.
4. Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
5. By tradition, any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be
offered to the Queen.
6. This notice has been altered.
7. The owners went away last March and since then their houseboat
has been used continuously by squatters. (Use a continuous tense and
omit continuously.)
8. The damaged ship was being towed into harbour when the tow-line
broke.
9. Have a lift put in and then you won't have to climb up all these
36
stairs.
10. Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six
months but this was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds
which was made in the second six months.
11. Evening dress will be worn.
12. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were
forbidden to land.
13. Someone will have to be found to take her place.
14. He was made to surrender his passport.
15. This rumour must have been started by our opponents.
16. My paintings are to be exhibited for the first time by New Arts
Gallery.
17. This scientific theory has now been proved to be false.
18. The car which was blown over the cliff yesterday is to be salvaged
today.
19. The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the
police to prevent it from being entered and the evidence interfered
with.
20. Why wasn't the car either locked or put into the garage?
21. It is being said that too little money is being spent by the
government on roads.
22. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the
bank.
23. For a long time the earth was believed to be flat.
24. Carrier pigeons are said to have been used by early Egyptian and
Greek sailors.
37
CHAPTER IV
THE INFINITIVE
to ask
to believe
to cry
to go
to protect
to sing
to talk
to wish
To-infinitive
Bare infinitive
OTHER FORMS
The infinitive can have the following forms:
1. The Present Infinitive
Examples:
to go, to swim
2. The Perfect Infinitive
to have + past participle
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional
perfect.
Examples:
a. If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
b. Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
c. I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
after verbs of perception : to hear, to feel, to notice, to perceive, to see, to watch and
after to let, to have ( to experience, to cause ), to have known .
I saw her shut the door .
after verbs expressing volition : to want , to desire, to forbid, to intend, to demand, to
wish
I want them to understand.
after verbs expressing mental activities : to believe, to consider, to expect , to imagine,
to know, to suppose, to trust etc.
She imagined him to be right.
after verbs expressing permission or command : to allow, to command, to compel, to
force, to oblige, to order, to permit .
She allowed us to sit down .
. The Nominative + Infinitive is used :
after verbs in the Passive Voice : to believe, to expect, to feel, to find, to hear, to
imagine, to know, to notice, to suppose etc.
Jane was known to be a great painter.
with the following verbs in the Active Voice : to appear, to chance, to happen, to turn
out etc.
with such constructions : to be lucky / unlucky / unfortunate /to be certain/ positive/,
to be likely.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
2. Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. (In some of the
sentences a present participle could be used instead of an infinitive.
1. It is easy (be) wise after the event.
2. Do you (wish) (make) a complaint?
3. We don't (want) anybody (know) that we are here.
4. If you can't (remember) his number you'd better (look) it up.
5. I want her (learn) Esperanto; I think everybody ought to (know) it.
6. He is said (be) the best surgeon in the country.
7. Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals.
8. Could I (see) Mr. Pitt, please?
9. I'm afraid Mr. Pitt isn't in. Would you like (speak) to his secretary?
10. It's better (travel) hopefully than (arrive), (proverb)
11. He should (know) how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn't you
had better (show) him.
12. He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt.
13. I heard the door (open) and saw a shadow (move) across the floor.
14. He tried (make) me (believe) that he was my stepbrother.
15. As we seem (have missed) the train we may as well (go) back to the
house.
16. I felt the house (shake) with the explosion.
17. He told me (try) (come) early.
18. Before he let us (go) he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we
had seen.
19. Would you (like) (come) in my car?
No, thanks, I'd rather (walk).
20. I advised him (ask) the bus conductor (tell) him where (get) off.
21. It is better (put) your money in a bank than (keep) it under your bed
in an old stocking.
22. He doesn't even bother (read) letters, let alone (answer) them.
23. The bank robbers made the cashier (show) them how (open) the safe.
24. If you knew he was wrong, why didn't you (say) something?
25. I didn't like (say) anything because he always gets angry if you contradict him.
26. It's better (be) sure than sorry.
27. What do you (want) me (tell) him?
28. Tell him that any time he cares (call) I shall be delighted (discuss) the matter with
him.
29. Did you remember (give) him the money?
30. No, I didn't, I still have it in my pocket; but I'll (see) him tonight and I promise (not
forget) this time.
31. I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the
bushes.
32. That is far too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you.
33. I was afraid (pick) up the revolver as I don't know how (handle)
firearms.
34. I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames.
35. There is nothing (do) but (wait) till somebody comes (let) us out.
36. He heard a cock (crow) in a neighbouring village.
37. You may as well (tell) us the truth. It will (be) easy (check) your
story.
38. The American said he had seen nine presidents (come) and (go).
He must (be) a very old man.
39. It is up to you (learn) the laws of your own country.
40. Would you rather (be) more stupid than you look or (look) more
stupid than you are?
3. Replace the group of words in italics by an infinitive or an infinitive
construction.
Example:
It is important that he should understand this. It is important for
him to understand this.
He was the first man who arrived. He was the first man to
arrive.
1. The captain was the last man who left the ship.
2. He got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that
someone else had reached it first.
3. Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella?
4. There are a lot of sheets that need mending.
5. I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.
6. It is better that he should hear it from you.
7. I was rude to him, which was stupid. (It was stupid . . .)
8. He put his hand into his pocket and was astonished when he found
that his wallet wasn't there. He rushed into the burning house, which was very
brave of him. (It
was very brave . . .)
9. I can't go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear.
10. It is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight. (He is
expected . . .)
11. He was the only one who realized the danger.
12. It is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. (The earth . . .)
13. I want a kitchen where (= in which) I can cook.
14. He reached the station exhausted and was very disappointed when he
learnt that the train had just left.
15. Haven't you anything with which you could open it?
16. It seems that the crime was committed by a left-handed man. (The
crime seems . . . Use perfect infinitive passive.)
17. Is it likely that he will arrive before six? (Is he . . .)
18. I was on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang.
19. This is the plan: someone will meet you at the station . . . (You . . .
(be met) at the station)
20. She is anxious that they should have every possible advantage.
21. It is said that he was a brilliant scientist. (He is said . . .)
22. The strikers decided that the strike should continue.
23. Would you be very kind and translate this for me?
24. It is advisable that we should leave the house separately.
25. You signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid.
(It was stupid . . .)
26. It is said that she has a frightful temper. (She . . .)
4. Use the perfect infinitive of the verb in italics with the appropriate auxiliary
verb. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated, but their meaning should
be expressed by the auxiliary + perfect infinitive.
It is possible that he telephoned while we were out.
He may have telephoned while we were out.
You (thank) him for his present but you didn't.
You should have thanked him for his present.
1. It is possible that a child broke the window.
2. You carried it yourself, which was not necessary.
3. I've had a toothache for two days.
You (go) to the dentist when it started.
4. There (be) motor-cycle races on the sands but as it is so wet they
have been cancelled.
5. As I was standing in the hall your dog bit me.
6. It (not be) my dog; he was with me all day. It (be) my brother's dog.
7. I feel terribly ill today.
8. You (not eat) those mushrooms yesterday. Mushrooms don't agree with you.
9. I wonder why he didn't answer?
Possibly he didnt understand the question.
10. I gave him a tip, which was not necessary.
11. The prisoner(escape) this way, for here are his footprints.
12. You lied to him, which was wrong.
13. I didn't recognize the voice at the other end of the line.
14. It (be) my elder sister; she is often at home at that time. It (not be) my youngest
sister as she is abroad.
15. Someone (cook) a meal here lately; the stove is still hot.
16. I've brought my own sandwiches.
17. You (not bring) them. I have enough for two.
18. The burglar went straight to the safe although it was hidden behind a picture.
19. Someone (tell) him where it was.
20. The president (unveil) the statue, but he is ill so his wife is doing it
instead.
21. The plane is late; I wonder what has happened?Possibly it was delayed by fog.
22. I have never met him.
23. You (meet) him; he lives next door to you.
24. I (do) it. (It was my duty to do it, but I didn't.)
25. He (not catch) the 9.20 train because he didn't leave home till 9.25.
26. I opened it, which was unnecessary.
5. Use the perfect infinitive of the verb in italics with the appropriate
auxiliary verb. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated, but their
meaning should be expressed by the auxiliary + perfect infinitive. P ut the
second verb into the perfect infinitive and the first into an appropriate
tense.
This palace (say) (build) in three years.
This palace is said to have been built in three years.
1. You repeated it, which was unnecessary.
2. There (seem) (be) a fight here. Everything is smashed to bits.
3. We (set) out today, but the weather is so bad that we decided to postpone our start
till tomorrow.
4. I thought they were mushrooms.
5. You (not eat) them unless you were sure. They (be) poisonous.
6. He learnt the language in six months. He (work) very hard.
7. I brought my umbrella, which was unnecessary.
8. I (like) (bathe) but there wasn't time.
9. I've forgotten the address. I (write) it down (but I didn't).
10. If I'd known your house was so cold I (not come).
11. You (tell) me you were going camping! If I'd known I (go) with you.
12. But it rained all the time. You (not like) that, would you?
13. Who gave you my address?
14. I don't remember. It (be) Tom. It (not be) Tom; he doesn't know it.
15. You bought flowers but we have plenty in the garden.
16. After two years of his teaching she knew absolutely nothing.
17. He (not be) a good teacher.
18. My sister has just come back from abroad. She (seem) (enjoy) her trip
very much.
19. Life (be) very uncomfortable in the Stone Age.
20. You (stand) still when you were being photographed, (but you
didn't).
21. I (go) to a foreign university but the war prevented it.
22. I (like) (photograph) it but I had no more film.
23. There (be) a bad accident here. Look at all the broken glass.
24. It is possible that prehistoric cave drawings were connected with
religion.
25. I have been driving for 20 years.
26. You (not drive) for 20 years. You are only 30 now.
27. It (take) years to dig the Suez Canal.
28. He walked past me without speaking.
29. He (not recognize) you. He is very short-sighted.
30. I (like) (go) to the match but the tickets were all sold.
31. He says he saw you at the theatre yesterday.
He (not see) me. I wasn't there.
32. This picture may be a fake; on the other hand it (be) painted by one
of the Dutch masters.
33. It is possible that the fire in the ship was started by a bomb.
34. She walked 300 miles, carrying her child.
She (have) great courage.
35. It is possible that he (read) it in the papers.
36. He (not read) it. He can't read. Someone (tell) him.
37. I told them to meet me under the clock but they didn't turn up.
Perhaps they were waiting under the wrong clock. There are two in
the station.
38. He told me his name was Johnson.
You (mishear) him. His name is Jones.
39. I said that I couldn't find my pen and he said that perhaps somebody
40. had borrowed it.
41. I (like) (ask) a question but I was sitting so far back that I didn't
think I'd be heard.
42. There (be) a fort here at one time. You can see where the foundations were.
43. The dinosaur (be said) (be) rather a stupid animal.
44. She (marry) my brother but she was killed in a plane crash a month
before the wedding date.
6. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using
too/enough with infinitive.
Example :
It is very cold. We can't go out.
It is too cold for us to go out.
He is strong. He can carry it.
He is strong enough to carry it.
1. It is very cold. We can't bathe.
2. Would you be very kind and answer this letter by return?
3. I am rather old. I can't wear that kind of hat.
4. The ladder wasn't very long. It didn't reach the window.
5. He hadn't much money. He couldn't live on it. (Omit it.)
6. He was furious. He couldn't speak.
7. The fire isn't very hot. It won't boil a kettle.
8. Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police.
9. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.
10. He is very ill. He can't eat anything.
11. Our new car is very wide. It won't get through those gates.
12. The floor wasn't strong. We couldn't dance on it. (Omit it.)
13. I was terrified. I couldn't move.
14. The bull isn't big. He couldn't harm you.
15. The coffee isn't strong. It won't keep us awake.
16. The river is deep. We can't wade it. (Omit it.) He is lazy. He won't get up early.
17. He won't get up early so he never catches the fast train.
18. Would you be very good and forward my letters while I am away?
19. The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it. (Omit it.)
20. He was very drunk. He couldn't answer my question.
21. It is very cold. We can't have breakfast in the garden.
22. He was extremely rash. He set off up the mountain in a thick fog.
23. We aren't very high. We can't see the summit.
24. You aren't very old. You can't understand these things.
25. He was very snobbish. He wouldn't talk to any of us.
26. The package is very thick. I can't push it through the letterbox.
(Omit it.)
27. She was very mean. She never gave to charity.
28. He is very impatient. He never listens to anyone.
29. I was very tired. I couldn't walk any further.
30. It's not very dark. We can't see the stars clearly.
31. It was very hot. You could fry an egg on the pavement.
32. The oranges were very bitter. We couldn't eat them. (Omit them.)
33. Would you be very kind and turn down the radio a little?
34. He is very selfish. He wouldn't put himself out for anyone
35. You are very young. You can't have a front-door key.
7. In each of the following pairs of sentences an infinitive used in the first sentence
is repeated in the second. Read the sentences, expressing this second
infinitive by to only.
Where the second infinitive has an object, this word/phrase must be omitted.
Example:
Why didn't you tell me the truth the first time? I meant to tell you the truth but I was too
frightened. I meant to but I was too frightened .
1. I want you two to apologize to each other.
Well, 1 am willing to apologize if he apologizes first.
2. Did you reserve seats on the train?
No, I tried to reserve them but they had all been booked already.
3. Did you answer the letter?
No, I intended to answer it but I'm afraid I forgot
4. Why didn't you hit him?
I was afraid to hit him.
5. I'd love to spend a night in a haunted room.
I'd hate to spend a night in a haunted room.
6. Why didn't you ask your father for the money?
I didn't like to ask him.
7. Did you get a chance to fly the aeroplane yourself?
No, I wanted to fly it but the pilot wouldn't let me.
8. Why doesn't he punish his boys when they disobey him?
He often threatens to punish them but he never actually does so.
9. Why didn't he repair the car himself?
He wasn't able to repair it.
10. I used to drink whisky with my meals.
I used to drink whisky with my meals also but I don't now.
11. Did you buy sausages?
No, I meant to buy them but I forgot.
12. Why doesn't he try again?
He doesn't want to try again.
13. You should visit the Prado when you are in Madrid.
Yes, I intend to visit it.
14. Why doesn't he play games?
His mother doesn't want him to play games.
15. You ought to stop work now.
Yes, I am just going to stop.
16. Why do some jockeys carry extra weights?
They are obliged to carry them by the regulations.
17. Did he help you?
No, I asked him to help me but he said he hadn't time.
18. You should have thanked her before you left.
I meant to thank her but when I was going I couldn't find her anywhere.
19. Why did she put parsley in the soup?
I told her to put it in.
20. Why didn't he report it to the police?
He was afraid to report it. He didn't think they'd believe him.
CHAPTER V
THE GERUND
The Gerund is an -ing form that has both substantival and verbal characteristics.
Taking into account the substantival characteristics of the Gerund, it must be shown that :
be interested in
be prepared for
be responsible for
be tired of
be (get) used to
be worried about etc.
to be looking forward to
to be worth
to be looking forward to
to feel like etc.
cant stand
its no use
detest
discuss
dislike
dream about
enjoy
escape
evade
favor
finish
give up
have trouble
imagine
include
insist on
keep (on)
mention
mind
object to
postpone
practice
put off
quit
recall
recommend
regret
resent
resist
risk
suggest
talk about
tolerate
understand
Ex:
After being stopped by the police, George admitted having consumed two pints of beer.
We anticipated having difficulty finding candidates with the right qualifications.
We do appreciate your taking time from your busy schedule to come to Hungary.
He tried to avoid meeting her.
5. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, or both. If both are
possible, then there is usually a difference in meaning:
+Inf.
+ inf. with to agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, dare, decide, demand, deserve,
expect, fail, grow, happen, hasten, help, hope, hurry, learn, long, make (passive),
manage, neglect, offer, pay, plan, pledge, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek,
seem, struggle, swear, threaten, vow, want, wish
+ Gerund
appreciate, avoid, burst out, cant stand, contemplate, delay, deny, detest,
dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, feel like, finish, give up,
involve, its no good/use, keep on, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone,
practice , put off, resent, risk, spend/waste time, suggest, want
+ inf. or
gerund
+ inf. with to attempt, begin, cant bear, continue, forget, go on, hate, intend, love, mean, plan,
or gerund
prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, stop, try
+ object +
admit, allow, consider, forbid, imagine, permit, require
inf. with to or
gerund
+ object + to
advise, assist, beg, bribe, command, dare, employ, enable, encourage, instruct,
invite, lead, order, persuade, select, send, teach, tell, train, urge, warn
+ that +
clause
admit, advise, agree, appear, appreciate, arrange, decide, demand, deny, expect,
fancy, forget, happen, hope, intend, learn, mean, mention, order, persuade, plan,
pledge, pretend, promise, propose, regret, remember, resent, resolve, seem,
suggest, swear, teach, tell, threaten, vow, warn, wish
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
He gave up (gamble
Try to avoid (make) him angry.
Stop (argue) and start (work).
As a result of (listen) at keyholes he learnt many facts which he had no
hesitation in (use) to his own advantage.
5. The children prefer (watch) TV to (read).
6. I am against (make) any complaints.
7. It's no use (cry) over spilt milk, (proverb)
8. I suggest (hold) another meeting next week.
9. He finished (speak) and sat down.
10. He was fined for (drive) without lights.
11. It is difficult to get used to (eat) with chopsticks.
12. If you can't turn the key try (put) some oil in the lock.
13. He lost no time in (get) down to work.
14. You can't make an omelette without (break) eggs, (proverb)
15. We are looking forward to (read) your new book.
16. They escaped by (slide) down ropes made of blankets.
17. They don't allow (smoke) in here.
18. He is thinking of (leave) his job and (go) to America.
19. After (read) this article you will give up (smoke).
20. If you put your money into that business you risk (lose) every penny.
21. Imagine (live) with someone who never stops (talk).
22. Is there anything here worth (buy)?
23. He was accused of (leak) classified information to the press.
24. You'd better consult your lawyer before (decide) to buy the
property.
25. I don't enjoy (go) to the dentist.
26. Would you mind (put) your pet snake somewhere else?
27. The hostages were rescued without a shot (be) fired.
28. By (work) day and night he succeeded in (finish) the job in time.
29. He has a scheme for (make) grass grow in winter.
30. I don't feel like (work); what about (go) to a disco instead?
31. Would you mind (write) your name and address on the back of the
cheque?
32. I hate (borrow) money.
33. He was furious at (be) mistaken for an escaped convict.
34. After (talk) for ten minutes I succeeded in (convince) him that there
was no danger.
35. I remember (read) a review of that book and (think) I'd like to get it.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive):
1. He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring).
2. If you go on (let) your dog (chase) cars he'll end by (be) run over.
3. I prefer (drive) to (be driven).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
35. You don't need (ask) his permission every time you want (leave) the
room.
36. The police accused him of (set) fire to the building but he denied
(have been) in the area on the night of the fire.
37. I left my door open. Why didn't you walk in?
I didn't like (go) in when you weren't there.
38. It's much better (go) to a hairdresser than (try) (save) time by (cut)
your own hair.
39. I'd rather (earn) my living by (scrub) floors than (make) money by
(blackmail) people.
40. I used (ride) a lot but I haven't had a chance (do) any since (come)
here.
CHAPTER VI
THE PARTICIPLE
There are two participle in English: the Present Participle(ending in ing) and the Past Participle(ending
in ed or having special form for irregular verbs).
Form:
present participle
an exciting race
past participle
excited people
after verbs of "perception" (e.g. see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel)
after verbs of "rest" and "movement" (e.g. run, go, come, stay, stand, lie, sit)
Examples:
1
Present participle
The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action.
In English we add - ing to the infinitive of the verb.
Use of the present participle:
Progressive/
Continuous tense
He is reading a book.
He was reading a book.
Reading books is fun.
Gerund
Participle
Past participle
Use of the past participle:
Perfect tenses
Passive voice
Participle
The present participle can be used to talk about an earlier action, or one of the actions of the
same subject.
Seeing the snake, the man ran away.
Finding none in the class, the teacher became angry.
Entering the room, we found the child sleeping.
It is freezing cold.
She was dripping wet.
in absolute phrases
The participles are used in absolute phrases with a noun or pronoun going before them:
God willing, we shall meet again.
The sea being rough, they abandoned the journey.
Each of these absolute phrases can be transformed into a subordinate clause:
If God is willing, we shall meet again.
As the sea was rough, they abandoned the journey.
We use Past participle
as an adjective
The past participle can be used as an adjective in all the positions and functions as a typical
adjective.
She swept away the fallen leaves.
A burnt child dreads fire.
He wore a torn shirt.
In this case the past participles are used as adjectives before the nouns they qualify.
The past participle can be used as part of the predicate after copular verbs such as : be, seem,
look, appear etc.
The woman looked distressed.
She seemed surprised.
He was left stranded.
as an adverb
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
1. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a present
participle, a past participle or a perfect participle:
Example:
He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the
ground.
Getting off his horse, he began searching. . .
I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.
Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire . . .
The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the
interruptions.
Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused . . .
23. I knew that the murderer was still at large. I was extremely
reluctant to open the door.
24. He stole the silver. He looked for a place to hide it.
25. We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the station.
26. I sat in the front row. I used opera glasses. I saw everything
beautifully.
27. One evening you will be sitting by the fire. You will remember this
day.
28. I didn't like to sit down. I knew that there were ants in the grass.
29. She believed that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a
blank cheque.
30. Slates were ripped off by the gale. They fell on people passing
below.
31. The lion found his cage door open. He saw no sign of his keeper. He
left the cage and walked slowly towards the zoo entrance.
32. The government once tried to tax people according to the size of
their houses. They put a tax on windows.
33. I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn't like to go any
further without a light.
34. She wore extremely fashionable clothes. She was surrounded by
photographers and pressmen. She swept up to the microphone.
35. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form. You may use ing forms,
the gerund and the participle:
1. The snow kept (fall) and the workmen grew tired of (try) (keep) the
roads clear.
2. He offered (lend) me the money. I didn't like (take) it but I had no
alternative.
3. What was in the letter?
4. I don't know. I didn't like (open) it as it wasn't addressed to me.
5. Do you remember (read) about it?
6. No, at that time I was too young (read) newspapers.
7. Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow?
Yes, I have the tickets here. Would you like (keep) them? I am
inclined (lose) theatre tickets.
8. Try (avoid) (be) late. He hates (be) kept (wait).
9. I didn't know how (get) to your house so I stopped (ask) the way.
10. I wish my refrigerator would stop (make) that horrible noise. You
can't hear anyone (speak).
11. This book tells you how (win) at games without actually (cheat).
12. The gunman began (fire). He felt a bullet (graze) his cheek.
13. He heard the clock (strike) six and knew that it was time for him
(get) up.
14. I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the
door.
15. Did you advise him (go) to the police?
16. No, I didn't like (give) any advice on such a difficult matter.
handbag.
30. I've got the loaf; now I'm looking for a bread knife (cut) it with.
31. I saw Paul (sharpen) a pencil with the bread knife a minute ago.
32. We stopped once (buy) petrol and then we stopped again (ask) someone the way.
33. When I caught them (cheat) me, I stopped (buy) petrol there and started (deal) with
your garage instead.
34. Do you feel like (dine) out or would you rather (have) dinner at home?
35. I'd like (go) out. I always enjoy (have) dinner in a restaurant.
36. Your hair needs (cut). You'd better (have) it done tomorrow-unless you'd like me
(have) a go at it for you.
37. I tried (convince) him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he
insisted on (help) me.
38. Jack: I don't mind (travel) by bus, but I hate (stand) in queues.
39. Tom: I don't care for (queue) either; and you waste so much time (wait) for buses. I
think it's better (go) by tube, or taxi.
40. He took to (follow) me about and (criticize) my work till I threatened (hit) him.
41. I have (stay) here; I'm on duty. But you needn't (wait); you're free (go) whenever you
like.
42. In Animal Farm the old pig urged the animals (rebel) against man but he warned them
(not adopt) man's habits.
43. There is no point in (arrive) half an hour early. We'd only have (wait).
44. I don't mind (wait). It's better (be) too early than too late.
45. I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs. It's impossible
(climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) a noise.
46. If you agree (work) for me I'll see about (get) you a work permit.
47. We'd better (start) early. We don't want (risk) (get) caught in a traffic jam.
48. He suggested (call) a meeting and (let) the workers (decide) the matter themselves.
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. A participle, gerund or
infinitive ( long/short infinitive ) is required:
1.
We suggested (sleep) in hotels but the children were anxious (camp) out.
2.
Paul: Would you like (come) to a lecture on Wagner tonight? Ann: No, thanks. I
like (listen) to music but I don't like (listen) to people (talk) about it.
3.
If you want the milkman (leave) you milk in the morning, remember (put) a milk
bottle outside your door.
4.
They let us park motorcycles here but they won't allow us (park) cars.
5.
They don't allow (smoke) in the auditorium; they don't want (risk) (set) it on fire,
but you can (smoke) in the foyer during the interval.
6.
Mr. Shaw is very busy (write) his memoirs. He is far too busy (receive) callers (he
is so busy that he can't receive callers), so you'd better just (go) away.
7.
What about (buy) double quantities of everything today? That will save (shop)
again later in the week.
8.
The inspector asked (see) my ticket and when I wasn't able (find) it he made me
(buy) another.
He probably suspected you of (try) (travel) without one.
9.
Would you like me (turn) down the radio a bit? -No, it's all right. I'm used to
(work) with the radio on.
10.
One of the gang suggested (take) the body out to sea, (drop) it overboard and
rope ladder (be) thrown out and three men (climb) down it. He watched them (run) across the
field and out through a gate. Later he saw a car with four men in it (come) out of the lane
(lead) to the field.
33.
He admitted that it was possible that the car happened (be passing) and that the
three men persuaded the driver (give) them a lift; but he throught it much more likely that
they had arranged for the car (pick) them up and that the driver had been waiting in the lane
for the helicopter (drop) them.
34.
What about (have) a picnic in Piccadilly Circus?
What an extraordinary place (have) a picnic! Fancy (sit) there with the traffic (swirl) round
you and the pigeons (take) bites out of your sandwiches!
35.
Would you mind (write) your address on the back of the cheque and (show) us
some proof of your identity?
36.
Let's (swim) across.
I'm not really dressed for (swim). What's wrong with (go) round by the bridge?
CONCLUSIONS
Language has evolved in the history of man's development as the principal means
by which an individual is able to convey information, thoughts, and ideas to one or many of
his associates and as the chief means by which he/she in turn receives information, thoughts,
and ideas from the others .Communication occurs when a meaningful signal passes from a
sender, who originates it, to a receiver who understands it. The best source of usage
information is the community in which each individual lives. The community is the
laboratory for the objective observation of English as it is actually used by all kinds of
peopleIt is known that language teaching methods come and go, and we cannot speak about
the failure of any particular set of techniques because sometimes, the same techniques
reappear in the next method.
By grammar" it is meant the series of rules or generalizations that is intended to describe the
target language .There is more diversity in the language teaching field today than there was
twenty-five years ago. The science of language teaching couldn't demonstrate the superiority
of one methodology or another cause teaching is a combination of science and art; the
teacher's choices are like those of artists who have full pallets of paint from which they can be
choose a little of each colour ; so, teachers have the freedom to be creative .
The new English textbooks focus on global education, embracing several universal
goals: to help students understand the ways of thinking, the values and the problems of other
peoples, to develop cross-cultural awareness, to enable students to analyze and suggest
measures for using and sharing the earth's resources , to make students aware of the
choices they can make in order to consider themeselves better. Learners are supposed to get
involved in all the above mentioned topics of discussion by competent teachers who know
how to properly use role playing: advertising leaflets, maps, pictures, gestures,
dramatization, so that they could teach grammar items in a very pleasant way.
Students sadly refuse to be taught grammar in an academic way
It is true that some restricted kinds of communication are possible without
grammar. In some situations, for example, we can communicate through gestures or through
phrases learnt from a phrase-book. As soon as we move beyond this rudimentary level,
however, grammar becomes the essential basis for communication. This position was
summed up in strong terms by David Wilkins:
The notion that an individual can develop anything other
than a rudimentary communication ability without an
extensive mastery of the grammatical system is absurd
(David Wilkins in the journal Applied Linguistics, 1981).
So, the more thoroughly a learner masters the grammatical system of the language, the more
effectively he or she can use this language for communication.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books :
1. Badescu, A.- ,,Gramatica limbii engleze", Editura Stiintifica , Bucuresti,1963
2. Curme, G.- "English Grammar", Barnes and Noble Books, New York
3. Comisel, E, / Edison ,R.-"Time to Talk", Editura Spiru Haret, 1995
4. Galateanu, G./Comisel, E.-,,Gramatica limbii engleze pentru uz scolar",
Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti,1983
5. Galateanu, G.- ,,Sinteze de gramatica engleza,", Editura Albatros, Bucuresti,1987
6. Leech, J.- "Meaning of the English Verb"', Longman, London,1969
7. Murar, I.- ,,The English Verb", Editura Universitaria,Craiova,2004
8. Palmer, F.-"The English Verb", Longman, London, 1976
9. Paidos, C.-English Grammar, Editura Polirom,2001
10. Pawlowska, B.,Kempinski, Z- Teste de limba engleza', Editura Teora, l997
11. Quirk, R.- A Grammar of Conternporary English", Longman, 1972/1976
12. Side, R. & Wellman Guy, Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and
Proficiency, Longman, 2000.
13. Thomson. A. J. & Martinet. A V. A Practical English Grammar", Fourth
Edition, Oxford University,1986
14. Michael Vince, Peter Sunderland - Advanced Language Practice , Macmillan, 2003
15. Walton, R.-"Advanced English C.A.E.", Longman, 1999
Sites :
www.english-for-students.com
www.scribd.com
www.freewebs.com
www.englishlanguageguide.com
www.didactic.ro
www.edb.gov.hk
www.englisch-hilfen.de