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74.Noscitur a sociis.
A thing is known by its associates.
75.Ejesdem generis.
Of the same kind or specie.
76.Expressio unius est exclusion alterius.
The express mention of one person, thing or consequence implies the
exclusion of all others.
77.Expressum facit cessare tacitum.
What is expressed puts an end to that which is implied.
78.Argumentum a contrario.
Negative-Opposite Doctrine: what is expressed puts an end to that which is
implied.
79.Cassus omissus pro omisso habendus est.
A person, object or thing omitted from an enumeration must be held to have
been omitted intentionally.
80.Ad proximum antecedens fiat relatio nisi impediatur sentential.
A qualifying word or phrase should be understood as referring to the nearest
antecedent.
81.Reddendo singular singulis.
Referring each to each, or referring each phrase or expression to its
appropriate object, or let each be put in its proper place.
82.Exceptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis.
A thing not being expected must be regarded as coming within the purview
of the general rule.
83.Optima statute interpretatrix est ipsum statutum.
The best interpreter of the statute is the statute itself.
84.Ex tota materia emergat resolution.
The exposition of a statute should be made from all its parts put together.
85.Injustum est, nisi tota lege inspecta, de una aliqua ejus particula proposita
indicare vel respondere.
It is unjust to decide or to respond as to any particular part of a law without
examining the whole of the law.
86.Nemo enim aliquam partem recte intelligere possit antequam totum interum
atque interim perlegit.
The sense and meaning of the law is collected by viewing all the parts
together as one whole and not of one part only by itself.
87.Ex antecendentibus et consequentibus fit optima interpretation.
A passage will be best interpreted by reference to that which precedes and
follows it.
88.Verba posterima propter certitudinem addita ad priora quae certitudine
indigent sunt referenda.
Reference should be made to a subsequent section in order to explain a
previous clause of which the meaning is doubtful.
89.Interpretatio fienda est ut res magis valeat quam pereat.
A law should be interpreted with a view of upholding rather than destroying it.
90.Pari materia.
Of the same matter.
91.Interpretare et concordare leges legibus est optimus interpretandi modus.
Every statute myst be so construed and harmonized with other statutes as to
form a uniform system of law.
92.Distingue tempora et concordabis jura.
Distinguish times and you will harmonize law.
93.Tempora mutantur et leges mutantur in illis.
Times have changed and laws have changed with them.
94.Mutatis mutandis.
With the necessary changes.
95.Salus populi est suprema lex.
The voice of the people is the supreme law.
96.Statuta pro publico commodo late interpretantur.
Statutes enacted for the publc good are to be construed liberally.
97.Privatum incommodum publico bono pensatur.
The private interests of the individual must give way to the accommodation of
the public.
98.Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea.
The act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty.
99.Actus me invito facturs non est meus actus.
An act done by me against my will is not my act.
100.
Privilegia recipiunt largam interpretationem voluntate consonem concedentis.
Privileges are to be interpreted in accordance with the will of him who grants
them.
101.
Renunciatio non praesumitur.
Renunciation cannot be presumed.
102.
Strictissimi juris.
Follow the law strictly.
103.
Nullum tempus occurit regi.
There can be no legal right as against the authority that makes the law on
which the right depends.
104.
Vigilantibus et non dormientibus jura subveniunt.
The law aids the vigilant, not those who slumber on their rights.
105.
Potior est in tempore, potior est in jure.
He who is first in time is preferred in right.
106.
Lex prospicit, non respicit.
The law looks forward, not backward.
107.
Lex de futuro, judex de praeterito.
The law provides for the future, the judge for the past.
108.
Nova constitutio futuris formam imponere debet non praeteritis.
A new statute should affect the future, not the past.
109.
Leges quae retrospciunt, et magna cum cautione sunt adhibendae neque
enim janus locatur in legibus.
Laws which are retrospective are rarely and cautiously received, for Janus has
really no place in the laws.
110.
Leges et constitutiones futuris certum est dare formam negotiis, non ad facta
praeterita revocari, nisi nominatim et de praeterito tempore et adhuc
pendentibus negotiis cautum sit.
Laws should be construed as prospective, not retrospective, unless they are
expressly made applicable to past transactions and to such as are still
pending.
111.
Nullum crimen sine poena, nulla poena sine lege.
There is no crime without a penalty, there is no penalty without a law.
112.
Favorabilia sunt amplianda, odiosa restringenda.
Penal laws which are favorable to the accused are given retroactive effect.
113.
Leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant.
Later statutes repeal prior ones which are repugnant thereto.
114.
Generalia specialibus non derogant.
A general law does not nullify a specific or special law.
115.
Ignorantia legis neminem excusat.
Ignorance of the law excuses no one.
116.
In obscuris inspici solere quod versimilius est, aut quod plerumque
fieri solet.
When matters are obscure, it is customary to take what appears to be more
likely or what usually often happens.
117.
Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla verificatione excluditur.
A patent ambiguity cannot be cleared up by extrinsic evidence.
118.
Ad ea quae frequentibus accidunt jura adaptatur.
Laws are understood to be adapted to those cases which most frequently
occur.
119.
Jus constitui oportet in his quae ut plurimum accidunt non quae ex inordinato.
Laws ought to be made with a view to those cases which happen most
frequently, and not to those which are of rare or accidental occurrence.
120.
Quod semel aut bis existit praetereunt legislatores.
Legislators pass over what happens only once or twice.
121.
De minimis non curat lex.
The law does not concern itself with trifling matters.
122.
Nigrum Nunquam Excedere Debet Rubrum.
The black (body of the act printed in black) should never go beyond the red
(title or rubric of the statute printed in red).