Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Concrete Deep Beams,
Brackets and Joints

O-SCAAD-6
July 12, 2002, AIT, Bangkok
Naveed Anwar
Buddhi S. Sharma
ACECOMS, AIT
Definition of
Deep Members
Strain Profile The Starting Point

Section Capacity is represented by Stress
Resultants
Stress Resultants are based on stress
Distribution
Stress Distribution is based on Strain
Distribution
Strain Distribution for a particular
deformation is not known for reinforced
concrete sections
Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints
ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial-Flexural Stress Resultants

The General Case: Linear or Non-linear Strain Distribution
1
1
N z 1 x, y dx dy ...
2
1 x y
Ai i ( x, y ) ...
i 1
1 n
M x 2 x, y dx dy . y ... Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...
2 i 1
1 x y
1 n
M y 3 x, y dx dy . x ... Ai i ( x, y ) xi ...
2 i 1
1 x y
ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial-Flexural Stress Resultants

Linear Strain
Distribution
fs
NA
CL
fc
y
c
f1
f2
fn
ain
r
t
S
for
s
se and
s
e
Str crete
n
R/F
co
for
s
se l
s
e
Str Stee
Horizontal
ACECOMS, AIT
The B and D regions

If Strain is Assumed Linear then B Region
Plane sections remain Plane after Deformation
Bernoulli assumptions apply
If Strain is Non-linear: D Region: Disturbed Region

Zone where ordinary flexural theory does not apply
Plane Sections do not remain plane after deformation
ACECOMS, AIT
Deep or Shallow
Shallow Members:
Where most of the beam length is B Region
Deep Members:
Where most of the beam length is D Region
Thick Members:
Flexural Deformations are Predominant and shear
deformations can be ignored
Thin Members:
Shear Deformations are Significant and can not be
ignored
ACECOMS, AIT
What is a Deep Member ?

Member in which most of the length is DRegion
Members that do not follow the ordinary
flexural-shear theories
Members in which a significant amount of
the load is carried to supports by a
compression thrust joining the load and the
reaction
ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Members: Major Concerns
Non linear Stress Distribution

Possibility of Lateral Buckling
Very Stiff Element
Very Sensitive to Differential Settlement
Reinforcement Development (Anchorage)
High Stresses at Supports and Load Points
ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Members
Deep Beams
Shear Walls
Pile Caps
Brackets, Corbels
Joints
ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Deep Members

Empirical Methods
ACI Code Method
The Tie-Strut Approach

Truss Analogy Method
Truss Model Analysis
Finite Element Analysis

Two Dimensional Analysis using Plane Strain
Three Dimensional Analysis using Plates or Bricks
Analysis modes
Linear Analysis
Non Linear Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Behavior of
Deep Members
The Axial Stresses True Deep Beams
Tension
Compression
ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses Semi Deep Beams
Tension
Compression
ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses Mixed Beam
Tension
Compression
D
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Stresses
ACECOMS, AIT
Beam Model for

Deep Members
Modeling Using 1D Elements

Simple
Beam/Column
elements
Beam elements
with rigid ends
Beam elements
in Truss
Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Membrane Model
for Deep Members
Modeling Using 2D Elements

Deep Beams are subjected to in-plane
deformations so 2D elements that have
transnational DOF need to be used
A coarse mesh can be used to capture the
overall stiffness and deformation of the
beam
A fine mesh should be used to capture inplane bending or curvature
General Shell Element or Membrane
Elements can be used to model Deep
Beams
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Using Membrane

Nodes:
DOFs:
2 (or 3) DOFs /Node Ux and Uy

2-Translation, 0 or 1 rotation
Dimension:
2 dimension element
Shape:
Regular / Irregular
Properties:
Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
Thickness( t )
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Using Shell Elements

Nodes:
DOFs:
5 or 6 DOFs /Node Ux and Uy

3 Translation, 2 or 3 rotation
Dimension:
2 dimension element
Shape:
Regular / Irregular
Properties:
Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
U3, R3
Thickness( t )
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 3
U2, R2
Node 4
U1, R1
3
U1, R1
U3, R3
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 1
U2, R2
Node 2
U1, R1
U1, R1
Shell
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results From Shell Model

Fi Ai f i
P Fi
f1
C
i 1
n
f2
x1
M Fi xi
i 1
n
f3
V Ai vi
f4
i 1
x1
f5
f1, f2, ..fn are the nodal stresses at

section A-A , obtained from analysis
M
V
ACECOMS, AIT
Connecting Beams to Slab
Zipper
In general the mesh in the slab

should match with mesh in the
wall to establish connection
Some software automatically

establishes connectivity by using
constraints or Zipper elements
ACECOMS, AIT
Strut and Tie

Model for
Deep Members
Tie-Strut Approach: Basic Concepts

Basic Concept
The Section is fully cracked

Concrete takes not tension
All Tension is taken by steel ties
All Compression is taken by struts forming within
the concrete
Strut and Tie provide a stable mechanism
It is a Lower Bound solution
ACECOMS, AIT
Tie-Strut Approach: Basic Concepts

Compressive
Struts
d
Real Truss
Ties
L
Conceptual Truss
a) Simple Truss Model for V, Mx (Tie and Strut Mode)
ACECOMS, AIT
Tie-Strut Approach in Use
Truss analogy already in use
For shear design of Shallow and Deep beams

For Torsion design of shallow beams
For design of Pile caps
For design of joints and D regions
For Brackets and corbels
ACECOMS, AIT
The Truss in Deep Members
Tension
Compression
ACECOMS, AIT
The Truss in Deep Members
Tension
Compression
ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses Semi Deep Beams
Tension
Compression
ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses Mixed Beam
Tension
Compression
ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Models and Forces
ACECOMS, AIT
Strut Tie Model
Effect of Span:Depth Ratio
d
L/d =1
L/a =0.5
L
For L/D < 4

Load transferred by direct
Compression
L/d =2
L/a =1
L
For L/D > 4

Auxiliary Ties are required
for shear transfer
L/d = 3
L/a = 1.5
For L/D > 5

Beam tends to behave in
ordinary Flexure
L/d = 4
L/a = 2
L/d = 5
L/a = 2.5
L/d = 6
L/a = 3
ACECOMS, AIT
Strut Tie Model
Not OK: Too Shallow
Effect of Strut Angle

Angle < 30 Deg.
Tension in Bottom Chord
Angle = 18 De g
OK: M ost Ecconomical
Too shallow, tension steel

not economical, strut too
long, anchorage difficult
Angle 35 - 45 Deg
Angle = 34 De g
OK: USed by ACI Code
Gives the most

economical
and realistic design
Angle > 50 Deg.
Angle = 45 De g
NOT OK: Too Steep and Expensive
Too steep. Requires too

much stirrups. Not good.
Angle = 64 De g
ACECOMS, AIT
The Basic Elements of Strut and Tie

Basic Elements
The Compression Struts in Concrete
The Tension Ties provided by Rebars
The Nodes connecting Struts and Ties
Failure Mechanisms
Tie could Yield
Strut can Crush
A Node could Fail
ACECOMS, AIT
Compression Struts
Struts represent the compression stress field
with the prevailing compression in the
direction of the strut
Idealized as prismatic members, or uniformly
tapered members
May also be idealized as Bottled Shaped
members
Transverse reinforcement is required for
prevention of failure after cracking occurs
ACECOMS, AIT
Types of Compression Struts
Failure of Struts
By Longitudinal
Crushing
Compression failure
of Struts
ACECOMS, AIT
Cracking of Compression Struts
ACECOMS, AIT
Tension Ties
Represents one or several
layers of steel in the same
direction as the tensile force
May fail due to
Lack of End Anchorage
Inadequate reinforcement quantity
ACECOMS, AIT
Nodal Zones
The joints in the strut-and-tie model are
know as nodal zones
Forces meeting on a node must be in
equilibrium
Line of action of these forces must pass
through a common point (concurrent forces)
Nodal zones are classified as:
CCC
CCT
CTT
TTT
ACECOMS, AIT
Hydrostatic Nodal Zones
Hydrostatic CCC Node
Hydrostatic CCT Node
ACECOMS, AIT
Correct and Incorrect Truss
Correct Truss
Incorrect Truss
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Truss Model

Draw the beam and loads in proper scale
Draw Primary Struts and Ties
Struts angle between 35 to 50 degrees
Each strut must be tied by ties
The strut and ties model must be stable and determinate
Assume dimensions of struts and ties

Not critical for determinate trusses. Any reasonable sizes
may be used
Make truss model in any software and analyze

Design Truss Members
Design rebars for tension members
Check capacity of concrete compression members
ACECOMS, AIT
How to Construct Truss Models

For the purpose of analysis, assume the main truss layout
based on Beam depth and length
Initial member sizes can be estimated as t x 2t for main axial
members and t x t for diagonal members
Use frame elements to model the truss. It is not necessary to
use truss elements
Generally single diagonal is sufficient for modeling but double
diagonal may be used for easier interpretation of results
The floor beams and slabs can be connected directly to truss
elements
Elastic analysis may be used to estimate truss layout
ACECOMS, AIT
How to Construct Truss Models
t x 2t
ACECOMS, AIT
Simple Vs Modified Truss Model

a=1.6
a=1.6
P=10,000 kN
d=1.4
d=1.4
h=1.6
d=1.4
h=1.6
L=2.5
L=2.5
1
a) Simple "Strut & Tie" Model
T
T
= tan-1 d/0.5L
= 48 deg
= 0.5P/tan
= 4502 kN
c) Modified Truss Model B
T
T
= tan-1 d/0.5(L-d1)
= 68.5 deg
= 0.5P/tan
= 1970 kN
ACECOMS, AIT
A Space Truss Model for Pilecap

P1
a2
a2
P4
P2
P3
d
L2
L1
Main members
Secondary members
ACECOMS, AIT
Iterative Method for Truss Layout

The truss layout can be found by using a
simple 2D truss analysis
Draw trial truss using all possible strut tie
members
Determine forces in the truss system
Remove the members with small or no
forces and repeat
Continue until the truss becomes unstable
ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results from Truss Model

Compression
Member
C
xc
P T C D sin( )
M Txt Cxc D sin( ) xd
xd
V D cos( )
xt
Tension
Member
Ast
T
f y
P
M
V
ACECOMS, AIT
Assuming Reinforcement
Assume larger bars on the corners
Assume more bars on predominant tension
direction/ location
Assume uniform reinforcement on beam
sides
Total Rebars ratio should preferably be more
than 0.8% and less than 3% for economical
design
ACECOMS, AIT
Interpretation of the Results

Reinforcement should be provided along all directions where
truss members are in significant tension.
This reinforcement should be provided along the direction of the
truss member
The distribution of the reinforcement should be such that its
centroid is approximately in line with the assumed truss element.
The compression forces in the struts should be checked for the
compressive stresses in the concrete, assuming the same area to
be effective, as that used in the construction of the model.
The Bearing Stress should be checked at top of piles and at base
of columns
ACECOMS, AIT
Drawbacks of the Strut and Tie Approach

Only guarantees stability and strength
Gives no indication of performance at
service levels
In appropriate assumed trusses layout may
cause excessive cracking
Requires experience in judgment in truss
layout, member size assumption, result
interpretation and rebar distribution
ACECOMS, AIT
Designing as A Simple Flexural Member

Approach
Design the Deep Member as Big
Beam
Follow the normal axial-flexural
concept and provisions
Input Needed
Mx , V
Member Dimensions
Problems
Does not consider the non-linear
strain distribution
In efficient rebar distribution
Does not consider Shear transfer
near ends
ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Beams
Special Considerations
Deep Members
Behavior of Deep Beams
What are Deep Beams?
How do they behave?
Design of Deep Beams

The ACI Code Method
The Tie and Strut Approach
The Finite Element Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Beams: ACI definition

Beam is Deep for Flexure:
Simple Span:
l n /d 1.25
Continuous Beam:
l n /d 2.5
Beam is Deep for Shear:
l n /d 5.0
Special Case
Deep
Beam
P
Shallow Beam
ln
ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Beam or Veirendel Girder

Deep Beam
Deep Beam or
Veirendel Girder
Veirendel Girder
ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Approach
No Detailed Requirements Except That Non
Linearity of Strain Distribution and Lateral
Buckling Must be Considered.
Flexure:
No Special Requirements for design
Specifies special limits on minimum steel
Shear
Special Provisions for single spans
Special provisions for continuous beams
ACECOMS, AIT
Effect of Load Location
Behavior of Deep Beams effected by the

application of load to the beam
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design: ACI Approach

Ordinary Design Procedure
When load is applied at the middle or at the
bottom edge of the Beam, ordinary shear
design provisions for shallow beams are
used
Special Design Procedure

When load is applied at the top, special design
provisions are used because load may form
arching or truss mechanism
ACECOMS, AIT

Different for Simple and Continuous Beams
Stirrups Required when
For Single spans
For Continuous spans.
Vu Vc
Vu 0.5Vc
Critical Sections
Simple Span
0.15 l n d for UDL

0.15 a d for Conc. Load
Continuous Beam: Face of Support

ACECOMS, AIT

Allowable shear in concrete
Shallow Beams
Deep Beams
Max. Vn 8 f c' bw d
Max. Vn 8 f c' bw d when l / d 2
Vc 2 f c' bw d
Max. Vn
Vu d
'
Vc 1.9 f c 2500 w
bw d
Mu
Vc 2 f c' bw d
ld '
2
10
f c bw d when l / d is 2 to 5
3
d
V d
Vc F 1.9 f c' 2500 w u bw d
Mu
V d
where F 3.5 2.5 u 2.5
Mu
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Openings in Beams
Plate-Shell Model
Truss Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Nodal Zones within the Interaction of Members

Plastic Truss Model of a
Beam with horizontal
Web reinforcements
ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Model for Continuous Beam
Negative Moment Truss
Positive Moment Truss
Complete Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Brackets and Corbels

Special Considerations
What are Brackets and Corbels

A short and deep member
connected to a large rigid
member
Mostly subjected to a
single concentrated load
Load is within d distance
from the face of support
ACECOMS, AIT
Brackets or Corbels
A short member that cantilevers out of a
column or wall to support a load
Built monolithically with the support
Span to depth ratio less than or equal to
unity
Consists of incline compressive strut and a
tension tie
ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Brackets
Tension
Compression
Shear
ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Corbels
Tension
Compression
Shear
ACECOMS, AIT
Brackets using Strut and Tie Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Corbels using Strut and Tie Model
Compute distance from column to Vn

Compute minimum depth
Compute forces on the corbel
Lay out the strut and tie model
Solve for reactions
Solve for strut and tie forces
Compute width of struts
Reanalyze the strut and tie forces
Select reinforcement
Establish the anchorage of tie
ACECOMS, AIT
Structural Action of a Bracket
ACECOMS, AIT
Modes of Failure
Yield of tension tie
Failure of end anchorage of the
tension tie, either under the
load point or in the column
Failure of the compression strut
by crushing or shear
Local failure under bearing
plate
Failure due to poor detailing
ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Corbels ACI Method

Depth of the outside edge of bearing area
should not be less than 0.5d
Design for shear Vu, moment [Vua Nuc(h - d)]
and horizontal tensile
force of Nuc
Strength reduction Factor
0.85
ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Corbels ACI Method

Provide Steel Area Avf to resist Vu
Vn 0.2 f c b w d
Vn 800bw d
Horizontal Axial Tension Force

should satisfy
Area of Steel provided shall be
the greater of the two
Strut and tie are should not be less
than
Ratio shall be
N uc An f y
N uc 0.2Vu
An
2 Av / 3 An
0.5 As An
f
As / bd 0.04 c f
ACECOMS, AIT
Strut and Tie Method and the ACI Method

Strut-and-Tie method requires more steel in
the tension tie
Lesser confining reinforcement
Strut-and-Tie method considers the effect of
the corbel on the forces of the column
Strut-and-Tie method could also be used for
span to depth ratio greater than unity
ACECOMS, AIT
Joints
Special Provisions
Special Considerations in Joints

Highly complex state of stress
Often subjected to reversal of Loading
Difficult to identify length and depth and
height parameters
Main cause of failure for high seismic loads,
cyclic loads, fatigue, degradation etc
ACECOMS, AIT
Joints
The design of Joints require a

knowledge of the forces to be
transferred through the joint and
the likely ways in which the
transfer can occur
Efficiency: Ratio of the failure moment of
the joint to the moment capacity of the
members entering the joint
ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Joints Gravity
Tension
Compression
Shear
ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Joints Lateral
Tension
Compression
Shear
ACECOMS, AIT
Strut and Tie Model
Tension
Compression
Strut and Tie Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Corner Joints
Opening Joints:
Tend to be opened by the applied moment
Corners of Frames
L-shaped retaining walls
Wing Wall and Abutments in bridges
ACECOMS, AIT
Corner Joints
Closing Joints:
Tend to be closed by the applied moment
Elastic Stresses are exactly opposite as

those in the opening joints
Increasing the radius of the bend increases
the efficiency of such joints
ACECOMS, AIT
Corner Joints
T-Joints
At the exterior column-beam connection
At the base of retaining walls
Where roof beams are continuous over
column
ACECOMS, AIT
Beam-Column Joints in Frames

To transfer loads and moments at the end of
the beams to the columns
Exterior Joint has the same forces as a T
joint
Interior joints under gravity loads transmits
tension and compression at the end of the
beam and column directly through the joint
Interior joints under lateral loads requires
diagonal tensile and compressive forces
within the joints
ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Joints-ACI
Type 1 Joints: Joint for structures in non
seismic areas
Type 2 Joints: Joint where large inelastic
deformations must be tolerated
Further division into:
Interior
Exterior
Corner
ACECOMS, AIT
Design Stages for Type 1

Providing confinement to the joint region by
means of beam framing into the side of the
joint, or a combination of confinement from
the column bars and ties in the joint region.
Limiting the shear in the joint
Limiting the bar size in the beam to a size
that can be developed in the joint
ACECOMS, AIT
Summary
ACECOMS, AIT

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

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Concrete Deep Beams,

Brackets and Joints

Strain Profile The Starting Point