CHNG I: T LOI (Parts of Speech)

8 loi:
(1) NOUN: boy, house, table, cow, army, independence, freedom, happiness,
etc
(2) PRONOUN: I, you, he, them, it, who, which, mine, someone, etc
(3) ADJECTIVE:
a good worker
my white shirt
The new word is difficult.
Those rooms are large.
Take some interesting books.
this, that, my, your, each, every, some, many, much, no, etc
Article, Cardinal, Ordinal
(4) VERB:
He is hungry.
We are learning English.
They played football.
The aggressors were defeated.
(5) ADVERB:
He works hard.
I saw him yesterday.
She speaks English fluently.
He ran too fast.
It is very hot today.
(6) PREPOSITION:
I spoke to him.
He wrote about the football match.
Nam goes to schcool at seven oclock.
He called during my absence.
We are working hard in order to build socialism in VietNam.
The desk is near the window.
(7) CONJUNCTION:
Nam and I
It is not yours but mine.
Wait till he comes.
He drinks neither beer nor coffee.
(8) INTERJECTION:
Oh! Ah! Hello!
LIGHT
Light travels faster than sound.
Switch on the light.
Please give me a light.
The box weighs light.
This worker has a light hand.
a light rain, a light breeze, a light green
Will you light a lamp?

Her face lights up.

She lights a fire.
He often travels light.
Light come, light go.
The baby slept light.
Dont make light of his design.
We should find the truth in the light of science.
These facts throw a light on the subject.

CHNG II: CU N (Simple Sentence)

1 VF
Subject

Predicate
Vt
Vi
Vi

The boy reads the text.

The teacher explains the lesson.
They write it.
We run a co-operative.
The boy laughs.
The sun shines.
Birds fly in the sky.
The baby is walking quickly.
Tom is an engineer.
She is a beauty.
This is book of my brothers.
He is a friend of mine.
This hat is mine.
It is I.
This dictionary is thick.
This milk tastes sour.
She is twenty.

O
(Complement
Predicate)
C

I am the first to come.

The meeting was over.
My sister is in good health.
My hobby is fishing.
Our task is building socialism in VietNam.
This bicycle is to let.
He seems to understand quite well.
It is annoying to be interrupted.
These facts are related to the problem.
He looked embarrassed.
The book is in two parts.
This problem was of great importance.
That is what I wanted to know.

Subject

That is why I came here.

Predicate
VL
to be, appear, become, break, come, continue, fall, feel,
fly, get, grow, keep, look, make, prove, remain, run,
seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn, wear, work

The dream comes true.

The weather has become warmer.
The soldier continued fighting.
I felt ill.
He feels so worried about it.
Please keep quiet.
She keeps smiling.
He grows smaller.
You look smart today.
He remains silent.
The leaves have turned red.
The girl seems happy.
The door flew open.

This cloth wears well.

This screw has worked loose.
Subject

Predicate
Vt
to call, cause, consider, find, get, have, keep, let, like,
make, prove, see, set, start, etc

I like my desk tidy.

The boy set the bird free.
They made him president.
The called the baby Tom.
His words prove him (to be) a fool.
I consider it a shame.
I consider the answer (to be) correct.
The believed him (to be) innocent.
What causes an orange to fall to the ground?
Electricity can make a machine run.
I often see him study English.
He keeps me waiting.
I have my hair cut.
You have made me what I am.
ENLARGEMENT
He walks slowly.
The dog jumped through the window.
He arrives on Sunday.
The harvest is bad because of the drought.
I like the coffee very much.
I spoke English slowly in class this morning.
A clever little girl with rosy cheeks put her open thick red book on the desk.
WORD ORDER
Statement

Affirmati
ve

Negativ
e

Interrogative

Yes/No

Alternati
ve

Tag

Comma
nd/
Request
Wh-

Exclamat
ory
Sentence

O
C

Mr. Ba teaches English.

I can speak French.
You come here every day.
The went to the theatre.
The children were playing in the garden.
He is not my friend.
She cannot speak English.
They will not come.
The children are not playing in the garden.
You do not come here everyday.
Mr. Ba does not teach English.
They did not go to the theatre.
He never speaks English.
She never came to the evening party.
I hardly knew him.
He rarely studies at night.
Statement
Affirmative
S
VFS
(full/ aux/ modal)
VF
I found him nowhere.

Negative
VFS NOT
(full/ aux/ modal)
DO/DOES/DID NOT V

I met nobody.
Yes/No
VFS S ...?

Do/Does/
Did S
V ...?

_Yes, S VFS.
_No, S VFS
not.

Interrogative
Alternati
Tag
ve
S VFS..., VFS NOT
pro?

Yes/No Q
+ OR...?

_Yes, S
do/does/did
.
_No, S
do/does/did
not.

Is he your friend? Yes, he is.

Will she go out? Yes, she will.

S VFS NOT..., VFS pro?

S VF..., do/does/did
NOT pro?
S do/does/did NOT
VF..., do/does/did
pro?

Wh_Yes,
pro VFS.
_No, pro
VFS not.
_Yes,
pro
do/does
/did.
_No, pro
do/does
/did not.

What/Whic
h/When/Wh
y/Who/Who
m/Whose/H
ow
+
Yes/No Q/
VF?

Can you speak English? Yes, I can.

Are the children palying in the garden? No, they arent.
Has he finished his work? No, he hasnt.
Do you speak Russian? No, I dont.
Does she study at home? Yes, she does.
Did they go to the theatre? Yes, they did.
Can you speak English or Russian?
Are they workers or engineers?
Has she got a pencil or a ballpen?
Do they like black coffee or white coffee?
Do you take it or leave it?
Did she go to school or stay at home?
Ba is here, isnt here? Yes, he is./ No, he isnt.
Lan isnt here, is she? Yes, she is./ No, she isnt.
You can go, cant you? Yes, I can./ No I cant.
You cant go, can you? Yes, I can./ No I cant.
She hasnt gone, has she? Yes, she has.
We shall have class tomorrow, shant we? Yes, we shall./ No, we shant.
She speaks English, doesnt she? Yes, she does./ No She doesn.
The children dont play football, do they? Yes, they do./ No they dont.
Who knows that man?
Who teaches you English?
What is on the table?
What shines at night?
Whose dog bit the girl?
What do you see?
What did they learn last week?
Why did you stay at home?
Which of these books do you prefer?
Whose bicycle are you riding?
What languages can he speak?
When is she coming to see us?

Who(m) did you see?

How does she come?
Command/ Request
(Pray)(Dont) V...?
Pray, Question
Question, Pray
S pray(s)...
Open the door!
Come in!
Dont be late!
Give me a book, please.
Please lend me your dictionary.
Pass the sugar, please.
Will you come in?
Wont you go out?
Will you please come to tea tomorrow?
Would you (please) come this way?
Would you mind passing the sugar?
Do you mind smoking?
Lets go out.
Pray dont speak so loud = Please dont speak so loud.
Pray, dont mention it.
Pray ((tell me), what is your name?
Where did you go lastnight, pray?
Dont leave me, pray you.
I pray you to think again.
Exclamatory Sentence
How adj
What n
There pro v
There v n
How beautiful it is!
What a beautiful girl!
There he comes!
There comes a foreigner!
CHNG III: DANH T (Noun)

Proper
Nouns
Mary Smith,
President
Obama,
Lassie (dogs
name), Cairo,
Berlin, The
Apls

Nouns
Common Nouns
Concrete Nouns
Countable
Uncountable
house, cat
water, rice

Abstract Nouns
Countable
Uncountable
life, problem
advice, fun

Countable (1) and Uncountable (2) Nouns

(1) boy, book, orange, table, idea, hour, etc
(2) water, ink, beer, milk, tea, coffee, juice, etc; air, steam, bread, chalk,
paper, sugar, etc; time, money, knowledge, trouble, food, traffic, weather,
etc
(*)
A glass is made of glass.
You can throw a stone at a wall made of stone.
(**)
a book, an apple books, apples
(***)
You must put sugar in coffee, not salt!
It is easy to break glass.
Is it paper? No, it is chalk.
I like music.
We fight for freedom.
(****)
Pass me a sheet of paper.
He eats two slices of bread.
I buy a bottle of ink.
Give me a piece of chalk.
We drank two cups of coffee.
I drank a glass of beer.
I bought a loaf of bread.

Mary bought me some soap, I bought three bars too.

She bought some butter, I bought one killogram.
I have a tube of toothpaste.
Tell me a bit of news.
(*****)
Countable Nouns
Singular
Plural
a boy
some boys
an orange
some oranges
the boy
the boys
the orange
the oranges
boys
oranges
Oranges grow in DaLat.

Uncountable Nouns
some coffee
some water
the coffee
the water
coffee
water

He like oranges.
Coffee grows in state farms.
I like coffee.
We drank two cups of coffee.
Compound Nouns /X X/
n

adj n
V-ing n

schoolboy, headmaster, toothbrush, horse-race, fountainpen, railroadman, sugar-cane

blackbird, blackboard, grand-parent, high-speed
running water, working people, waiting patient, travelling
circus
sitting-room, dinning-room, looking-glass, walking-stick,
dancing-teacher
lands-end, sportsman, salesman

Possesive Case
n
v n
pickpocket, breakfast, sunshine, blowpipe
adj v
whitewash
adv v
overlook, farewell, insight
phrase
forget-me-not, Mr. so-and-so, merry-go-round
steel pen, cardboard box
twelve-xu stamp, pound note, penny worth
village church, country-side, townsfolk
tea-cup, race-horse, carving knife, tooth-brush
afternoon class, night-bird
ploughshare, Indiaman, Englishman
ice-cream, wolf-dog
(*) (word group) /,Z Z/

a black bird, gold ring, lady doctor, stone wall, a peopls policeman, HaNoi
University
(**)
a race-horse, a horse-race, lawn-tennis, a tennis-lawn, a flower-garden, a garden
flower, a Grammar School, a school grammar, lamp-oil, an oil-lamp
(***)
a tea cup, a beer glass, a match box, a milk bottle, a pill box, a tablet tube
I drink a cup of tea.
Have a glass of beer, please.
I buy a bottle of ink.
Give me a box of matches.
Functions
The boy opens the door.
He is a clever boy.
I see the boy.
I give the book to my friend.
I tell the boy a story.
They look at the blackboard.
I wait for my friend.
This is the book of the library.
He is in the room.
There is a cup of coffee on the table.
The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
Modifiers
fine weather
a funny story
five pages, page five
the second floor
the eight form
my father
every worker
this room
the rising sun

an interesting story
the written test
generations to come
the letter to be posted
birthday presents
a news report
Number
/z/
dogs, bells, tables, apples, taxis, cows, bananas, bees, doves, keys, etc
/s/
roofs, chiefs, safes, gulfs, books, locks, tasks, physics, caps, maps, lips, hopes,
cats, pots, months, smiths, healths, cloths, etc
(-) baths, booths, clothes, mouths, oaths, paths, sheaths, truths, wreaths, youths
/iz/
pieces, sentences, glasses, nurses, boxes, axes, villages, bridges, sizes, breezes,
churches, watches, dishes, brushes
s, sh,
ch, x, z
ES

O ES

glass
glasses,
brush
brushes,
watch
watches,
church
churche
s, box
boxes,
buzz
buzzes,
etc

potato potatoes, tomato

tomatoes, hero heroes, echo
echoes, negro negroes, volcano
volcanoes, cargo cargoes, etc

bambo
os,
cookoo
s,
folios,
radios,
studios
, etc

pianos,
photos,
dynamos,
magnetos,
kilos,
mementos
, solos,
archipelag
os

mosquitos/
mosquitoes,
mango/mang
oes, etc

conY >>
IES
vowY >>
YS
lady
ladies,
story
stories,
country
countries
, family
families,
fly flies,
army
armies,
etc
boy
boys,
key
keys,
valley
valleys,
donkey
donkeys,
etc

>>

VES

leaf leaves, wife

wives, thief
thieves, loaf
loaves, half
halves, shelf
shelves, wolf
wolves, knife knives
beliefs,
scarfs/
chiefs,
scarves,
cliffs,
staffs/st
dwarfs, av-es,
gulfs,
hoofs/
griefs,
hooves,
handker wharfs/
ch-iefs,
wharve
proofs,
s, etc
roofs,
safes

man men
tooth teeth
goose
geese
ox oxen

woman
women
foot feet
mouse mice
child
children

axis axes, datum data, bacillus bacilli, erratum - errata

crisis crises, hypothesis hypotheses, phenomenon phenomena, oasis
oases
virtuoso virtuosi, dilettante dilettanti
beau beaux, Mr. Messrs, bureau bureaux, tableau tableaux
Singul
ar
foot
horse
penny
brothe
r
people
index
formul
a

Plural (#
meaning)
feet
foot
horses horse
pennie pence
s
brethr
brothe en
rs
people
people indice
s
s
indexe formul
s
ae
formul
as
Please give me six pennies for this sixpence.
The streets are crowded with people.
The people in the district like the new teacher.
The peoples of VB are brave and intelligent.
# meaning
Singular
Plural
care
cares
compass
compasse
custom
s
drawer
customs
fruit
drawers
hair
fruits
pain
hairs
physic
pains
spectacle
physics
spectacles
Custom requires us to stand when the national anthem is played.
The customs formalities are simple.
Her hair falls over her shoulders.

I have my hair cut.

My mother has gray hair.
My mother has gray hairs.
My cat has a fine coat of hair.
Do you eat much fruit?
What fruits are in season now?
His knowledge is the fruits of long study.
I take a good dose of physic.
Physics is (are) taught by Professor Ba.
Its a fine spectacle.
The drunken man was a sad spectacle.
He sees everything through rose-coloured spectables.
n (Vsing)
advice, knowledge, progress, rubbish, information, furniture, luggage, money,
etc
You must follow the doctors advice.
My knowledge of English is poor.
I have six pieces of luggage.
He makes progress in his studies.
n (Vplu)
people, braces, breeches, drawers, pants, trousers, clothes, glasses, commons,
police, public, cattle, scissors, scales, tongs, bellows, goods, etc
The streets are crowded with people.
There were few people present.
Half his goods were sold.
He buys and sells leather goods.
I sent my bicycle by goods train.
He has twenty head of cattle.
Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.
The public are not admitted.
The police have not made any arrests.
n (Vsing/plu)
mumps, measles, news, tidings, means, rickets, politics, phonetics,
mathematics, optics, billiards, barracks, headquarters, wages, amends, alms,
works, species, etc

sheep, deer, swine, poultry, cannon, craft, etc

His mathematics are weak.
Mathematics is his weak subject.
Politics is now taught in all schools.
Politics sometimes have (has) good influence on character.
No news is good news.
The tidings come(s) true.
Here is the news. Here are some interesting news.
Measles is an infectious disease.
The poultry are being fed.
The sheep are in the field.
His sheep is fat.
a (several) swine
a glass-works, a barracks
A full amends was made.
The Plural of Compound Nouns
schoolrooms, armchairs, housewives,
men
ladydoctors, girlguides, boy friends,
drivers/doctors/students/servants,
watch repairers, boy scouts, motor
women
shows, aid-servants
drivers/doctors/students/servants, etc
handfuls, breakdowns, forget-me-nots,
grown-ups, merry-go-rounds, etc
(-) fathers-in-law, lookers-on, passersby, commanders-in-chiefs
The Plural of Proper Nouns
We invited the Browns/ the two Mr. Browns/ the Miss Browns/ the two Miss
Browns.
Nationalities
(*) n/adj
() (Nsing) German, Russian, Arab, Cuban, Mogolian, etc
(Nplu) Germans, Russians, Arabs, etc
(adj) German, Russian, etc
There are four Russian girls in our hotel!
() (Nsing/plu) Vietnamese, Chinese, Janpanese
(adj) Vietnamese, Chinese, etc

The Vietnamese are essentially a peace-loving people.

I am a Vietnamese.
the Vienamese Academic of Science
(**)
(Nplu) Spaniards, Turks, Britons, Jews
(adj) Spanish, Turkish, British, Jewish
(***)
(adj) an English book, a French dictionary
(n) the English, an Englishman, some Englishwomen
Capitals
Vietnam, England, London, Mary, etc
the French language, Scotch whisky, an English book, two Russian girls, the
Hungarian folklore, etc
Peter the Great, the Lord Mayor of London, etc
He speaks Spanish.
God, Good Heavens, Christ, Buddha
Read the Bible
They trusted in God that He would save His people.
January, February, March, etc
Sunday, Monday, etc
English Sentence Structure
A Midsummer Nights Dream
Dr, Mr, Miss, Mrs, Dear Sir
Yours faithfully/ Yours sincerely
He said, What do you want?
This is the house, said Tom, where I was born!
a word beginning a sentence or using to personify
spring, summer, autumn, winter
east, west, south, north