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Domestic Hot Water System - Design Procedure

A domestic hot water system design procedure
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The design of a hot water system may follow the procedure below:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Determine the demand of hot water - quantity and temperature

Selecting the type, capacity and heating surface of the calorifier - or heat exchanger
Selecting the boiler
Design pipe scheme and size pipes

The Demand of Hot Water - quantity and temperature

Hot water is normally supplied to the fittings and consumers at 50 - 60 oC. For canteens and professional kitchen a temperature of 65 oC are required
to satisfy most hygienic standards. Hot water should not be stored at temperatures below 60 oC (140 oF) to avoid the risk of legionella.
Where a lower temperatures are necessary for safety reasons - as in kindergartens, centers for disabled etc. - the hot water temperature should not
exceed 40 - 50 oC.
Note! The hot water can be stored at higher temperatures and reduced to supply temperature by mixing with cold water in blender valves. Storing hot
water at a higher temperature increases the systems overall capacity and reduces the need of storage volume.
The quantity of hot water is determined by number of occupants and their consumption habits.

The type, capacity and heating surface of calorifier - or heat exchanger

A hot water accumulator will reduce the required maximum heat supply. The heat supply capacity to a system with an accumulator can be calculated
as:
H = 4.19 V (q2- q1) / t (1)
where
H = heat supply capacity (kW)
V = accumulator volume stored (liter)
q1 = temperature of the cold feed water (oC)
q2 = temperature of the hot water (oC)
t = available time for the accumulated volume to be heated (sec)
(1) can be modified to express heated accumulated volume if heat supply capacity and available time for heating is known:
V = Ha ta / 4.19 (q2 - q1) (1b)
where
Ha = heat supply available (kW)
ta = heating time available (sec)
With an instantaneous heater with no accumulating calorifier the heat supply can be calculated as:
H = 4.19 v (q2 - q1) (2)
where
v = required volume flow (liter/s)
The heating surface of a heat exchanger can be calculated as:
A = 1000 H / k qm (3)
where
A = heating surface (m 2)

H = rate heating (kW)

k = overall heat transmission coefficient (W/m 2K)
qm = logarithmic mean temperature difference (K)
Heat transmission coefficient depends material and construction of the calorifier.

The boiler
Boiler with the correct rating must be selected from manufacturer catalogs where
Boiler rating = Heating capacity of calorifier + safety margin (normally 10 - 20%)

Design pipe scheme and size pipes

The maximum volume flow through connection pipes to fittings and other equipment is determined by the maximum demand of each consumer or
fitting.
The maximum volume flow through main pipes is determined by the maximum demand of the fittings and statistic demand based on the number and
types of fittings and equipment supplied.
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Related Topics
Water Systems - Hot and cold water systems - design properties, capacities, sizing and more

Related Documents
Design of Domestic Water Supply Systems - An introduction to general design of Domestic Water-supply Systems with pressurized and
gravity tanks
Legionella - Legionella pneumophila - bacterium that thrives in water supply and air conditioning systems - causing Legionnairs disease
Hot Water Consumption of Fixtures - Design hot water consumption of fixtures - basins, showers, sinks and baths
Hot and Cold Water Pipes Sizing - Recommended dimensions of hot and cold water pipes
Hot Water Consumption per Occupant - Consumption of hot water per person or occupant
Cold Water Storage per Occupant - Cold water storage for occupants in common types of buildings as factories, hospitals, houses and
more
Hot Water Flow Rates to Fixtures - Hot water consumption of some common equipment as basins, sinks, baths and showers
Hot-Water Storage Tank Dimensions with Capacities - Dimensions and capacities of hot-water storage tanks
Maximum Flow Velocities in Water Systems - Water velocities in pipes and tubes should not exceed certain limits
Water Usage and Activity - Average water usage per activity

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