Conjunctions

Group members:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Dio Akbar Hakim

Mazaya Btari Gina
Nadya Guna Pratiwi
Yasinta Agustina

What is a conjunction?
A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences. Conjunctions are considered to be invariable grammar particle, and they
may or may not stand between items they conjoin.
There are several different types of conjunctions that do various jobs within sentence
structures. These include:
1. Subordinating conjunctions Also known as subordinators, these
conjunctions join dependent clauses to independent clauses.
2. Coordinating conjunction Also known as coordinators, these conjunctions
coordinate or join two or more sentences, main clauses, words, or other parts
of speech which are of the same syntactic importance.
3. Correlative conjunction These conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to
join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence.
4. Conjunctive adverbs While some instructors do not teach conjunctive
adverbs alongside conjunctions, these important parts of speech are worth a
mention here. These adverbs always connect one clause to another, and are
used to show sequence, contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships.
When people first learn to write, they usually begin with short, basic sentences like
these: My name is Ted. I am a boy. I like dogs. One of the most important jobs

conjunctions do is to connect these short sentences so they sound more like this: I
am a boy named Ted, and I like dogs.
There are a few important rules for using conjunctions. Remember them and you will
find that your writing flows better:
1. Conjunctions are for connecting thoughts, actions, and ideas as well as
nouns, clauses, and other parts of speech. For example: Mary went to the
supermarketand bought oranges.
2. Conjunctions are useful for making lists. For example: We made pancakes,
eggs,and coffee for breakfast.
3. When using conjunctions, make sure that all the parts of your sentences
agree. For example: I work busily yet am careful does not agree. I work
busily yet carefullyshows agreement.

Examples of Conjunctions
There are only a few common conjunctions, yet these words are used to connect
words and phrases in writing of all kinds. The conjunctions commonly used in
American English are:
And

Or

As

Nor

Because

So

But

Yet

For

In the following examples, the conjunctions are italicized for easy recognition.

I tried to hit the nail but hit my thumb instead.

I have two goldfish and a cat.
Id like a bike for commuting to work.
You can have peach ice cream or a brownie sundae.
Neither the black dress nor the gray one looks right on me.
My dad always worked hard so we could afford the things we wanted.
I try very hard in school yet I am not receiving good grades.

1. Subordinating Conjunctions
What is a subordinating conjunction?
Subordinating conjunctions are parts of speech that join dependent clauses to
independent clauses. Sometimes referred to as subordinators or subordinate
conjunctions, these important words and phrases may also introduce adverb
clauses.
Subordinating conjunctions are essential parts of complex sentences with include at
least two clauses, with one of the clauses being main (independent) and the other
being subordinate (dependent).
There is only one rule to remember about using subordinate conjunctions:
A subordinate conjunction performs two functions within a sentence. First, it
illustrates the importance of the independent clause. Second, it provides a transition
between two ideas in the same sentence. The transition always indicates a place,
time, orcause and effect relationship. For example: We looked in the metal canister,
whereGinger often hides her candy.
Subordinating Conjunctions List
There are many subordinating conjunctions. This list contains 25 of those most
commonly used.
After

Before

If

Although

By the time

In case

As

Even if

Now that

As soon as

Even though

Once

Because

Every time

Since

So that

Until

While

Than

When

Why

The first time

Whenever

Unless

Whether or not

Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions

In the following examples, the subordinating conjunctions have been italicized for
easy identification.
As Sherri blew out the candles atop her birthday cake, she caught her hair on fire.
Sara begins to sneeze whenever she opens the window to get a breath of fresh air.
When the doorbell rang, my dog Skeeter barked loudly.

2. Correlative Conjunctions
What is a correlative conjunction?
As suggested by their name, correlative conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to
join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence. Like many of
the most interesting parts of speech, correlative conjunctions are fun to use. At the
same time, there are some important rules to remember for using them correctly. In
these examples, the correlative conjunctions are bold.
1. When using correlative conjunctions, ensure verbs agree so your sentences
make sense.

For example: Every night, either loud music or fighting neighbors

wake John from his sleep.

2. When you use a correlative conjunction, you must be sure that pronouns
agree.

For example: Neither Debra nor Sally expressed her annoyance when
the cat broke the antique lamp.

3. When using correlative conjunctions, be sure to keep parallel structure intact.

Equal grammatical units need to be incorporated into the entire sentence.

For example: Not only did Mary grill burgers for

Michael, but she also fixed a steak for her dog, Vinny.

Correlative Conjunctions List

There are many pairs of correlative conjunctions. This list contains many of the most
commonly ased pairs.

As / as

Just as / so

Rather / than

Both / and

Neither / nor

Scarcely / when

Either / or

Not only / but also

What with / and

Hardly / when

No sooner / than

Whether / or

If / then

Not / but

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

In the following examples, the correlative conjunctions have been italicized for

easy identification.
She is both intelligent and beautiful.
I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV.
Jerry is neither rich nor famous.
He is not only intelligent, but also very funny.
Would you rather go shopping or spend the day at the beach?

3. Coordinating Conjunctions
What is a coordinating conjunction?
Coordinating conjunctions coordinate or join two or more sentences, main clauses,
words, or other parts of speech which are of the same syntactic importance. Also
known as coordinators, coordinating conjunctions are used to give equal emphasis
to a pair of main clauses.
As there are only seven of these words, there are just a few rules for using
coordinating conjunctions correctly:
1. Its a good idea to use the mnemonic FANBOYS to memorize coordinating
conjunctions so youll never forget them. They are:
F = for
A = and
N = nor
B = but
O= or
Y = yet
S = so
2. Coordinating conjunctions always connect phrases, words, and clauses. For
example: This batch of mushroom stew is savory and delicious.
3. Some instructors warn that starting a sentence with a coordinating conjunction
is incorrect. Mostly, this is because they are attempting to help prevent you
from writing fragments rather than complete sentences; sometimes though,
its just a personal preference. The fact is, you can begin sentences with
coordinating conjunctions as long as you follow these three rules for doing so:
Ensure that the coordinating conjunction is immediately followed by a

main clause
Dont use coordinating conjunctions to begin all of your sentences. Do

so only when it makes your writing more effective.

Although commas typically follow coordinating conjunctions used in
areas other than the beginning of a sentence, they should not be used

after coordinating conjunctions used to open sentences unless an

interrupter immediately follows.

Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions

In the following examples, the coordinating conjunctions have been italicized for
easy identification.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

You can eat your cake with a spoon or fork.

My dog enjoys being bathed but hates getting his nails trimmed.
Bill refuses to eat peas, nor will he touch carrots.
I hate to waste a drop of gas, for it is very expensive these days.

4. Conjunctive adverbs
What is a conjunctive adverb?
Conjunctive adverbs are parts of speech that are used to connect one clause to
another. They are also used to show sequence, contrast, cause and effect, and other
relationships.
Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs may be moved around in the sentence or
clause in which they appear. This is just one of the things youll need to remember;
additional rules for using conjunctive adverbs follow:
1. Always use a period or semicolon before the conjunctive adverb when
separating two independent clauses. Conjunctive adverbs are not strong
enough to join independent clauses without supporting punctuation.
2. Use a comma if a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so appears between the
conjunctive adverb and the first clause.
3. Use a comma behind conjunctive adverbs when they appear at the beginning
of a sentences second clause. The only exception to this rule is that no
comma is necessary if the adverb is a single syllable.
4. If a conjunctive adverb appears in the middle of a clause, it should be
enclosed in commas most of the time. This is not an absolute rule and does
not normally apply to short clauses.
Conjunctive adverbs List
5. There are many conjunctive adverbs in fact, there are many more of these
than there are common conjunctions. Here is a comprehensive list of conjunctive
adverbs.
6. Accordingly

7. Additionally

8. Again

9. Almost

26. Hence

43. Nonetheless

10. Anyway

27. Henceforth

44. Notably

11. As a result

28. However

45. Now

12. Besides

29. In addition

46. On the other

hand

13. Certainly

30. In comparison
47. Otherwise

14. Comparatively

31. In contrast
48. Rather

15. Consequently

32. In fact
49. Similarly

16. Contrarily

33. Incidentally
50. Still

17. Comparatively

34. Indeed
51. Subsequently

18. Consequently

35. Instead
52. That is

19. Conversely

36. Just as
53. Then

20. Elsewhere

37. Likewise

21. Equally

38. Meanwhile

22. Eventually

39. Moreover

23. Finally

40. Namely

54. Thereafter
55. Therefore
56. Thus
57. Undoubtedly
24. Further

41. Nevertheless
58. Uniquely

25. Furthermore
59.

42. Next

60.

61. Examples of Conjunctive adverbs

62. The conjunctive adverbs in the following examples have been italicized for
easy identification.

Jeremy kept talking in class; therefore, he got in trouble.

She went into the store; however, she didnt find anything she wanted to buy.
I like you a lot; in fact, I think we should be best friends.
Your dog got into my yard; in addition, he dug up my petunias.
Youre my friend; nonetheless, I feel like youre taking advantage of me.
My car payments are high; on the other hand, I really enjoy driving such a
nice vehicle.

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