Epistemología de La Discapacidad

Vol.
16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012
[Nmero publicado el 3 de diciembre del 2012]
Revista Electrnica Educare
URL: http://www.una.ac.cr/educare
Miradas epistemolgicas desde distintas perspectivas tericas

sobre la discapacidad
Epistemological Views from Different Theoretical Perspectives of Disability
Marie Claire Vargas Dengo1
Divisin de Educacin Bsica

Centro de Investigacin y Docencia en Educacin
Universidad Nacional
Heredia, Costa Rica
educare@una.ac.cr
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Resumen.&TUFBSUDVMPQSFTFOUBEJTUJOUBTQFSTQFDUJWBTUFSJDBTZTVTBQSPYJNBDJPOFTFQJTUFNPMHJDBT
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Keywords.5IFPSFUJDBMQFSTQFDUJWFT BQQSPBDIFT FQJTUFNPMPHJDBMBQQSPBDIFT NPEFMT EJTBCJMJUJFT
.TUFSFO$VSSDVMVNF*OTUSVDDJODPOOGBTJTFO&EVDBDJO&TQFDJBM#JMJOHFEF5IF(FPSHF8BTIJOHUPO6OJWFSTJUZ 64"%PDUPSBOEB
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Marie Claire Vargas Dengo
Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons
145
Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012
A manera de introduccin
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EJTDBQBDJEBE DPNP UFNB EF FTUVEJP EFTEF EJTUJOUBT QFSTQFDUJWBT &O MBT DJFODJBT EF MB
TBMVE TPCSFUPEPBQBSUJSEFMBTFHVOEBNJUBEEFMTJHMP9*9 TFBEPQUBVOBWJTJONEJDB
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MBFEVDBDJOZMBTPDJPMPHB 0MJWFS
4VQSPQTJUPFTFYQMJDBSDNPMBTQFSTPOBTTJO
EJTDBQBDJEBE QFSDJCFO B MBT QFSTPOBT DPO EJTDBQBDJEBE Z DNP FTUP JOGMVZF FO FM USBUP
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Perspectivas tericas en el estudio de la discapacidad
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ilustra en la Tabla 1.
a) Perspectiva positivistaFOFMDBNQPEFMBQTJDPMPHB MBJOWFTUJHBDJOTPCSFEJTDBQBDJEBE
EFDPSUFDJFOUGJDPQPTJUJWJTUBDPCSBBVHFFOMBQSJNFSBNJUBEEFMTJHMP99 QSJODJQBMNFOUF
FO &TUBEPT 6OJEPT -B QFSTQFDUJWB positivista TF GPDBMJ[B FO DBSBDUFSTUJDBT PCKFUJWBT FO
USNJOPTEFDPOEVDUBTPCTFSWBCMFTZNFEJCMFT
b) Perspectiva cognitiva TF EFTBSSPMMB FO DPOUSBQPTJDJO BM DPOEVDUJTNP B QBSUJS EF MB
TFHVOEBNJUBEEFMTJHMP99 UBOUPFO&TUBEPT6OJEPTDPNPFO&VSPQB&TUBQFSTQFDUJWB
TFDFOUSBFOFTUVEJBSZFYQMJDBSMBTGVODJPOFTZQSPDFTPTDPHOJUJWPT
c) Perspectiva interpretativa UJFOF PSJHFO FO MB QTJDPMPHB FYQFSJNFOUBM EF8VOEU 'BSS

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DPMFDUJWB EF TJHOJGJDBEPT EFSJWB FO FM FOGPRVF EFM JOUFSBDDJPOJTNP TJNCMJDP Z NT
SFDJFOUFNFOUF FOMBUFPSBEFMBTSFQSFTFOUBDJPOFTTPDJBMFT
d) Perspectiva sociocrtica:TFEFTBSSPMMBEFTEFMBTPDJPMPHBTPTUJFOFRVFMBTSFMBDJPOFTEF
QPEFSFTUOEFUFSNJOBEBTQPSMBTCBTFTFTUSVDUVSBMFTEFMBTPDJFEBE #BSOFT 0MJWFS

JOGMVFODJBQPTUVSBTQFEBHHJDBT QTJDPMHJDBT QPMUJDBTZTPDJBMFT
146
Tabla 1
Perspectivas tericas, aproximaciones epistemolgicas y miradas a la discapacidad
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"QSPYJNBDJOFQJTUFNPMHJDB
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Positivista
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Rasgos deficitarios
atributos individuales
Cognitiva
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FTUFSFPUJQPTZQSFKVJDJPT
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"TVNFRVFOPFYJTUFVOBWFSEBEPCKFUJWB ZQPSUBOUP MPT

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JOUFSQSFUBDJORVFTFIBHBEFMBSFBMJEBE
Construcciones sociales
4PDJPDSUJDB
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PQSFTJOQSFTVQPOFSFMBDJPOFTEFQPEFSFOSFMBDJODPO
MBBDVNVMBDJOEFMDBQJUBMZMBTCBTFTFTUSVDUVSBMFTEFMB
sociedad.
3FMBDJPOFTPQSFTJWBT
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TVQVFTUPTRVFBTVNFFOTVBQSPYJNBDJOFQJTUFNPMHJDB FOUFOEJEBFTUBDPNPMBGPSNBEF
BDFSDBSTFBMBSFBMJEBERVFTFDPOPDFZBMBSFMBDJORVFFOFTFBDFSDBNJFOUPTFFTUBCMFDFFOUSF
MB QFSTPOB DPHOPTDFOUF FM PCKFUP EFM DPOPDJNJFOUP Z FM DPOPDJNJFOUP NJTNP -BT EJTUJOUBT
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" QBSUJS EF MBT EJTUJOUBT QFSTQFDUJWBT UFSJDBT JEFOUJGJDBEBT TF PSJHJOBO DJODP FOGPRVFT
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Distintas miradas a la discapacidad desde las diferentes perspectivas tericas
a. La mirada de los atributos individuales
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DBSBDUFSTUJDBT JOEJWJEVBMFT Z BUSJCVJS MB DPOEJDJO EF EJTDBQBDJEBE B MB QFSTPOB FO USNJOPT
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MB GPSNBDJO EF BDUJUVEFT IBDJB MBT QFSTPOBT DPO EJTDBQBDJEBE TPCSF VOB CBTF DPOEVDUVBM
SFBDUJWBBOUFBUSJCVUPTJOEJWJEVBMFT TFHOMPFYQSFTBMBTJHVJFOUFEFGJOJDJOEF"MMQPSU

TPCSFMBBDUJUVE
147
6OB EJTQPTJDJO NFOUBM Z OFVSPMHJDB RVF TF PSHBOJ[B B QBSUJS EF MB FYQFSJFODJB RVF
FKFSDFVOBJOGMVFODJBEJSFDUSJ[PEJONJDBTPCSFMBTSFBDDJPOFTEFMJOEJWJEVPSFTQFDUPEF
UPEPTMPTPCKFUPTZBUPEBTMBTTJUVBDJPOFTRVFMFTDPSSFTQPOEFO Q.

b. La mirada de las percepciones
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QPSTVBQBSJFODJB FOFTUFDBTP QPSMBNBOJGFTUBDJOWJTJCMFEFTVEJTDBQBDJEBE&TUFFOGPRVF
FYQMJDB RVF MP RVF TF QFSDJCF DPNP EJGFSFOUF TF SFDIB[B MP OP GBNJMJBS QSPWPDB FNPDJPOFT
OFHBUJWBT P SFTJTUFODJB MB QSPYJNJEBE DPO MP OP GBNJMJBS QSPEVDF VO FGFDUP QFSDFQUVBM RVF
HFOFSBKVJDJPT QSFDPODFQDJPOFT DPNPUBNCJO BDUJUVEFTOFHBUJWBT
c. La mirada de las actitudes, los estereotipos y los prejuicios
&MFTUVEJPEFMBTBDUJUVEFTDPCSBJNQPSUBODJBEFOUSPEFMBQTJDPMPHBTPDJBMZBRVFHSBO
QBSUF EF MBT DPOEVDUBT TPDJBMFT EF MPT JOEJWJEVPT TF NBOJGJFTUBO DPNP BDUJUVEFT IBDJB MBT
EFNTQFSTPOBT%BEPRVFMBTBDUJUVEFTZMPTQSFKVJDJPTTFPSJHJOBOFOQSPDFTPTEFJOUFSBDDJO
DPOPUSBTQFSTPOBT TFEFOPNJOBOABDUJUVEFTTPDJBMFT
4FHO3PESHVF[
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VOBDSFFODJBPJEFBZTFFYQSFTBOFOVODPNQPSUBNJFOUPPBDDJO4FQVFEFFTUBCMFDFSVOB
SFMBDJO FOUSF QSFKVJDJP FTUFSFPUJQP Z BDUJUVE ZB RVF FM QSFKVJDJP FT FM DPNQPOFOUF BGFDUJWP
EF MB BDUJUVE FM FTUFSFPUJQP FM DPNQPOFOUF DPHOJUJWP Z MB BDUJUVE MB FYQSFTJO DPOEVDUVBM
EFBNCPT&OFTUBMOFB TFFOUJFOEFRVFMBBDUJUVEFTVOBNBOJGFTUBDJODPOEVDUVBM FTEFDJS
JNQMJDBVODPNQPSUBNJFOUP NJFOUSBTRVFMPTQSFKVJDJPTZMPTFTUFSFPUJQPTOPOFDFTBSJBNFOUF
TF NBOJGJFTUBO FO DPNQPSUBNJFOUPT TJ CJFO QVFEFO QSPWPDBSMPT 4JO FNCBSHP QBSB PUSBT
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DPOTJTUFOFODSFFODJBTRVFTFUJFOFOBDFSDBEFVOHSVQP QPSMPHFOFSBMNJOPSJUBSJPBMBQMJDBSMPT
JOEJWJEVBMNFOUFBMBTQFSTPOBTRVFQFSUFOFDFOBFTFHSVQP TFDPOWJFSUFOFOQSFKVJDJPT 'JTLF

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148
-PTQSFKVJDJPTIBDJBMBTQFSTPOBTDPOEJTDBQBDJEBE DPNPIBDJBMBEJTDBQBDJEBENJTNB
TFIBOCBTBEPFODSFFODJBTUBMFTDPNPRVFMBEJTDBQBDJEBEQSPEVDFJOGFMJDJEBEZTVGSJNJFOUP
P RVF MBT QFSTPOBT DPO EJTDBQBDJEBE TPO JODBQBDFT EF BDFQUBSMB Z MMFWBS VOB WJEB DPNP MB
EF DVBMRVJFS PUSB QFSTPOB %F FTUBT DSFFODJBT TF EFSJWBO NVDIBT BDUJUVEFT OFHBUJWBT RVF
IBO TJEP NFEJEBT DPO FTDBMBT BDUJUVEJOBMFT 4JO FNCBSHP TFHO %FWJOF
MBT OVFWBT
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SBDJBMFTZ FOHFOFSBM QBSUFEFMBFWJEFOUFJODPOHSVFODJBFOUSFMBTSFTQVFTUBTNBOJGJFTUBTZMBT
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d. La mirada de las construcciones sociales
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QPSPUSPMBEP FMEFMBTSFQSFTFOUBDJPOFTTPDJBMFT
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JOUFSQSFUBDJORVFTFIBHBEFMBSFBMJEBE&TUFFOGPRVFTPTUJFOFRVFMBTQFSTPOBTTFDPOTUSVZFO
NVUVBNFOUF Z DPOTUSVZFO TJHOJGJDBEPT FO DPOKVOUP FO MB JOUFSBDDJO DPO MPT EFNT QPS MP
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MPTPDJBM MPTTJHOJGJDBEPT
ZMBJOUFSTVCKFUJWJEBE TFDPOTUSVZFOFOMBJOUFSBDDJOFOUSFMBTQFSTPOBT4FHO*CF[

iOBEB FT TPDJBM TJ OP FT JOTUJUVJEP FO FM NVOEP EF TJHOJGJDBEPT DPNVOFT QSPQJPT EF VOB
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DPOUFYUVBMZPUSPTGBDUPSFTRVFFODVFOUSBOJOUFSQSFUBDJOFOMPTFMFNFOUPTTJNCMJDPTEFMBT
FTUSVDUVSBT TPDJBMFT "M SFTQFDUP DBCF NFODJPOBS MPT BQPSUFT EF (PGGNBO
BM FTUVEJBS
MPT DPNQPSUBNJFOUPT F JOUFSBDDJPOFT TPDJBMFT Z BOBMJ[BS MPT QSPDFTPT EF FTUJHNBUJ[BDJO
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QPSUBOUP TFEFTWBMPSJ[BTVJEFOUJEBE&MMPJODJEFFOTVWJEB EBEBTMBTJNQMJDBDJPOFTTPDJBMFT
FEVDBUJWBT QPMUJDBTZMFHBMFT FOUSFPUSBT TFHOMPEFGJOBMBDPOTUSVDDJOTPDJBMRVFTFIBDFEF
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HSVQPFTUJHNBUJ[BEP
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B QBSUJS EF MBT SFMBDJPOFT EFM TVKFUP DPO FM NVOEP Z DPOTJHP NJTNP %FTEF FTUB NJSBEB MBT
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149
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e. La mirada sociocrtica
%FTEF MB NJSBEB TPDJPDSUJDB BVUPSFT DPNP 'JOLFMTUFJO
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GJTJPMHJDP Z B MB QTJDPMPHB QPS QSPQPOFS TV USBUBNJFOUP TJO DPOTJEFSBS MBT EJNFOTJPOFT
DPOUFYUVBMFT TPDJBMFT FO SFMBDJO DPO MBT CBSSFSBT RVF BGFDUBO FM EFTFOWPMWJNJFOUP EF MBT
QFSTPOBTFOFMFOUPSOP
Debates tericos en el estudio de la discapacidad
"QBSUJSEFMBTEJTUJOUBTNJSBEBTQSFTFOUBEBT TFJEFOUJGJDBVOBMOFBEFEFCBUFTPCSFFM
UFNB EF MBT BDUJUVEFT IBDJB MBT QFSTPOBT DPO EJTDBQBDJEBE EBEP RVF VOB DPSSJFOUF FNFSHF
EFTEF FM FOGPRVF DPOEVDUJTUB DPO MPT BQPSUFT EF "MMQPSU
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DPHOJUJWB DPOMPTBQPSUFTEF)FJEFS

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FMDPNQPSUBNJFOUPTPDJBMOPTFFTUVEJBCBFOUSNJOPTDPOEVDUVBMFT TJOPFOUSNJOPTEFQFSDFQDJO
EFCJEPBMBJOGMVFODJBEFMBQTJDPMPHBBMFNBOBZBVTUSBDBEFMB(FTUBMU&TUPTVDFEFFOQMFOPBVHF
EFMQPTJUJWJTNPFTUBEPVOJEFOTF QPSMPRVFMBTJOWFTUJHBDJPOFTTFEFTBSSPMMBOFOMBMOFBQPTJUJWJTUB
DPOMBBQMJDBDJOEFJOTUSVNFOUPTEFJOWFTUJHBDJOQBSBNFEJSMBTBDUJUVEFT UBMFTDPNPMBTFTDBMBT
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Referencias
"MMQPSU (
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A Handbook of Social Psychology
[Manual de psicologa social]
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"MUNBO #
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Handbook of Disability Studies [Manual de
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NPEFMPTPDJBM>Review of Disability Studies, 1

#BSOFT $ FOFSP
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$VFSQP EJTDBQBDJEBEZUSBZFDUPSJBTTPDJBMFT%PTFTUVEJPT
EFDBTPDPNQBSBEPTRevista de Antropologa Experimental, 8
3FDVQFSBEPEF
IUUQXXXVKBFOFTIVFTQFESBFBSUJDVMPTGFSSBOUFQEG
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1POFODJB QSFTFOUBEB FO FM *** DPOHSFTP OBDJPOBM EJTDBQBDJEBE Z VOJWFSTJEBE ;BSBHP[B
3FDVQFSBEPEFIUUQXXXVNFTEJTDBUJG5&03*"'FSSFJSB@;BSBHP[BQEG
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Attitudes and Disabled People: Issues for Discussion <Actitudes y personas
con discapacidad: Hechos para la discusin>. 8BTIJOHUPO %$ 8PSME 3FIBCJMJUBUJPO 'VOE
3FDVQFSBEP EF IUUQXXXMFFETBDVLEJTBCJMJUZTUVEJFTBSDIJWFVLGJOLFMTUFJOBUUJUVEFT
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en psicologa social>64" /:8JMFZ4POT
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Forms of talk<Formas de hablar>. 1IJMBEFMQIB6OJWFSTJUZPG1FOOTZMWBOOJB
Press.
)FJEFS ' OPWJFNCSF
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El
conocimiento de la realidad social. QQ
#BSDFMPOB4FOEBJ
+BTQBST +Z'SBTFS $
"UUJUVEFTBOE4PDJBM3FQSFTFOUBUJPOT<"DUJUVEFTZSFQSFTFOUBDJPOFT
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Social Representations <Representaciones
sociales> QQ
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-PV .
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Atencin a las
necesidades educativas especficas QQ
.BESJE&EJDJPOFT1JSNJEF
.PSSJT +
Pride against Prejudice: transforming attitudes to disability <Orgullo contra
prejuicio: Transformando actitudes hacia la discapacidad>.-POEPO5IF8PNFO}T1SFTT
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0O 4PDJBM 3FQSFTFOUBUJPO <4PCSF SFQSFTFOUBDJO TPDJBM> &O + 1 'PSHBT
$PNQ
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%FGJOJOH*NQBJSNFOUBOE%JTBCJMJUZ*TTVFTBU4UBLF<%FGJOJFOEPEFGJDJFODJBZ
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Disability, Handicap and Society, 8
3FDVQFSBEPEFIUUQXXXVNFTEJTDBUJG
130:&$50@%*4$"5*'5FYUPT@EJTDBQBDJEBE@4IBLFTQFBSFQEG
4IBLFTQFBSF 5Z8BUTPO /
5IFTPDJBMNPEFMPGEJTBCJMJUZBOPVUEBUFEJEFPMPHZ <&M
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8SJHIU #"
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$POTVMUBEPEF
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Nota: 1BSB DJUBS FTUF BSUDVMP FO PUSPT TJTUFNBT QVFEF DPOTVMUBS FM IJQFSWODVMP i$PNP DJUBS FM
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Revista Electrnica Educare

Miradas epistemolgicas desde distintas perspectivas tericas

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo1

Divisin de Educacin Bsica

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Revista Electrnica Educare

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Revista Electrnica Educare

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Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Revista Electrnica Educare

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Revista Electrnica Educare

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Revista Electrnica Educare

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Revista Electrnica Educare

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Revista Electrnica Educare

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Revista Electrnica Educare

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Revista Electrnica Educare

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

'BSS 3 

Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

Artculo protegido por licencia Creative Commons

Vol. 16, N 3, [145-155], ISSN: 1409-42-58, setiembre-diciembre, 2012

Revista Electrnica Educare

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Marie Claire Vargas Dengo

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