engel: Introduction to

Thermodynamics and Heat

Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

849

850

INDEX
A
Absolute entropy, 311
Absolute gas temperature scale, 30
Absolute pressure, 3334
Absolute temperatures, 276, 277
Absorptivity (a), 384, 668670
Acceleration of a body, work by, 7475
Acid rain, 9495
Adiabatic process, 67, 272273, 334341
efficiency, 334341
energy transfer by, 67
reversible compression, 273
reversible expansion, 272
steady-flow devices, efficiency of,
334341
Adiabatic fin tip, 433
Air, properties of, 796800, 839841
Air conditioners, 262
Ampere (A), unit of, 6
Annual fuel utilization (AFUE), 8586
Annulus, turbulent flow in an, 597
Approach velocity, 537
Approximate analysis of ideal gas, 319320,
322
Aspect ratio of enclosures, 631632
Average (mean) temperature, 573574
Average (mean) velocity, 201, 573574

B
Baffles, shell-and-pass heat exchangers, 715
Bar (bar), unit of, 33
Barometer, pressure measurement using,
3739
Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state, 143,
144
Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, 143,
144
Bessel functions (modified) for fin efficiency,
436
Biot number (Bi), 474475, 480481
Blackbody radiation, 384, 657663
emissive power, 657658
functions, 661663
Plancks law, 658
spectral emissive power, 658
StefanBoltzmann law, 384, 657,
660661
Weins displacement law, 659
Boltzmann constant, 311
Boundaries, 22, 72, 158165, 479499
movement of for mechanical work, 72
semi-infinite solids, 497499

system, 22
work, 158165
Boundary layers, 527528, 532536,
541542, 575578
buffer, 536
convection and, 527528
entrance region, 575
external forced convection and, 532536,
541542
friction coefficient for, 534, 541542
hydrodynamic entrance region, 575
internal forced convection and, 575578
irrotational (core) flow region, 575
Newtonian fluids and, 533
overlap, 536
Prandtl number for, 535
surface shear stress, 533
thermal, 534535, 575577
turbulent, 536
velocity, 527528, 532534, 575
viscosity, 527, 533534
viscous sublayer, 536
Bourdon tube, pressure measurement using,
4142
British thermal unit (Btu), 9
Buffer layer, 536
Buoyancy force, 612614, 627628

C
Caloric theory, 6768
Calorie (cal), unit of, 9
Candela (cd), unit of, 6
Capacity ratio (c) for heat exchangers, 740,
742743
Carnot cycle, 271273, 277283
absolute temperatures of, 277
coefficient of performance (COP),
281282
heat engine, 272, 277281
heat pump, 281283
refrigerator, 281283
reversed, 273
reversible processes of, 272273
Carnot principles, 273275
Celsius scale (!C), 2931
Centigrade scale, see Celsius scale
Characteristic equation (eigenfunction), 482
Characteristic length for lumped system
analysis, 474
Characteristic values (eigenvalue), 482
Chemical energy, 61
Chemical equilibrium, 26
Classical thermodynamics, 4

848

Clausius inequality, 296297

Clausius statement, 264
Clean Air Act, 93, 94
Closed systems, 22, 157196, 345
energy analysis of, 157196
energy balance for, 165170
enthalpy (h), 172184
entropy (S) balance of, 345
incompressible substances, 181184
internal energy (u), 172184
moving boundary work, 158165
specific heats, 170184
Coefficient of performance (COP), 260262,
281282
Colebrook equation, 595, 596
Combined heat transfer coefficient, 385, 404
Combustion efficiency, 85
Compact heat exchanger, 714715
Complementary error function, 496497
Compressed (subcooled) liquid, 112,
118119, 131132, 780, 824
phase-change processes of, 112, 118119,
131132
property diagrams, region of, 118119
property tables for, 131132
tables for, 780, 824
Compressibility (Z) factor, 137142
Compressibility chart, 140142, 808
Compressible flow, 530
Compressive force, pressure as a, 35
Compressors, 216218, 330334, 337339
entropy (S) and, 330334
intercooling for, 331332
isentropic efficiency of, 337339
multistage compression with
intercooling, 331332
steady flow and, 216218, 330334
work, minimization by entropy, 330334
Conduction, 68, 374381, 401470, 471524
energy transfer by, 68
Fouriers law of, 375
heat capacity, 379
heat transfer (Q) by, 374381
steady heat, 401470
temperature gradient for, 375
thermal conductivity and, 374379
thermal diffusivity, 379381
thermal resistance, 403407, 412419
transient heat, 471524
Conservation of energy principle, see First
law of thermodynamics
Conservation of mass, 200206
average velocity, 201
incompressible flow and, 204

847

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

mass balance, 202204

Conservation of massCont.
mass flow rate, 200201
principle, 202203
steady-flow processes and, 203204
volume flow rate, 201, 204
Constant pressure and volume, 170172,
174175, 181182
ideal gases, 174175
liquids, 181182
solids, 181182
specific heat at, 170171, 174175,
181182
Contact of two semi-infinite solid, 499502
Continuum, 24
Control volumes, 2223, 60, 199250,
345346
conservation of mass, 200206
energy analysis of, 199250
entropy (S) balance of, 345346
flow work, 206209
flowing fluids, 206232
mass balance for, 202204, 210, 226227
open systems as, 2223
steady flow, 203204, 210226
time rate of change for, 60
unsteady flow, 226232
Convection, 68, 382383, 433434, 525654
boundary layers, 527528, 532535
energy transfer by, 68
external forced, 525570
fin tip, from, 433434
fluid flows, classification of for, 529532,
535537
fluid motion and, 382383
forced, 382, 525610
heat transfer coefficient, 527, 542544,
553555
internal forced, 571610
natural (free), 382, 611654
Newtons law of cooling, 382, 526527
no-slip condition, 527528
Nusselt number for, 528529, 554555
physical mechanisms of, 526529
Prandtl number for, 535
Reynolds number for, 536537
Cooking appliances, efficiency of, 8688
Corrected length, finned surfaces, 433434
Correction factor (F) for heat exchangers,
729730
Counter-flow heat exchanger, 714, 728,
740741
Critical point, 117118, 766, 810
Critical radius of insulation, 426429
Critical Reynolds number, 536
Cross-flow heat exchanger, 715, 729730,
740741
Cross-strings method for view factors,
683685
Current, electrical power and, 71

Cycle of a system, 27, 80, 165

Cylinders, 420426, 478494, 549558,
619622, 632633
concentric enclosures, 632633
external forced convection over, 549570
flow across, 549558
heat transfer coefficient of, 553555
Heisler charts for, 485490
horizontal, 621622
multilayer, 422426
natural convection and, 619622, 632633
Nusselt numbers for, 554555, 619
one-term approximation of, 484485,
489490
steady heat conduction in, 420426
surface roughness, effect of on, 551553
transient heat conduction in, 478494
vertical, 620

D
Darcy friction factor for, 585586
Density (r), 2425
Depth, variation of pressure with, 3537
Diffuse reflection, 669
Diffusers, steady flow and, 213216
Dimensional homogeneity, 910
Dimensions, 611
homogeneity of, 910
primary, 69
secondary, 6, 1011
SI units and, 67
units and, 67
unity conversion ratios, 1011
Direction, sign convention for, 69
Double-pipe heat exchanger, 714, 740
Drag, 527, 537540
coefficient, 538
film temperature, 540
heat transfer and, 540
lift, 538
pressure, 538
separated region, 539
skin friction, 538539
surface, 527
velocity and, 537, 538
wake, 539
Ducts, steady flow and, 224226
Dynamic-type regenerative heat
exchanger, 717
Dynamic viscosity, 533534

E
Eddies in turbulent flow, 57
Effective thermal conductivity of enclosures,
630631
Effectiveness, 436439, 724, 735745
effectiveness-NTU method, 724, 735745
finned surfaces, 436439

heat exchangers, 724, 735745

heat transfer (e), 736
Effectiveness-NTU method, 724, 735745
Efficiency, 8492, 255259, 269, 277278,
334341, 434436
adiabatic, 334341
annual fuel utilization (AFUE), 8586
Carnot, 277278
combustion, 85
compressors, 337339
cooking appliances, 8688
electrical devices, 8892
energy conversion and, 8492
environmental impact from, 87
finned surfaces, 434436
fuel, heating value of, 85
generator, 86, 8990
heat engines, 255259, 277278
heat transfer, saving output of,
257259
heating value, 85
hot water heater, example of, 8485
isentropic, 334341
KelvinPlanck statement, 259
lighting efficacy, 86
mechanical devices, 8892
mechanical, 89
modified Bessel functions for, 436
motor, 8990
nozzles, 339341
overall (combined), 86, 90
pump, 89, 337339
second-law, 269
steady-flow devices, of, 334341
thermal, 255259, 277278
turbine, 89, 335336
useful pumping power, 89
Elastic solid bars, work on, 7374
Electric polarization work, 76
Electrical work, 71, 76, 8892
Electromagnetic spectrum, 655656
Electromagnetic waves and radiation,
383384, 654655
Emissivity (e), 384385, 664668, 805
blackbody power, 657658
blackbody spectral power, 658
spectral hemispherical, 664
surfaces of common materials, 665667,
805
total hemispherical, 664665
Enclosures, 629638, 691700
aspect ratio of, 631632
combined natural convection and
radiation, 633634
concentric cylinders as, 632633
concentric spheres as, 633
effective thermal conductivity of,
630631
horizontal rectangular, 631
inclined rectangular, 631632

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

Index
natural convection inside, 629638
radiation heat transfer in, 691700
three-surface, 693700
two-surface, 691693
vertical rectangular, 632
Energy, 35, 57108, 252294. See also
Heat transfer; Work
analysis, 7692
balance, 7778, 80
change of a system, 7879
chemical, 61
conservation of, 58, 7677
conversion, 8497
efficiency and, 8492
environment and, 9297
first law of thermodynamics and, 4,
7684
flow (work), 6465
forms of, 5965
heat transfer, 5, 62, 6669, 79
internal (U), 59, 6162
introduction to, 5859
kinetic, (KE), 5960
latent, 61
mass flow (m) rate, 60, 79
mechanical, 6465
nuclear, 6164
potential (PE), 60
quality of, 252253, 279281
reservoirs, 253
second law of thermodynamics and, 4, 5,
251294
sensible, 61
sink, 253
source, 253
stationary systems, 60, 7879
thermal, 62, 66, 253
thermodynamic systems and, 5960,
7879
thermodynamics as, 34, 57108
time rate of change for, 60
total (E), 59, 78
transfer, 62, 6876
transfer, 6676, 7980, 342343
work (W), transfer, 62, 6876, 79
Energy analysis, 7692, 157196, 199250
closed systems, 157196
conservation of mass and, 200206
control volumes, 199250
cycle, work output during, 80, 165
energy balance, 7778, 80, 165170
enthalpy (h), 172180, 181184
first law of thermodynamics for, 7684
flow work, 206209
incompressible substances, 181184, 204
internal energy (u), 172184
mechanisms of energy transfer, 69,
7980
mass balance, 202204, 210, 226227
moving boundary work, 158165

per unit mass, 80, 165

polytropic process, 163165
quasi-equilibrium process, 158162
rate form of heat transfer, 80, 165
specific heats, 170184
steady flow, of, 203204, 210226
unsteady flow, of, 226232
Energy balance, 7778, 80, 165170
closed systems, 165170
cycle, work output during, 80, 165
energy transfer and, 7778, 80
first law of thermodynamics and, 7778,
80
net heat input, 166
net work output, 166
per unit mass, 80, 165
rate form of energy transfer, 80, 165
Energy conversion, 8497
Energy efficiency rating (EER), 262
Energy transfer, 6676, 7780, 342343
energy balance and, 7778, 80
heat (Q), 5, 6669, 79
mass flow (m), 79
mechanisms of, 7980
rate of heat transfer for, 67, 80
work (W), 62, 6876, 79
Engineering equation solver (EES), 1415
English system of units, 69
dimensional constant for, 8
energy and, 9
force and, 79
fundamental dimensions of, 79
use of, 6
Enthalpy (h), 124125, 172184
closed systems, 172184
energy analysis and, 172184
ideal gases, of, 172180
liquids, changes of, 181184
property of, 124125
solids, changes of, 181184
vaporization, of, 125
Entrance region, 575578, 590, 596
boundary layer, 575
entry lengths, 576, 577578
fully developed, 575576
hydrodynamic, 575
irrotational (core) flow region, 575
laminar flow development in, 590
Nusselt numbers for, 577578, 590
thermal, 575577
turbulent flow development in, 596
velocity boundary layer, 575
Entropy (S) and, 124, 252, 295369
absolute, 311
balance, 341352
Boltzmann constant, 311
Clausius inequality, 296297
compressor work, minimization by,
330334
daily life and, 312314

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generation, 300, 302303, 312314,

342348
ideal gases, change of, 318326
incompressible substances, change of,
315318
increase of principle, 299303
internally reversible process, as a,
298299
isentropic efficiencies of steady-flow
devices by, 334341
isentropic processes and, 307308,
322326
isothermal heat transfer change from,
298299
liquids, change of, 315318
molecular disorder of, 310312
property diagrams involving, 308310
property tables and, 124
pure substances, change of, 303307
quality of energy from, 312
reversible process, as a, 296299,
326330
second law of thermodynamics and, 252,
296299
solids, change of, 315318
steady-flow work and, 326330
T ds relations and, 314315
third law of thermodynamics and, 311
total, 298
transfer, mechanisms of, 342348
Entropy balance, 341352
closed systems, 345
control volumes, 345346
entropy generation and, 344352
entropy transfer, mechanisms of, 342348
heat transfer and, 342343
mass flow and, 343
steady-flow process, for a, 346348
systems, entropy change of, 342
Environment, 87, 9297
acid rain, 9495
Clean Air Act, 9394
energy conversion and, 9297
energy efficiency, impact on, 87
global warming (climate change), 9597
greenhouse effect, 9597
ozone, 9394
pollution and, 9293
smog, 9394
Equations of state, 135137, 142146
Beattie-Bridgeman, 143144
Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 143144
ideal-gas, 135137
van der Waals, 142143
virial, 143145
Equilibrium, 2528
chemical, 26
mechanical, 26
phase, 26
processes and, 2628

850

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

EquilibriumCont.
state of systems and, 2526
thermal, 2526
Error function, 496
Exact analysis of ideal gas, 320321, 323
Exact differentials, 69
Extensive properties, 2324
External flow, 529
External forced convection, 525570
cylinders, flow across, 549558
drag in, 537540
flat plates and, 540549
friction coefficient for, 534, 541542
friction drag, 538539
heat transfer coefficient for, 542544,
553555
laminar flows, 535537
Nusselt number for, 528529, 554555
parallel flow, 540549
pressure drag, 538554
Reynolds number for, 536537
spheres, flow across, 549558
surface roughness, effect of on, 551553
turbulent flows, 535537
uniform heat flux, 545
velocity in, 537

F
Fahrenheit scale (!F), 29, 31
Film temperature, 540
Finned surfaces, 429443, 625629
adiabatic (negligible heat loss) fin tip, 433
Bessel functions (modified) for, 436
convection from fin tip, 433434
cooling by natural convection, 625626
corrected length of, 433434
effectiveness of, 436439
efficiency of, 434436
equations for, 430434
heat transfer from, 429443
infinitely long, 432433
length of fins for, 439441
mass flow rate between spaces of,
627628
natural convection and, 625629
steady heat conduction, for, 429443
First law of thermodynamics, 4, 5, 58,
7684
conservation of energy, 58, 7677
energy analysis using, 7684
energy balance and, 7778, 80
energy change of a system, 7879
energy transfer and, 7684
heat transfer (Q) and, 5, 79
mass flow (m) and, 79
mechanisms of energy transfer, 7980
thermodynamics and, 4
total energy (E), 7677
work (W) and, 79

Flow work, 6465, 206209

energy as, 6465, 207
flowing fluids and, 206209
mass, energy transport by, 208209
total energy (E) and, 207208
Flowing fluids, 206232, 326330, 334340.
See also Fluid flow;
Incompressible flow; Steady flow;
Unsteady flow
flow work and, 206232
total energy (E) of, 207208
mass, energy transport by, 208209
steady flow and, 210226
Fluid flow, 529532, 535537, 540558. See
also Flowing Fluids;
Incompressible flow; Steady flow;
Unsteady flow
classification of, 529532, 535537
compressible, 530
convection and, 529532, 535537,
540558
cylinders and spheres, across, 549558
external, 529
flat plates, over, 540549
forced, 530
incompressible, 530
internal, 529
inviscid, 529
laminar, 530, 535537
natural (unforced), 530
one-, two-, and three-dimensional,
531532
open-channel, 529
parallel, 540549
periodic, 531
Reynolds number for, 536537
steady, 531
surface roughness, effect of on, 551553
transient, 531
transition from laminar to turbulent,
535537
transitional, 530
turbulent, 530, 535537
uniform, 531
unsteady, 531
viscous, 529
Foot (ft), unit of, 7
Force, 6, 89, 35, 7276, 612614, 627628
buoyancy, 612614, 627628
compressive, pressure as a, 35
friction, 614
gravity (g), 89
mechanical work and, 7275
nonmechanical work and, 7576
units of, 6, 89
volume expansion coefficient, 613614
weight (W) as, 8
Forced convection, 382, 525610
external, 525570
internal, 571610

Forced flow, 530

Fouling factor, 719721
Fourier number (Fo), 480481, 490
Fouriers law of heat conduction, 375
Free convection, see Natural convection
Free-stream velocity, 537
Friction, 269270, 534, 537539, 541542,
614
coefficient, 534, 541542
drag, 538539
force, 614
irreversible process of, 269270
Fuel, heating value of, 85
Fusion, latent heat of, 114

G
Gage pressure, 3334
Gas constant (R), 135, 766, 810
Gases, 111, 135142, 174, 270, 766,
799800, 810, 842843. See also
Ideal gas
compressibility (Z) factor, 137142
constant (R), 135, 766, 810
expansion, irreversible process of
unrestrained, 270
ideal gas, 135137
molar mass (M), 135136, 766, 810
molecular phase of, 111
monatomic, 174
tables for, 766, 799800, 810, 842843
universal constant, 135136
General Conference on Weights and
Measures (CGPM), 67,
276277
Generator efficiency, 86, 8990
Global warming (climate change), 9597
Grashof number, 617618
Gravity force (g), 89
Greenhouse effect, 9597, 671

H
h-s diagram, 308309
Head loss, 586
Headers, shell-and-pass heat exchangers, 715
Heat, see Heat transfer; Thermal energy
Heat capacity, 379, 725
Heat engines, 254259, 275281
Carnot, 277281
KelvinPlanck statement, 259
quality of energy from, 279
thermal efficiency of, 255259, 277278
thermodynamic temperature scales and,
275277
waste energy, 257258
working fluid for, 254
Heat exchangers, 222224, 713763
analysis of, 724726
baffles, 715

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

Index
boilers as, 716, 726
capacity ratio (c) for, 740, 742743
compact, 714715
condensers as, 716, 726
correction factor (F) for, 729730
counter-flow, 714, 728, 740741
cross-flow, 715, 729730, 740741
double-pipe, 714, 740
effectiveness-NTU method, 724, 735745
fouling factor for, 719721
headers, 715
heat capacity rate, 725
heat transfer and, 713763
heat transfer effectiveness (e), 736
log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
method, 724, 726735
number of transfer units (NTU), 740743
overall heat transfer coefficient for,
716724
parallel-flow, 714, 741
plate and frame, 716
regenerative, 716
selection of, 746749
shell-and-tube, 715716, 729730, 741
space radiators as, 716
steady flow and, 222224
Heat flow, 66
Heat flux, 579580, 587588
Heat pumps, 259265, 281283
air conditioners, 262
air-source, 262
Carnot, 281282
Clausius statement, 264
coefficient of performance (COP),
261262, 281282
energy efficiency rating (EER), 262
refrigerators and, 259265, 281283
Heat reservoirs, 253
Heat transfer (Q), 1, 2, 56, 62, 6669,
7684, 257259, 270, 342343,
371763. See also Energy; Heat
Exchangers; Thermal sciences
adiabatic process and no, 67
caloric theory, 6768
conduction, 68, 374381, 401524
convection, 68, 382383, 525654
energy and, 5, 62, 6668
energy transfer mechanisms, as, 69, 79
entropy (S) balance and, 342343
exchangers for, 222224, 713763
finned surfaces for, 429443
first law of thermodynamics and, 5,
7684
introduction to, 374
irreversible process of, 270
kinetic theory, 67
lumped systems, in, 475478
mechanisms of, 373400, 386391
per unit mass, 67, 80
radiation, 68, 383386, 653712

rate of, 67, 80

saving output of for efficiency, 257259
second law of thermodynamics and, 5
shape factor (S) for conduction, 444449
sign convention for, 69
simultaneous mechanisms of, 386391
temperature difference and, 56
temperature gradient for, 6, 375
thermal resistance, 403407, 412419
thermal science, as a, 12, 56
Heat transfer coefficients, 385, 404, 406, 527,
542544, 553555, 716724
combined, 385, 404
convection, 527, 542544, 553555
flow over cylinders and spheres, 553555
fouling factor and, 719721
heat exchangers, for, 716724
overall, 406, 716724
parallel flow over a flat plate, 542544
radiation, 404
Heat transfer effectiveness (e), 736
Heating value, 85
Heisler charts, 485489
Higher heating value (HHV), 85
Hot water heater, efficiency example of,
8485
Hydraulic diameter, 574
Hydrodynamic entrance region, 575

I
Ice point, 29, 31
Ideal gas, 135137, 172180, 318326,
767769, 796, 808, 811813, 839
approximate analysis of, 319320, 322
compressibility (Z) factor, 137142
compressibility chart for, 140142, 808
corresponding states, principle of, 139
energy analysis of closed systems of,
172180
enthalpy (h) of, 172180
entropy (S) change of, 318326
equation of state, 135137
exact analysis of, 320321, 323
gas constant (R), 135
internal energy (u) of, 172180
isentropic properties of, 322326
molar mass (M), 135136
monatomic gases as, 174
pseudo-reduced specific volume, 141
reduced pressure, 139140
reduces temperature, 139140
specific heats of, 172180, 319323,
767769, 811813
tables for, 767769, 796, 808, 811813,
839
universal gas constant, 135136
water vapor as a, 137
Incompressible flow, 530

853

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Companies, 2008

854

851

Incompressible substances, 181184, 204,

315318
energy analysis of, 181184, 204
entropy (S) change of, 315318
steady flow of, 204
volume flow rate for, 204
Increase of entropy principle, 299303
Independent properties, 26
Inexact differentials, 69
Infrared region of radiation, 656
Insulation, 413414, 426429, 448449
critical radius of, 426429
steady heat conduction and, 448449
thermal resistance and, 413414
Intensive properties, 2324
Intercooling, multistage compression with,
331332
Internal energy (U), 59, 6162, 172184
binding forces of, 61
energy analysis of closed systems,
172184
ideal gases, of, 172180
kinetic energy and, 6162
liquids, changes of, 181184
microscopic forms of, 59, 6162
molecular level of, 61
solids, changes of, 181184
Internal flow, 529
Internal forced convection, 571610
average (mean) temperature of,
573574
average (mean) velocity of, 573574
constant surface heat flux, 579580,
587588
constant surface temperature, 580582,
588589
entrance region, 575578, 590, 596
introduction to, 572610
laminar flow, 574, 583593
Nusselt numbers for, 577578, 587,
589590, 593595
thermal analysis of, 578583
tubes, flow in, 574, 583602
turbulent flow, 574, 593602
International System (SI) of units, 69
energy and, 9
force and, 79
fundamental dimensions and, 67
prefixes for, 7
International Temperature Scale of 1990
(ITS-90), 3133
Inviscid flow, 529
Irradiation (G), 668
Irreversible processes, 268270
friction, 269270
gas, unrestrained expansion of, 270
heat transfer, 270
irreversibilities of, 269
second law of thermodynamics and,
268270

852

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Irrotational (core) flow region, 533, 575

Isentropic processes, 307308, 322326,
334341
constant specific heats and, 322
efficiency, 334341
entropy and, 307308, 322326
ideal gases, 322326
relative pressure and, 323
relative specific volume and, 323324
steady-flow devices, efficiency of,
334341
variable specific heats and, 323
Isobaric process, 27
Isochoric (isometric) process, 27
Isothermal process, 27, 272273, 298299
entropy, internally reversible change
from, 298299
reversible compression, 273
reversible expansion, 272273
temperature constant of, 27

J
Joule (J), unit of, 9

K
Kelvin (K) scale, 6, 29, 31, 276277
KelvinPlanck statement, 259, 264265
Kilogram (k), unit of, 67
Kilogram-force (kgf), units of, 8, 33
Kilopascal (kPA), unit of, 33
Kinematic viscosity, 533
Kinetic energy (KE), 5962
Kinetic theory, 67
Kirchoffs law, 384, 670671

L
Laminar flow, 530, 535537, 574, 583593
boundary layers of, 536
constant surface heat flux of, 587588
constant surface temperature of, 588589
entrance region, development of in, 590
external forced convection and, 535537
internal forced convection and, 574,
583593
noncircular tubes, in, 589
Nusselt number for, 587, 589590
pressure drop, 585587
Reynolds number, 536537
temperature profile for, 587
transition to turbulent, 535537
tubes, in, 574, 583593
turbulent versus, 530
Latent energy, 61
Latent heat, 114
Lift, 538
Lighting efficacy, 86
Liquid film, work by stretching, 74

Liquidvapor saturation, 112114, 118119,

127130
curve, 114
mixture region, 118119
property diagrams of, 118119
property tables of, 127130
pure substances, property of, 112113
quality (x) of, 127
Liquids, 111116, 118119, 125127,
131132, 181184, 315318,
770771, 794795, 814815,
837838. See also Liquidvapor
saturation
compressed (subcooled), 112, 118119,
131132
energy analysis of closed systems of,
181184
enthalpy (h) changes of, 181184
entropy (S) change of, 315318
incompressible substances, as, 181184
internal energy changes of, 181184
molecular phase of, 111
package icing, 116
phase-change processes of, 111116
property diagram lines and regions of,
118119
property tables of, 125127, 131132
saturated, 112, 118119, 125127
saturation pressure of, 113116
saturation temperature of, 113116
specific heats of, 181184
tables for, 770771, 794795, 814815,
837838
vacuum cooling, 115116
vacuum freezing, 116
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
method, 724, 726735
Logarithmic mean temperature difference,
582
Lower heating value (LHV), 85
Lumped system analysis, 472478
Biot number (Bi) for, 474475
characteristic length for, 474
criteria for, 473475
heat transfer and, 475478
time constant for, 473
transient heat conduction and, 472478

M
Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 614615
Macroscopic forms of energy, 59, 62
Magnetic work, 76
Magnitude, sign convention for, 69
Manometer, pressure measurement using,
3941
Mass (m), 8, 60, 79, 200206, 208210,
226227, 343, 627628
balance, 202204, 210, 226227
conservation of, 200206

entropy (S) balance and, 343

flow, 60, 79, 200201, 343, 627628
flowing fluids, energy transport of by,
208209
steady-flow and, 203204, 210
unit of, 8
unsteady flow and, 226227
Mass flow rate, 60, 79, 200201, 627628
conservation of mass and, 200201
energy and, 60, 79
finned surfaces and, 627628
plates, through space between, 627628
Mechanical efficiency, 89
Mechanical energy, 6465
Mechanical equilibrium, 26
Mechanical work, 7275, 8892
acceleration of a body, 7475
boundary movement and, 72
efficiency of devices, 8892
elastic, 7374
energy transfer and, 7275
force and, 72
liquid film, 74
shaft, 7273, 8889
solid bars, 7374
spring, 73
stretching, 74
surface tension and, 74
Megapascal (Mpa), unit of, 33
Metals, properties of, 795, 801804, 838,
844846
Meter (m), unit of, 67
Metric, see International System (SI) of units
Metric Convention Treaty, 6
Microscopic forms of energy, 59, 6162
Microwaves, 656
Mixing chambers, steady flow and, 220221
Molar mass (M), 135136, 766, 810
Mole (mol), unit of, 6
Molecules, 4, 24, 6162, 110111, 310312
entropy (S), disorder of, 310312
internal energy, levels of, 6162
phases of pure substances, 110111
thermodynamics and, 4, 24
Mollier diagram, 309, 783, 827
Monatomic gases, specific heats of, 174
Moody chart, 595596, 807
Motion, equation of, 615618
Motor efficiency, 8990
Moving boundary work, 158165
energy analysis of, 158165
polytropic process, 163165
quasi-equilibrium process, 158162
Multidimensional systems, 502510

N
Natural convection, 382, 611654
buoyancy force, 612614, 627628
cooling by, 625627

engel: Introduction to
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Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

Index
current, 612
cylinders and, 619, 620622, 632633
enclosures, inside, 629638
equation of motion for, 615618
friction force, 614
Grashof number for, 617618
heat transfer, 612
Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 614615
mass flow rate, 627628
Nusselt number for, 618619
physical mechanisms of, 612615
plates and, 620621, 627628
printed circuit boards (PCBs) and,
625629
radiation combined with in enclosures,
633634
Rayleigh number for, 618
spheres and, 621622, 633
surfaces, over, 618629
volume expansion coefficient, 613614
Natural (unforced) flow, 530
Net heat input, 166
Net radiation heat transfer, 688690
Net work output, 166
Newton (N), unit of, 6, 8
Newtonian fluids, 533
Newtons law of cooling, 382, 526527
Newtons second law, 8
Noncircular tubes, fluid flow in, 589, 596
Nondimensionalized one-dimensional
transient heat conduction problem,
479494
Nonmechanical work, 7576
Normal stress, 33
No-slip condition, 527528
Nozzles, 89, 213216, 339341
efficiency, 89
isentropic efficiency of, 339341
steady flow and, 213216
Nuclear energy, 6164
Number of transfer units (NTU), 740743
Nusselt numbers, 528529, 554555,
577578, 587, 589, 590, 618619
convection and, 528529
cylinders, for flow in, 554555
entrance region entry lengths, for,
577578, 590
external forced convection, 554555
internal forced convection, 577578, 587,
589, 590
laminar flow, for, 587589, 590
natural convection, 618619
surfaces, for, 618619

O
One-, two-, and three-dimensional flow,
531532
One-term approximation, 484485, 489490
Open-channel flow, 529

Open system, see Control volumes

Overall (combined) efficiency, 86, 90
Overall heat transfer coefficient, 406,
716724
Overlap layer, 536
Ozone, 9394

P
P-T diagram, 122
P-v diagram, 118122
P-v-T surface diagram, 123125
Package icing, 116
Parallel flow, external forced convection and,
540549
Parallel-flow heat exchanger, 714, 741
Pascal (Pa), unit of, 33
Pascals law, 37
Path functions, 69
Path of the process, 2627
Per unit mass of heat transfer, 67, 80, 165
Performance, see Efficiency
Periodic flow, 531
Perpetual-motion machines, 265267
first kind (PMM1), 265266
history of patents of, 267
second kind (PMM2), 265267
Phase diagram, 122
Phase equilibrium, 26
Phase-change processes, 111135
compressed (subcooled) liquid, 112,
118119, 131132
consequences of saturation temperature
and pressure dependence, 115116
latent heat, 114
liquidvapor saturation, 112114,
118119, 127130
liquids, 111116, 118119, 125127,
131132
package icing, 116
pressure, 113116
property diagrams for, 116124
property tables for, 124135
saturation, 112116, 118119, 125130
superheated vapor, 112113, 118119,
130131
temperature, 113116
vacuum cooling, 115116
vacuum freezing, 116
vapor, 112113, 118119, 121, 125127,
130131
Photons (quanta), 383, 655
Piezoelectric transducers, pressure
measurement using, 43
Pipes, steady flow and, 224226. See also
Tubes
Plancks law, 658
Plane walls, 402411, 478494
Heisler charts for, 485490
multilayer, 407411

855

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

856

853

one-term approximation of, 484485,

489490
steady heat conduction in, 402411
thermal resistance, 403407
transient heat conduction in, 478494
Plate and frame heat exchanger, 716
Plates, 540549, 620621, 625629
external forced convection over,
540549
finned surfaces and, 625629
flat, 540549
friction coefficient for, 541542
heat transfer coefficient for, 542544
horizontal, 621
inclined, 620621
mass flow rate through space between,
627628
natural convection over, 620621,
625629
parallel flow over, 540549
unheated starting length, 544545
uniform heat flux, 545
vertical, 620
Point functions, 69
Poiseuilles law, 586587
Pollution and the environment, 9293
Polytropic process, 163165
Potential energy (PE), 60
Pound-force (lbf), units of, 8, 33
Pound-mass (lbm), unit of, 7
Power, work and, 68, 71
Prandtl number, 535
Pressure (P), 3345, 113116, 139140,
170172, 174175, 181182,
323324, 538, 585587, 774775,
786, 798799, 818819, 829,
841842
absolute, 3334
atmospheric, 798799, 841842
barometer for, 3739
compressibility (Z) factor and, 139140
compressive force, as a, 35
constant, 170172, 174175, 181182
Darcy friction factor for, 585586
depth, variation of with, 3537
drag, 538
drop, 585587
gage, 3334
head, 35
head loss, 586
isentropic processes of ideal gases and,
323324
laminar flow in tubes and, 585586
loss, 585
manometer for, 3941
measurement devices for, 3745
normal stress and, 33
Pascals law, 37
point, at a, 35
Poiseuilles law, 586587

854

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Pressure (P)Cont.
reduced, 139140
relative, 323324
saturation, 113116
specific heat and, 170172, 174175,
181182
tables for, 774775, 786, 798799,
818819, 829, 841842
transducers, 4245
units of, 33, 3738
vacuum, 34
Printed circuit boards (PCBs), 625629
cooling by natural convection,
626627
mass flow rate between spaces of,
627628
natural convection and, 625629
Problem solving technique for thermal
sciences, 1, 1116
Processes, 2628, 67, 158162, 203204,
268273, 298299, 307308.
See also Phase-change
processes
adiabatic, 67, 272273
Carnot cycles and, 272273
equilibrium changes and, 2628
irreversible, 268270
isentropic, 307308
isobaric, 27
isochoric (isometric), 27
isothermal, 27, 272273
moving boundary work, for analysis of,
158165
path of, 2627
polytropic process, 163165
quasi-static (quasi-equilibrium), 27,
158162
reversible processes, 268269, 270273,
298299
steady-flow, 28, 203204
thermodynamic systems, of, 2628
Product solution method, 503505
Properties of systems, 2326
extensive, 2324
independent, 26
intensive, 2324
specific, 24, 25
state postulate for, 26
Property diagrams, 116124, 308310
compressed liquid region, 118119
critical point, 117118
entropy (S), involving, 308310
h-s, 308309
Mollier, 309
P-T, 122
P-v, 118122
P-v-T surface, 123125
saturated liquid line, 118
saturated liquidvapor region, 118
saturated vapor line, 118

solid phases, including, 119122

sublimation, 122
superheated vapor region, 118
triple line, 121
triple point, 121122
T-S, 308310
T-v, 116118, 120122
wet region, 118
Property tables, 124135
compressed liquid, 131132
enthalpy (h), 124125
entropy (s), 124
liquidvapor mixture, saturated,
127130
liquids, saturated, 125127
quality (x) of saturation, 127
reference state and values for, 133135
superheated vapor, 130131
vapors, saturated, 125127
Pseudo-reduced specific volume, 141
Pumps, 89, 337339
Pure substances, 109156, 303307
compressed liquids, 112, 118119,
131132
compressibility (Z) factor, 137142
enthalpy (h), 124125
entropy (s), 124, 303307
equations of state, 135137, 142146
gases, 111, 135142
ideal-gas equation of state, 135137
liquids, 111116, 118119, 125127,
131132
liquidvapor mixture, saturation of,
112114, 118119, 127130
molecules and, 110111
phase-change processes, 111135
phases of, 110111
properties of, 109156
property diagrams for, 116124
property tables for, 124135
reference state and values for, 133135
saturation of, 112116, 118119,
125130
solids, 110111, 119122
superheated vapor, 112113, 118119,
130131
vapor, 112113, 118119, 121, 125127,
130131

Q
Quality (x) of saturation, 127
Quality of energy, 252253, 279281, 312
Carnot cycle and, 279
entropy and, 312
quantity versus, 280281
second law of thermodynamics and,
252253, 279281
Quasi-static (quasi-equilibrium) process, 27,
158162

R
Radiation, 68, 383386, 633634, 653712
absorptivity (a), 384, 668670
black surfaces, heat transfer of,
685687
blackbody, 384, 657663
combined heat transfer coefficient, 385
diffuse gray surfaces, heat transfer of,
687700
electromagnetic spectrum, 655656
electromagnetic waves and, 383384,
654655
emissivity (e), 384385, 664668
energy transfer by, 68
greenhouse effect and, 671
infrared region of, 656
introduction to, 654655
irradiation (G), 668
Kirchoffs law, 384, 670671
light and, 655656
microwaves, 656
natural convection combined with in
enclosures, 633634
properties of, 663671
reflectivity (r), 668670
solar, 656
StefanBoltzmann law, 384, 657,
660661
surface phenomenon, as a, 657
surfaces, heat transfer of, 683700
thermal, 384, 655657
transmissivity (t), 668670
ultraviolet, 656
view factor for, 671685
volumetric phenomenon, as a, 656
Radiosity, 688
Rankine scale (R), 29, 31
Rarified gas law theory, 24
Rate form of heat transfer, 67, 80, 165
Rayleigh number, 618
Reciprocity relation for view factors,
673674
Reflectivity (r), 668670
Refrigerants, 259, 784789, 791, 828832,
834
P-h diagram for, 789, 832
pressure tables for, 786, 829
saturated 134a, 784786, 791, 828829,
834
superheated 134a, 787788, 830831
temperature tables for, 784785, 828
Refrigerators, 259265, 281283
air conditioners, 262
Carnot, 281282
Clausius statement, 264
coefficient of performance (COP),
260261, 281282
energy efficiency rating (EER), 262
heat pumps and, 259265, 281283

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

Index
refrigerant for, 259
vapor-compression cycle, 259260
Regenerative heat exchanger, 716
Relative density, see Specific gravity (SG)
Reversible processes, 268273, 296299,
326330
adiabatic compression, 273
adiabatic expansion, 272
Carnot cycle, 272273
efficiency and, 269
entropy (S) as, 296299, 326330
externally, 270271
internally, 270271, 298299
isothermal compression, 272273
isothermal expansion, 272
second law of thermodynamics and,
268271
steady-flow work, 326330
totally, 271
Reynolds number, 536537
Roughness, see Surface roughness

S
Saturation, 112116, 118119, 125130,
772774, 781, 784786, 790793,
816819, 825, 828829, 833836
consequences of temperature and pressure
dependence, 115116
liquid, 112, 118119, 125127
liquidvapor mixture, 112114, 118119,
127130
pressure, 113116
property diagram lines and regions of,
118119
property tables of, 125130
tables for, 772774, 781, 784786,
790793, 816819, 825, 828829,
833836
temperature, 113116
vapor, 112113, 118119, 125127
Second (s), unit of, 6, 7
Second law of thermodynamics, 4, 5,
251294, 296299
Carnot cycle, 271273, 277283
Carnot principles, 273275
Clausius statement, 264265
entropy (s) and, 252, 296299
heat engines, 254259, 277281
heat pumps, 259265, 281283
heat transfer and, 5
introduction to, 252253
irreversible processes, 268270
KelvinPlanck statement, 259,
264265
perpetual-motion machines, 265267
quality of energy and, 252253, 279281
refrigerators, 259265, 281283
reversible processes, 268273
thermal energy reservoirs, 253

thermodynamic temperature scale,

275277
thermodynamics and, 4
Semi-infinite solids, 494502
boundary conditions for, 497499
complementary error function for,
496497
contact of two, 499502
error function for, 496
similarity variable method for, 495496
transient heat conduction in, 494502
Sensible energy, 61
Separated region, 539
Separation of variables, method of,
481482
Shaft work, 7273, 8889
Shape factor (S), conduction, 444449
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger, 715716,
729730, 741
Si units, see International System (SI) of
units
Sign convention for energy transfer, 69
Significant digits, 1516
Similarity variable method, 495496
Simple compressible system, 26
Sink, thermal energy reservoirs and, 253
Skin friction drag, 538539
Smog, 9394
Software packages for engineering, 1314
Solar radiation, 656
Solid bars, work on elastic, 7374
Solids, 110111, 119122, 181184,
315318, 494502, 770771,
801804, 814815, 844846
energy analysis of closed systems of,
181184
enthalpy changes of, 181184
entropy (S) change of, 315318
incompressible substances, as, 181184
internal energy changes of, 181184
molecular phase of, 110111
property diagrams including, 119122
semi-infinite, 494502
specific heats of, 181184
sublimation, 122
tables for, 770771, 801804, 814815,
844846
transient heat conduction in, 494502
Source, thermal energy reservoirs and, 253
Space resistance, 690
Specific density, see Specific weight (g)
Specific gravity (SG), 25
Specific heats, 170184, 319326, 767769,
811813
constant (approximate analysis) of ideal
gas, 319320, 322
constant pressure, at, 170172, 174175,
181182
constant volume, at, 170171, 174175,
181182

857

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

858

855

energy analysis of closed systems,

170184
entropy (S) change and, 319326
ideal gases, of, 172180, 319326
isentropic processes of ideal gas and,
322323
liquids, of, 181184
monatomic gases, 174
solids, of, 181184
tables for, 767769, 811813
variable (exact analysis) of ideal gas,
320321, 323
zero-pressure, 173
Specific properties, 24
Specific volume (v), 24, 141, 323324
Specific weight (g), 8, 25
Spectral hemispherical radiation properties,
664, 669
Specular reflection, 669
Spheres, 420426, 478494, 549558,
621622, 633
concentric enclosures, 633
external forced convection and, 549570
flow across, 549558
heat transfer coefficient of, 553555
Heisler charts for, 485490
multilayer, 422426
natural convection and, 621622, 633
one-term approximation of, 484485,
489490
steady heat conduction in, 420426
surface roughness, effect of on, 551553
transient heat conduction in, 478494
Spring work, 73
Standard atmosphere (atm), unit of, 33,
3738
State postulate, 26
States of systems, 2526, 109156. See also
Equations of states
chemical equilibrium, 26
compressibility factor (Z), 137142
gases, measure of deviation of,
137142
mechanical equilibrium, 26
phase equilibrium, 26
principle of corresponding, 139
pure substances and, 109156
thermal equilibrium, 2526
Static-type regenerative heat
exchanger, 717
Stationary systems, 60, 7879
Statistical thermodynamics, 4
Steady flow, 28, 203204, 210226,
326341, 346348, 531
Bernoulli equation for, 327
compressor work, minimization by
entropy, 330334
compressors for, 216218
convection and, 531
diffusers for, 213216

856

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Steady flowCont.
ducts for, 224226
energy analysis of, 210212
engineering devices for, 213226
entropy (S) and, 326341
entropy balance for, 346348
heat exchangers for, 222224
incompressible substances, 204
isentropic efficiencies of devices for,
334341
mass balance for, 203204, 210
mixing chambers for, 220221
nozzles for, 213216
pipes for, 224226
power and, 212
process, 28, 203204, 346348
proof of efficiency of, 329330
reversible work, 326330
throttling valves for, 219220
turbines for, 216218
Steady heat conduction, 401470
critical radius of insulation, 426429
cylinders, in, 420426
finned surfaces for, 429443
insulation and, 413414, 426429,
448449
multilayers and, 407411, 422426
plane walls, in, 402411
shape factor, 444449
spheres, in, 420426
thermal resistance, 403407, 412419
Steam point, 29, 31
StefanBoltzmann law, 384, 657, 660661
Strain-gage transducers, pressure
measurement using, 43
Stretching a liquid film, work by, 74
Sublimation, 122
Summation rule for view factors, 674679
Superheated vapor, 112113, 118119,
130131, 776, 787788, 820,
830831
phase change processes of, 112113,
118119, 130131
property diagrams, region of, 118119
property tables for, 130131
refrigerant-134a, 787788, 830831
water, 776, 820
Superposition rule for view factors,
679681
Surface drag, 527
Surface roughness, 551553, 595596, 807
Colebrook equation for, 595, 596
fluid flow, effect of on, 551553
Moody chart for, 595596, 807
relative roughness, 595
turbulent flow and, 595596
Surface tension, 74
Surfaces, 533, 551553, 579582, 587589,
595597, 618629, 683700. See
also Finned surfaces

black, radiation heat transfer of, 685687

constant heat flux, 579580, 587588
constant temperature, 580582, 588589
cross-strings method for infinitely long,
683685
diffuse gray, radiation heat transfer of,
687700
heat transfer enhancement of, 597
laminar flow and, 587589
natural convection over, 618629
net radiation heat transfer, 688690
Nusselt number for, 618619
radiation heat transfer of, 683700
radiation problem solving methods for,
690691
radiosity of, 688
Rayleigh number for, 618
shear stress, 533
space resistance, 690
thermal analysis and, 579580
three-surface enclosures, 693700
turbulent flow and, 595597
two-surface enclosures, 691693
Surroundings of a system, 22
Symmetry rule for view factors, 681683
Systems, 2228, 5960, 7879. See also
Closed systems; Control
Volumes
boundary, 22
closed, 22, 60
continuum, 24
control mass, 22
control volumes, 2223, 60
cycle, 27
energy and, 5960, 7879
equilibrium of, 2528
extensive properties of, 2324
independent properties of, 26
intensive properties of, 2324
isolated, 22
open, 2223
processes of, 2628
properties of, 2326
simple compressible, 26
state of, 2526
stationary, 60, 7879
surroundings, 22
thermodynamics and, 2228

T
T ds relations of entropy, 314315
T-S diagram, 308310
T-v diagram, 116118, 120122
Temperature (T), 56, 2833, 113116,
139140, 275277, 540, 573574,
580582, 587589, 772773,
784785, 816817, 828
absolute, 276
absolute gas scale, 30

average (mean), 573574

Celsius scale (!C), 2931
compressibility (Z) factor and, 139140
constant surface, 580582, 588589
constant-volume gas thermometer, 30
difference, heat transfer and, 56
Fahrenheit scale (!F), 29, 31
film, 540
heat engines and, 275277
ideal-gas scale, 30
International Temperature Scale of 1990
(ITS-90), 3133
Kelvin scale (K), 29, 31, 276277
laminar flow, profile for, 587
logarithmic mean difference, 582
Rankine scale (R), 29, 31
reduced, 139140
saturation, 113116
tables for, 784785, 816817, 828
thermal equilibrium and, 2829
thermodynamic scales, 2931, 275277
zeroth law of thermodynamics, 2829
Temperature gradient, 6, 375
Thermal analysis, 578583
constant surface heat flux, 579580
constant surface temperature, 580582
internal forced convection and, 578583
logarithmic mean temperature difference,
582
Thermal boundary layer, 534535, 575577
Thermal conductivity, 374379
Thermal diffusivity, 379381
Thermal efficiency of heat engines,
255259
Thermal energy, 62, 66, 253
Thermal equilibrium, 2526
Thermal radiation, 384, 655657
Thermal resistance, 403407, 412419
combined heat transfer coefficient for,
404
concept of, 403405
conduction resistance, 403
contact conductance, 413414
contact resistance, 412416
convection resistance, 403404
insulation and, 413414
metallic surfaces and, 413415
networks, 405407, 417419
overall heat transfer coefficient for, 406
plane walls, 403407
radiation heat transfer coefficient
for, 404
radiation resistance, 404
Thermal sciences, 118
applications of, 23
dimensional homogeneity, 910
dimensions for, 611
engineering equation solver (EES), 1415
engineering software packages for, 1314
heat transfer, 1, 2, 56

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

Index
introduction to, 118
problem solving techniques, 1, 1116
significant digits and, 1516
thermodynamics, 14
units of, 611
unity conversion ratios, 1011
Thermodynamics, 14, 19369. See also
Energy; Fluid flow; Heat; Thermal
sciences; Work
Carnot cycle, 271273, 277283
Carnot principles, 273275
classical, 4
closed systems, 22, 157196, 345
conservation of energy principle, 4
conservation of mass, 200206
control volumes, 2223, 60, 199250,
345346
energy analysis, 7692, 157196,
199250
energy as, 34, 57108
energy transfer, 6876, 342343
enthalpy (h) and, 124125, 172180,
181184
entropy (s) and, 124, 295369
first law of, 4, 7684
flowing fluids, 206232, 326330,
334340
heat engines, 254259, 277281
heat pumps, 259265, 281283
heat transfer (Q), 12, 56, 62, 6669, 79
introduction to, 2155
irreversible processes, 268270
isentropic processes, 307308
molecules and, 4
perpetual-motion machines, 265267
pressure (P), 3345
property diagrams for, 116124, 308310
property tables for, 124135
pure substances, 109156, 303307
refrigerators, 259265, 281283
reversible processes, 268273, 298299,
326330
second law of, 4, 251294
statistical, 4
steady flow and, 203204, 210226,
326330, 334341
systems, 2228
temperature (T) and, 2833, 275277
thermal science, as a, 14
third law of, 311
unsteady flow and, 226232
work (W), 62, 6876, 79
zeroth law of, 2833
Third law of thermodynamics, 311
Throttling valves, steady flow and,
219220
Time constant for lumped system analysis,
473
Time rate of change, 60
Torr (torr), unit of, 38

Total energy (E), 59, 7678, 207208

energy balance and, 78
first law of thermodynamics and, 7678
flowing fluids, 207208
system, of a, 59
Total entropy, 298
Transducers, pressure measurement using,
4245
Transient flow, 531
Transient heat conduction, 471524
analytical solution for problem of,
483490
Biot number (Bi) for, 474475, 480481
characteristic equation (eigenfunction)
for, 482
characteristic values (eigenvalue) for, 482
cylinders, in, 478494
exact solution for problem of, 481483
Fourier number (Fo) for, 480481, 490
graphical solution for problem of,
485490
Heisler charts, 485489
lumped system analysis, 472478
multidimensional systems, in, 502510
nondimensionalized one-dimensional
problem, 479494
one-term approximation for, 484485,
489490
plane walls, in, 478494
semi-infinite solids, in, 494502
separation of variables for, 481482
spheres, in, 478494
Transition from laminar to turbulent flow,
535, 536537
Transitional flow, 530
Transmissivity (t), 668670
Triple line, 121
Triple point, 31, 121122
Tubes, 574, 583602
annulus, 597
hydraulic diameter of, 574
laminar flow in, 574, 583593
noncircular, 589, 596
turbulent flow in, 574, 593602
Turbines, 89, 216218, 335337
efficiency, 89
isentropic efficiency of, 335337
steady flow and, 216218
Turbulent flow, 530, 535537, 574,
593602
annulus, through an, 597
boundary layers of, 536
Colebrook equation for, 595596
eddies in, 537
entrance region, development of in, 596
external forced convection and, 535537
heat transfer enhancement, 597
internal forced convection and, 574,
593602
laminar versus, 530

859

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Companies, 2008

860

857

noncircular tubes, in, 596

Nusselt numbers for, 593595
Reynolds number, 536537
surface roughness and, 595596
transition from laminar, 535537
tubes, in, 574, 593602
Turbulent layer, 536
Two-point scales, 29

U
Ultraviolet radiation, 656
Uniform-flow process, 227228, 531
Uniform heat flux, 545
United States Customary System (USCS),
see English system of units
Units of measurement, 611, 2933, 3738,
275278
dimensional homogeneity and, 910
English system of, 69
General Conference on Weights and
Measures (CGPM), 67,
276277
International System (SI) of, 69
International Temperature Scale of 1990
(ITS-90), 3133
metric, 6
pressure, 33, 3738
thermodynamic temperature scales,
2931, 275278
United States Customary System (USCS)
of, 6
unity conversion ratios, 1011
Unity conversion ratios, 1011
Universal gas constant, 135136
Unsteady flow, 226232, 531
convection and, 531
energy analysis of, 226232
mass balance for, 226227
uniform-flow process for, 227228
Upstream velocity, 537
Useful pumping power, 89

V
Vacuum cooling, 115116
Vacuum freezing, 116
Vacuum pressure, 34
Van der Waals equation of state, 142143
Vapor, 112113, 118119, 121, 125127,
130131, 137, 781, 825. See also
Liquidvapor saturation
ideal gas, water vapor as a, 137
property diagram lines and regions of,
118119
property tables of, 125127, 130131
saturated, 112113, 118119, 125127
sublimation, 122
superheated, 112113, 118, 130131
water, 137, 781, 825

858

engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition

Back Matter

Index

The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Vapor-compression cycle, 259260

Vaporization, 114, 125
Velocity, 201, 527528, 532534, 537538,
573575
approach, 537
average (mean), 201, 573574
boundary layer region, 533, 575
boundary layer, 532534
drag and, 537, 538
free-stream, 537
irrotational flow region, 533
no-slip condition and, 527528
shear stress and, 533
upstream, 537538
View factor, 671685
cross-strings method for, 683685
radiation heat transfer and, 671673
reciprocity relation, 673674
summation rule, 674679
superposition rule, 679681
symmetry rule, 681683
Virial equations of state, 143145
Viscosity, 527, 533534
boundary layers and, 527, 533534
dynamic, 533534

kinematic, 533
no-slip condition and, 527
Viscous flow, 529
Viscous sublayer, 536
Volume (V), 24, 60, 170171, 174175,
181182, 201, 204, 323324
constant, 170171, 174175, 181182
flow rate, 60, 201, 204
incompressible flow and, 204
isentropic processes of ideal gases and,
323324
relative specific, 323324
specific (v), 24, 323324
specific heats and, 170171, 174175,
181182
Volume expansion coefficient, 613614

W
Wake from separation flow, 539
Walls, see Plane walls
Waste energy, 257258
Water, properties of, 722783, 790,
816827, 833
Weight (W), 8

Weins displacement law, 659

Wet region, 118
Work (W), 62, 6876, 79, 158165.
See also Flow work; Mechanical
work
differentials for, 69
electrical, 71
energy and, 6876
energy transfer mechanisms, as, 69, 79
mechanical forms of, 7275
moving boundary, 158165
nonmechanical forms of, 7576
path functions of, 69
per unit time, 68
point functions of, 69
power, 68, 71
sign convention for, 69
Working fluid, 254, 259

Z
Zero-pressure specific heat, 173
Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 2829