As explained earlier, teaching is a process which covers activities such as planning,

implementation, evaluation and feedback from pupils. At the present time, several teaching
models which are based on teaching process have been tested and formulated by education
experts, with the aim to produce effective teaching.
Another example of teaching model is the Personal Model. There are two types of
behavioural model, the first one is Individuals Thinking Skill Model, and second is Project
Model.Individuals thinking skill model requires thinking which is a process of formulating
knowledge and understanding which involves mental activities in the human brain. During
the process of thinking, the human brain will attempt to identify the external stimulus
perceived, analyse, interpret and use logical reasoning and reflection to assess the
information received.
According to theories and definitions of thinking, the characteristics of thinking are
being identified and summarized as the following which are thinking that occurs in a persons
mind is mainly due to the motivation of a certain stimulus, or presence of a certain problem
and it is a process of psychological activities. It is also a process of multi-cognitive activity
when information received and interacts with existing experiences in the memory. While it is
an individuals effort to comprehend, adapt and assimilate the information as response
towards the stimulus received at that particular moment, the main aim of thinking is also to
interpret the stimulus so as to draw an appropriate interference or conclusion as well as to
make certain decision based on rational reflection.
Thinking skills can be acquired and upgrade through the following activities which are
compare and contrast, summarize, infer and predict, develop and generate ideas during
brainstorming sessions, ascertain source of information whether reliable or not reliable,
suggest, propose and assess assumptions, create metaphor and analogy, analyse and
evaluate, solve problem.
Teachers are entrusted to plan, organized and implement efficiently in teaching and
evaluating activities that required complex thinking skills. These professional thinking skills,
especially critical and creative thinking skills as well as the skill of reflective thinking, enable
teachers to perform their professional duties competently and with full confidence.
Creative thinking, that includes innovative thinking, is a type of thinking which
enables an individual to think of something before others could think at it. It is defined as an
operation of thinking wisely so as to develop, create or produce a new idea, to become a
metaphor, analogy or definition, or to invent something new. By means of creative thinking,
various possibilities can be generated to solve problems.

The project model is introduced by Professor William Kilpatrick (1871-1965), with

some modification from the problem solving model put forward by Dewey. This project model
is based on the belief that students learning would be effective if they are interested and
ready to carry out learning activity which has been planned in an interesting manner. In this
way, the project model suggested that students would learn effective through game,
practical work, experiment, project, visit and other outdoor activities. In this way, students
would be able to carry out their learning activities with full interest and attention in actual
situation to achieve the learning objectives.
Usually, learning activities by means of designing certain project can be carried out
after students have mastered certain related skills. For example, after learning how to
calculate the mean, students may then be given a research project to obtain the mean age
of their class. Another example is after learning the life cycle of a frog, then students may be
assigned with a project to observe and record the birth of a baby frog by collecting the eggs
from a pond nearby. By working on various types of project, students would learn to acquire
a wider range of experiences, aspects, as well as to consolidate their skills which they have
recently mastered.
Under the KBSR and KBSM programmes, project work is a practical approach based
on topics which are preferred by students. It is, in fact, a continuation of the learning activity,
especially after the students have learned a certain topic and skills. There are several types
of projects which are suitable for upper primary and secondary school students. These
include researches, handicraft projects, and educational tours.
Project work can be implemented individually, but usually as grouped activity.
However, in order to achieve satisfactory learning result, teacher ought to observe the
following conditions which are the objective and activity of project work must be determined
and planned according to students interest and acquired skills. Before carrying out such
enrichment activity, teacher ought to prepare or instruct students to prepare the required
material and instruments for the project. Should have a good systematic planning such as
allocation of duties for each group so that the project would be carried out smoothly.
Determine activities which need the teachers guidance, and also the activities which
intelligent students can assist to guide their respective group to work on the project and also
determine the appropriate ways to display, store and use of students work as teaching aids
in the future.
Because of the complexity of teaching and individual variation among students,
effective teaching is not one size fits all. Teachers must master a variety of perspectives
and strategies and be flexible in their application. Success requires the following key

ingredients, number one is professional knowledge and skills, the second is commitment,
motivation, and caring.
Effective teachers have good command of their subject matter and a solid core of
teaching skills. They know how to use instructional strategies supported by methods of goal
setting, instructional planning, and classroom management. In addition, they understand
how to motivate students and how to communicate and work effectively with those of varying
skill levels and culturally diverse backgrounds. Effective teachers also employ appropriate
levels of technology in the classroom.
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that specializes in understanding
teaching and learning in educational settings. William James and John Dewey were
important pioneers in educational psychology, as was E. L. Thorndike. William James
emphasized the importance of classroom observation to improve education. Among the
important ideas in educational psychology that we owe to Dewey are these: the child as an
active learner, education of the whole child, emphasis on the childs adaptation to the
environment, and the democratic ideal that all children deserve a competent education. E. L.
Thorndike, a proponent of the scientific foundation of learning, argued that schools should
sharpen childrens reasoning skills. There were few individuals from ethnic minority groups
and few women in the early history of educational psychology because of ethnic and gender
barriers. Further historical developments included Skinners behaviorism in the mid
twentieth century and the cognitive revolution that had taken hold by the 1980s. Also in
recent years, there has been expanded interest in the socioemotional aspects of childrens
lives, including cultural contexts.
Teaching is linked to both science and art. In terms of art, skillful, experienced
practice con- tributes to effective teaching. In terms of science, information from
psychological research can provide valuable ideas. Effective teachers have subject-matter
competence, use effective instructional strategies, engage in good thinking skills and guide
students in developing these thinking skills, pay more than lip service to individual variations,
work with diverse ethnic and cultural groups, and have skills in the following areas: goal
setting and planning, developmentally appropriate teaching practices, classroom
management, motivation, communication, assessment, and technology. Being an effective
teacher also requires commitment and motivation. This includes having a good attitude and
caring about students. It is easy for teachers to get into a rut and develop a negative attitude,
but students pick up on this, and it can harm their learning.