Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Syllabus
16.1 Sound Waves
16.7 Beats
16.8 The Doppler Effect
Introduction
Of
The
As the wave travels through the medium, the particles that make
up the medium undergo displacements of various kinds, depending
on the nature of wave.
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
Introduction
Waves
At
Introduction
Mechanical waves described primarily in terms of displacement.
A description of sound waves in terms of pressure fluctuations is
often appropriate, largely because the ear is primarily sensitive to
changes in pressure.
When
which have
But we also use the term sound for similar waves with frequencies
above (ultrasonic) and below (infrasonic) the range of human
hearing.
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
On
y ( x , t ) = A cos(k x t )
(1 6 . 1 )
to the
Sound
p ( x , t ) = B k A s in ( k x t )
(1 6 . 4 )
(1 1 .1 3 )
pm ax = B k A
The
pressure
amplitude
(1 6 .5 )
is
directly
proportional
to
the
Solution:
Identify
2 f
(2 rad)(1000 H z)
=
=
= 18 . 3 rad / m
k =
v
v
344 m / s
Then:
pmax
3.0 10-2 Pa
8
A=
=
= 1.2 10 m
Bk
(1.42 105 Pa )(18.3 rad/m)
For
The
Two
tones have the same frequency (the same pitch) but sound
different because of the presence of different amounts of the various
harmonics. The difference is called tone color , quality , or timber and
often described in subjective terms such as reedy, golden, round,
16.7 Beats
Lets look at what happens when we have two waves with equal
amplitude but slightly different frequencies.
This occurs, for examples, when two tuning forks with slightly
different frequencies are sounded together.
When two organ pipes that are supposed to have exactly the same
frequency are slightly out of tune.
16.7 Beats
Appling
16.7 Beats
16.7 Beats
The
In
f beat = f a f b
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
(16 .24 )
This
To
We
= v / f s.
The
fL =
v + vL
Or:
v + vL
=
v / fs
(16.25)
vL
v + vL
fL =
fs = 1 +
fs
(16.26)
v
v
So
A listener moving
Now suppose the source is also moving, with velocity v s, The wave
speed relative to the wave medium (air) is still v .
=
fs fs
fs
(16.27)
In the region to the left of the source (behind the source), it is:
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
v + vs
b eh in d =
fs
(1 6 .2 8 )
( w avelen g th b eh in d a m o v in g so u rce )
( 1 6 .2 9 )
( D o p p le r e f f e c t, m o v in g s o u r c e a n d m o v in g lis te n e r )
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
Identify :
v vs 340 m / s 30 m / s
in front =
=
= 1.03 m
fs
300 Hz
From Eq. (16.28), behind the siren:
v + vs 340 m / s + 30 m / s
behind =
=
= 1.23 m
fs
300 Hz
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
Solution:
Identify and Set Up : Our target variable is the listeners frequency
fL. We know fs = 300 Hz from Example 16.16, and we have v L= 0 and
v s= 30 m/s. (The source velocity v s is positive because the siren is
moving in the same direction as the direction from listener to
source.)
Execute: From Eq. (16.29),
340 m / s
v
fL =
fs =
(300 Hz) = 276 Hz
v + vs
340 m / s + 30 m / s
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
Solution:
Solution:
Identify